IOT.pdf

IOT Internet Of Things IoT IoT stands for Internet of Things, which means accessing and controlling daily usable equipments and devices using Internet. What is IOT? Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of physical devices (things) embedded with sensors, so...

IOT Internet Of Things IoT IoT stands for Internet of Things, which means accessing and controlling daily usable equipments and devices using Internet. What is IOT? Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of physical devices (things) embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to exchange data over the internet. History and Evolution IoT originated from the convergence of wireless technologies, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), microservices, and the internet. The term was first coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999. Importance and Impact IoT has transformed industries, enabling smarter homes, efficient resource management, improved healthcare, and advanced industrial processes. Architecture Applications of IoT Smart Homes: Devices like smart thermostats, security systems, and appliances that can be controlled remotely. Smart Cities: Urban infrastructure that uses IoT to manage resources, reduce energy consumption, and improve public services. Applications of IoT Industrial IoT (IIoT): IoT applications in manufacturing and industrial sectors to enhance automation and efficiency. Wearables: Devices like fitness trackers and smartwatches that monitor health and fitness. Applications of IoT Healthcare: IoT in medical devices for remote monitoring, patient management, and personalized treatment. Agriculture: Smart farming techniques using IoT for soil monitoring, irrigation, and crop management. IoT Architecture Basic Architecture of IoT: A typical IoT architecture includes devices/sensors, connectivity, data processing, and a user interface. IoT Architecture Components of IoT: Sensors/Devices: Collect data from the environment (e.g., temperature sensors). Connectivity: Enables communication between devices and servers (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth). Data Processing: Analyzes the collected data to derive insights (e.g., cloud computing). User Interface: Allows users to interact with the IoT system (e.g., mobile apps). IoT Architecture IoT Communication Models: Device-to-Device: Direct communication between devices using protocols like Bluetooth. Device-to-Gateway: Devices communicate through a gateway, which processes and sends data to the cloud. Device-to-Cloud: Devices directly connect to the cloud for data processing and storage. Back-End Data Sharing Model: Data collected by devices is sent to a central server and shared with other systems. IoT Hardware Microcontrollers and Microprocessors: Arduino: An open-source microcontroller platform for building IoT projects. Raspberry Pi: A small, affordable computer used for various IoT applications. NodeMCU (ESP8266/ESP32): Microcontroller boards with built-in Wi-Fi, ideal for IoT projects. IoT Hardware Sensors and Actuators: Types of Sensors: Temperature sensors, humidity sensors, light sensors, motion detectors, etc. Actuators: Devices that perform actions based on sensor data, such as motors, relays, and LEDs. RFID Technology Radio-Frequency Identification uses electromagnetic fields to identify and track objects, commonly used in inventory management and access control. IoT Communication Modules Wi-Fi: Wireless communication standard for connecting devices to the internet. Bluetooth: Short-range communication technology for connecting devices. Zigbee: Low-power, low-data rate wireless network standard for IoT devices. GSM, LoRa, NB-IoT: Cellular and long-range communication technologies for IoT applications. Iot Cloud Platforms Introduction to Cloud Computing: Cloud computing provides on-demand access to computing resources (like servers, storage, databases) over the internet. Iot Cloud Platforms Popular IoT Cloud Platforms: AWS IoT: Amazon's cloud platform for connecting IoT devices and processing data. Google Cloud IoT: Google's platform offering tools for IoT device management and data analysis. Microsoft Azure IoT: Azure's suite of services for building IoT applications. ThingSpeak: An open-source IoT analytics platform that enables data collection, storage, and visualization. Iot Cloud Platforms Connecting Devices to the Cloud: How to set up devices to send data to cloud