Psychotherapy Concepts and Family Therapy Models PDF

1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Experiential: Virginia Satir, Carl Whittaker (new wave of experiential therapy- EFT: Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy)- integrates family systems and experiential. Co...

1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Experiential: Virginia Satir, Carl Whittaker (new wave of experiential therapy- EFT: Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy)- integrates family systems and experiential. Couples hide their emotions- leading to negative interactions. Change- encouraging the couple to assess their emotions- enhance the emotional blowout- altering the negative interaction cycle and reactive emotions. Belief: the family exists with the purpose of aiding the growth of each family individual family member/ there is too much restriction on emotion- not nurturing the emotional display as it should- therefore it need to be encouraged and brought out- not feared, but honored and made use of it in session. The room needs to be creative and emotional. The family must be desperate for change. Dysfunctional: Focuses on how each individual family member is doing in the family/ how are they supporting and encouraging each other/ ‘scapegoat’- provides anxiety relief- therapist would increase the anxiety in the family- they embrace the emotional reality- and release it (psychoanalytic)- to promote growth- emotional conflict occurs because of unconscious material (psychoanalytic). Symptoms are non-verbal messages responding to the dysfunction within the family. ‘Faulty communication’- one of the primary forms of dysfunction- work is to increase healthy communication. Interventions/Concepts: the need for the individual to grow/ development/ ‘I’ statements- members make statements for themselves, about themselves- to discourage descriptions about others- makes them feel alienated. Roles in families: placatory, avoider… Create conflict- increase anxiety- the family must know where they are headed (what they want to happen). Clarify communication. Increase expressiveness. Expression of self. ‘Family sculpture’- bringing them into time and space and allowing the family to bring out their relationship to one another to increase communication between people. Role of the therapist/Techniques: in the midst of the client system- very involved/ the stance- very engaged/personal/may disclose something about themselves- to be used as an example and to engage the client- to be as real and genuine. Creates structure- necessary for change- what time they will meet? Who will be in the session? Goal of therapy: Terminated when the goal is reached. Include as many family members as possible- multiple generations. Symptom relief occurs (a byproduct)- but not the focus. Strategic: (Milan, MRI (Brief strategic/Palo Alto), Jay Haley): Most interested in what is going on now/ Helpful in changing the perception around the behavior. Psychoanalytic foundation. 1-Milan Systemic: Gregory Bateson (Cybernetics) Belief: Looks at the family system as a whole/ The least interested in the individual experience/ How is the family system functioning? Dysfunctional: Family was caught up in an unacknowledged ‘dirty game’- they are all involved in a problem that maintains the homeostasis in the family/ power struggle with parents/ problems exist when families’ old beliefs don’t fit current pattern of behavior. Interventions/Concepts: ‘Hypothesizing’, ‘Circularity’, ‘Neutrality’- idea that the therapist not support any one in particular, but to receive everyone’s information in understanding how the family is functioning/ Occurred in Milan, Italy- families traveled far for treatment- family would meet once every few months. You don’t have to force change- change always happens.  2 Role of the therapist/Techniques: Therapist must maintain a neutral position. Therapist responsibility for change You force the family members to see that change is going to happen- there are differences between family members- change happens to the family as well. ‘Invariant prescription’-prescription made to the family to address the ‘dirty game’- the parents return to the family with a ‘secret’- enforcing that the parents should have boundaries with the children. Parents are instructed to ‘go out together’- so they do this- increasing the period of time- the dynamic shifts within the family system. ‘One way mirror’- to create distance. ‘Hypothesizing’- have therapist come over to the team to hypothesize as to the reasons keeping the family from changing. ‘Circular questioning’- other members hearing another’s perception of relationships within the family. You ask one family member to comment on their perceptions- creating the ability for the family to observe themselves. Goal of therapy: Brief/Short term. Families seen monthly- or longer- instructing them to keep working on their interventions. Goal- to help family believe alternative beliefs- by creating an environment where new information is introduced into the system. Change occurs by helping family believe an alternate belief by introducing new information- some version of ‘change is happening’- you just need to see it. 2. MRI: (Palo Alto)- Bateson, Weakland, Jackson, Satir, Haley (all worked together) Belief: Focused on communication theory and the congruence of communication. First/second order change. Content of communication and the implication of the communication. Dysfunctional Interventions/Concepts: When congruence is not in place- ‘double bind’- damned if you do- damned if you don’t (also includes double message- great to see you as they walk out; parent as child for a hug/stiffens during the hug)- subtle rejection- the relationship has to be with a person important to that person’s life. Child who gives this emotion and is rejected is now in a ‘bind’- not being able to discuss the problem they feel/ also parent is in a higher hierarchy- so difficult to discuss because of the nature of the relationship. ‘Double message’- lack of clarity- hallmark for intervention. The attempt at solutions becomes the problem. Individuals and families are involved in a vicious attempt to solve the problem- but the problems continue. ‘First and second order change’: Once first order change occurs (behavior) – then second order change occurs (how one thinks about things/rules-perception). Goal- once first order change takes place, then second order will follow. Negative and positive feedback loops- challenging homeostasis. Role of the therapist/Techniques: Therapist responsibility for change. Therapist assumes first order change has been attempted – but has been unsuccessful. Therapist addresses this (increases a punishment- doesn’t change the behavior)- amplification of this ‘solution’ is the problem- so we do something different/another way of approaching things. Problems occurring at life-cycle changes. Reframing- adding new meaning to the behavior. Positive connotation in reframing- refer to depression as someone who is contemplative- brings the person back to feeling OK- reframing for the family. Goal of therapy: Short term. Therapist determines the goals. Therapist is responsible for the change by identifying the vicious cycle- and interrupt it (reframing). 3