Review of Anatomy & Physiology of the Nervous System PDF

REVIEW ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ARIF SETYO UPOYO LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students are able to explain the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) CNS BRAIN SP...

REVIEW ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ARIF SETYO UPOYO LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students are able to explain the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) CNS BRAIN SPINALCORD/ MEDULLA SPINALIS PNS Syaraf Cranialis Syaraf spinalis Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  cerebrum corpus callosum thalamus Pineal gland hypothalamus cerebellum pituitary pons medulla oblongata spinal cord  Cerebrum  Involved with higher brain functions.  Processes sensory information.  Initiates motor functions.  Integrates information. Regions of the cerebrum are specialized for different functions  The cerebrum is divided into frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes.  Fig. 48.25 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 49-17 Max Hearing Seeing words words Min Speaking Generating words words Language and Speech.  Broca’sarea. Usually located in the left hemisphere’s frontal lobe Responsible for speech production.  Wernicke’s area. Usually located in the right hemisphere’s temporal lobe Responsible for the comprehension of speech. Other speech areas are involved generating verbs to match nouns, grouping together related words, etc. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Emotions.  Inmammals, the limbic system is composed of the hippocampus, olfactory cortex, inner portions of the cortex’s lobes, and parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus. Mediates basic emotions (fear, anger), involved in emotional bonding, establishes emotional memory  For example, the amygdala is involved in recognizing the emotional content of facial expression. Memory and Learning. Short-term memory stored in the frontal lobes. The establishment of long-term memory involves the hippocampus. The transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory.  Is enhanced by repetition (remember that when you are preparing for an exam).  Influenced by emotional states mediated by the amygdala.  Influenced by association with previously stored information. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Different types of long-term memories are stored in different regions of the brain. Memorization-type memory can be rapid. Primarily involves changes in the strength of existing nerve connections. Learning of skills and procedures is slower. Appears to involves cellular mechanisms similar to those involved in brain growth and development. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Thalamus  Relay center for sensory tracts from the spinal cord to the cerebrum.  Contains centers for sensation of pain, temperature, and touch.  Involved with emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms. The Reticular System, Arousal, and Sleep. The reticular activating system (RAS) of the reticular formation. Regulates sleep and arousal. Acts as a sensory filter. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hypothalamus Regulates: autonomic control center- blood pressure, rate and force of heart contraction, center for emotional response and behavior body temperature water balance and thirst sleep/wake cycles appetite sexual arousal control of endocrine functioning: Acts on the pituitary gland through the release of neurosecretions. Hypothalamus Pituitary  Midbrain  Cerebellar peduncles  Tectum  Superior colliculi  Inferior colliculi thalamus  Substantia nigra  Red nuclei Posterior Red nucleus Substantia nigra Anterior  Midbrain  Contains ascending and descending tracts to the cerebrum and thalamus.  Reflex center for eye muscles.  Also involved with processing visual and auditory information (connects head movements with visual and auditory stimuli).  Pons  Connects the two halves of the cerebellum.  Regulates breathing.  Medulla Oblongata Composed of nerve tracts to and from the brain (these tracts cross over left to right and right to left) May be regarded as an extension of the spinal cord Almost all of the cranial nerves arise from this region  Medulla Oblongata Contains control centers for many subconscious activities Respiratory rate Heart rate Arteriole constriction Swallowing Hiccupping Coughing Sneezing  Cerebellum  Controls and coordinates muscular activity.  Important in equilibrium, posture and movement.  SPINAL CORD  Multiple ascending and descending tracts of interneurons (connect afferent & efferent)  Afferent Neurons – Enter to dorsal (back) side  Efferent Neurons – Exit the ventral (front) side PNS SYARAF SYARAF CRANIALIS SPINALIS 1. Olfactory- smell 2. Optic- vision 3. Oculomotor- 4 of the 6 extrinsic eye muscles 4. Trochlear- extrinsic eye muscles 5. Trigeminal- sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles 6. Abducens- controls eye muscles that turn the eye laterally 7. Facial- facial expression 8. Vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance 9. Glosopharyngeal- tongue and pharynx 10.Vagus- parasympathetic control of heart, lungs & abdominal organs 11.Accessory- accessory part of vagus nerve, neck & throat muscles 12.Hypoglossal- moves muscles under tongue SYARAF SPINAL Functional composition of the PNS neurotransmitter is norepinephrine, fight or flight E = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment neurotransmitter is acetylcholine D = digestion, deification, diuresis (urinating) PATHWAY PAIN  The Neurochemicals of Pain  Pain Initiators ◦ Glutamate - Central ◦ Substance P - Central ◦ Brandykinin - Peripheral ◦ Prostaglandins - Peripheral  Pain Inhibitors ◦ Serotonin ◦ Endorphins ◦ Enkephalins ◦ Dynorphin Gate-Control Theory – Ronald Melzack (1960s)  Described physiological mechanism by which psychological factors can affect the experience of pain.  Neural gate can open and close thereby modulating pain.  Gate is located in the spinal cord.  It is the Substasia Gelatinosa Opening and Closing the Gate  When the gate is closed signals from small diameter pain fibres do not excite the dorsal horn transmission neurons.  When the gate is open pain signals excite dorsal horn transmission cells Three Factors Involved in Opening and Closing the Gate  The amount of activity in the pain fibers.  The amount of activity in other peripheral fibers.  Messages that descend from the brain. Conditions that Open the Gate  Physical conditions  Extent of injury  Inappropriate activity level  Emotional conditions  Anxiety or worry  Tension  Depression  Mental Conditions  Focusing on pain  Boredom/bosan Conditions That Close the Gate  Physical conditions  Medications  Counter stimulation (e.g., heat, massage)  Emotional conditions  Positive emotions  Relaxation, Rest  Mental conditions  Intense concentration or distraction  Involvement and interest in life activities  NURSING ASSESSMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS ARIF SETYO UPOYO LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students are able to explain the assessment of nervous system disorders NURSING ASSESMENT  Main symptom/sign  Health hystory  ADL  Phisical assesment  Diagnostic examination Main symptom and sign  Parese / plegi  Loss of consciousness  Headache  Loss of sensation/numbness  Aphasia  Swallowing disorders  Seizure  memory impairment,  Balance disorders  Ataxia  Tremor  Incontinence etc HEALTH HYSTORY  Hypertension  Diabetes  Infection  Congenital abnormalities  Head trauma  spinal injury  Tumor  etc ADL  Nutrition: Difficulty swallowing, decreased taste sensation  Rest activity: hemiparese, paraparese, plegi  Comfort: Headache, low back pain  Safety: motor impairment, visual impairment  Elimination: incontinence  Coping: depression  Social interaction: aphasia, disatria  etc  PHISICAL ASSESMENT  GCS  muscle strength  Physiological reflex  Pathological reflex  Sensibility  Cranial nerves  Meningeal stimulation  Sublime functions: remembering, counting, balance etc DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION  Rongten  CT Scan  MRI  LumbaL function  EEG  Cerebral angiography  etc