platforms using IoT protocols like MQTT or HTTP. Iot Cloud Platforms Data Storage and Analysis: How data from IoT devices is stored in the cloud and analyzed using tools like big data analytics, machine learning, and visualization platforms. IoT Data Management and Analytics Gathering data from Data Collection: sensors and devices in real-time. Storing large volumes of IoT data in Data Storage: databases or cloud storage solutions. Using cloud computing or edge Data Processing: computing to process and analyze IoT data. IoT Data Management and Analytics Big Data Analytics in IoT: Techniques for analyzing large datasets generated by IoT devices to uncover patterns and trends. Visualization of IoT Data: Presenting data in a visual format (charts, graphs, dashboards) to help users understand insights and make informed decisions. Iot Security Importance of Security in IoT: IoT devices are vulnerable to cyberattacks, making security crucial to protect data and privacy. Emerging Trends in IoT Edge Computing in IoT: Processing data closer to the source (at the edge) rather than sending all data to the cloud, reducing latency and bandwidth usage. AI and Machine Learning in IoT: Integrating AI and ML with IoT to enable predictive analytics, anomaly detection, and automation. Emerging Trends in IoT Blockchain for IoT Security: Using blockchain technology to enhance the security and transparency of IoT transactions. IoT and 5G Technology: How 5G networks will revolutionize IoT by providing faster data speeds, lower latency, and the ability to connect more devices simultaneously. Case Studies and Real-World Examples Smart Cities: Examples of cities implementing IoT to improve public services, reduce energy consumption, and enhance transportation systems. Industrial IoT: Case studies of IoT in manufacturing, supply chain management, and industrial automation. Case Studies and Real-World Examples Healthcare IoT Applications: Real-world examples of IoT in healthcare for remote patient monitoring, telemedicine, and personalized treatment. Environmental Monitoring: Using IoT for monitoring air quality, water quality, and other environmental parameters. Features of IOT Connectivity: Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection Analyzing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to between all the things of IoT to IoT platform it may be server or cloud. real-time analyzing the data collected and use them to build effective After connecting the IoT devices, it needs a high speed messaging business intelligence. If we have a good insight into data gathered between the devices and cloud to enable reliable, secure and from all these things, then we call our system has a smart system. bi-directional communication. Features of IOT Integrating: IoT integrating the various models to improve the user experience as well. Artificial Intelligence: IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the use of data. For example, if we have a coffee machine whose beans have going to end, then the coffee machine itself order the coffee beans of your choice from the retailer. Features of IOT Sensing: The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and measure any change in the environment and Active Engagement: IoT makes the report on their status. IoT technology connected technology, product, or brings passive networks to active services to active engagement between networks. Without sensors, there could each other. not hold an effective or true IoT environment.  Advantages Efficient resource utilization: If we Minimize human effort: As the Save time: As it reduces the human Improve security: Now, if we have a know the functionality and the way devices of IoT interact and effort then it definitely saves out time. system that all these things are that how each device work we communicate with each other and do Time is the primary factor which can interconnected then we can make the definitely increase the efficient lot of task for us, then they minimize save through IoT platform. system more secure and efficient. resource utilization as well as monitor the human effort. natural resources.  Disadvantages Security: As the IoT systems are interconnected Privacy: Even without the active participation on Complexity: The designing, developing, and and communicate over networks. The system offers the user, the IoT system provides substantial maintaining and enabling the large technology to little control despite any security measures, and it personal data in maximum detail. IoT system is quite complicated. can be lead the various kinds of network attacks. What is Embedded System? An embedded system is a microprocessor-based computer hardware system with software that is designed to perform a dedicated function, either as an independent system or as a part of a large system.  Difference Between Microcontroller and MicroProcessors Microprocessors can be Microcontrollers can be Definition understood as the heart of a understood as the heart of an computer system. embedded system. A microcontroller is a A microprocessor is a controlling device wherein the What is processor where the memory memory and I/O output it? and I/O component are component are present connected externally. internally. Embedded System Hardware The embedded system can be of type microcontroller or type microprocessor. Both of these types contain an integrated circuit (IC). The essential component of the embedded system is a RISC family microcontroller like Motorola 68HC11, PIC 16F84, Atmel 8051 and many more. Key Characteristics of Embedded Systems in IoT Dedicated Functionality: Embedded systems are designed to perform a specific task, often in real-time, such as controlling a sensor, processing data, or managing communications. Real-Time Operation: Many embedded systems operate in real-time, meaning they must process data and respond to inputs within a strict time frame, often critical in applications like industrial automation, medical devices, and autonomous vehicles. Resource Constraints: Embedded systems often have limited computing power, memory, and storage, making them optimized for efficiency and low power consumption. Key Characteristics of Embedded Systems in IoT Integration with Hardware: These systems are typically integrated closely with hardware components like sensors, actuators, and communication modules, which allows them to interact directly with the physical environment. Connectivity: In IoT, embedded systems are connected to the internet, allowing them to send and receive data, often as part of a larger network of devices. This connectivity is what makes them a key component of IoT ecosystems.  Why we use Embedded Systems in IoT? EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE: OPTIMIZED FOR SPECIFIC TASKS: LOW POWER CONSUMPTION: EMBEDDED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS ARE DESIGNED TO SYSTEMS ARE TYPICALLY DESIGNED TO PERFORM SPECIFIC TASKS WITH HIGH CONSUME MINIMAL POWER, MAKING THEM EFFICIENCY. THIS TASK-SPECIFIC IDEAL FOR BATTERY-OPERATED IOT OPTIMIZATION LEADS TO BETTER DEVICES LIKE SENSORS, WEARABLES, AND PERFORMANCE AND QUICKER RESPONSES, REMOTE MONITORING SYSTEMS. WHICH ARE CRITICAL IN REAL-TIME APPLICATIONS. Why we use Embedded Systems in IoT? Compact and Integrated Design: Small Size: Embedded systems are compact Integration with Hardware: These systems and can be easily integrated into small are closely integrated with sensors, actuators, devices, making them suitable for IoT and other hardware components, allowing applications where space is limited. seamless interaction with the physical world.  Why we use Embedded Systems in IoT? CONNECTIVITY AND SCALABILITY: NETWORK INTEGRATION: EMBEDDED SCALABLE SOLUTIONS: AS IOT NETWORKS SYSTEMS ARE DESIGNED TO CONNECT GROW, EMBEDDED SYSTEMS CAN BE WITH VARIOUS NETWORK PROTOCOLS AND SCALED ACCORDINGLY, ALLOWING FOR THE STANDARDS, ENABLING THEM TO ADDITION OF NEW DEVICES AND FEATURES COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER DEVICES AND WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT REDESIGN OR COST. CLOUD SERVICES WITHIN THE IOT ECOSYSTEM.  Why we use Embedded Systems in IoT? RELIABILITY AND STABILITY: LONG-TERM OPERATION: EMBEDDED MINIMAL MAINTENANCE: DUE TO THEIR SYSTEMS ARE OFTEN BUILT TO BE HIGHLY SIMPLICITY AND SPECIALIZED NATURE, RELIABLE AND STABLE, CAPABLE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS OFTEN REQUIRE LESS OPERATING CONTINUOUSLY FOR LONG MAINTENANCE COMPARED TO PERIODS WITHOUT FAILURE. THIS IS GENERAL-PURPOSE COMPUTING SYSTEMS. CRUCIAL IN APPLICATIONS LIKE SMART CITIES, WHERE SYSTEMS NEED TO RUN WITHOUT FREQUENT MAINTENANCE. Why we use Embedded Systems in IoT? SECURITY: BUILT-IN SECURITY FEATURES: MANY EMBEDDED SYSTEMS INCLUDE SECURITY FEATURES LIKE ENCRYPTION, SECURE BOOT, AND AUTHENTICATION MECHANISMS, WHICH ARE ESSENTIAL FOR PROTECTING IOT DEVICES FROM CYBER THREATS.