Gram Positive Bacteria PDF

# Gram Positive Bacteria - **Streptococci** - Culture on blood agar; Non-motile - **S. pyogenes** - Gram Positive - B hemolytic - Causes skin infections, strep throat, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis - Group A bacteria - Invades skin and mucous membra...

# Gram Positive Bacteria - **Streptococci** - Culture on blood agar; Non-motile - **S. pyogenes** - Gram Positive - B hemolytic - Causes skin infections, strep throat, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis - Group A bacteria - Invades skin and mucous membranes - **S. agalactiae** - Group B - Gram Positive - Found in women's vagino cervical tract and men's urethral mucous membranes and GI (Gastro Intestinal tract) - Can be transmitted to baby from mother in birth - **S. pneumoniae** - Gram Positive - Non-motile - Encapsulated - Can cause pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, and bacteremia/sepsis # Enterococci - Associated with intestine - Most important species are E. faecalis, E. faecium - Can be B, a or Y hemolytic # Viridans streptococci - Constitutes main facultative oral flora - Streptococcus mutans and other viridans species can cause dental caries - It also can cause subacute bacterial endocarditis in people who have damaged or abnormal heart valves - That kind of patients need to take penicillin before dental procedures # Staphylococcus - Staphylococcus Aureus - Can also cause furuncle and carbuncle and scalded skin syndrome - One of the most common causes of bacterial infections - Can cause TSS (Toxic Shock syndrome) and Food Poisoning - Staphylococcus epidermidis - Part of normal skin flora - Can cause prosthetic implant infections - Staphylococcus saprophyticus - Can cause urinary tract infections, especially cystitis in women - **Coagulase-Negative staphylococcus** - S. epidermidis - S. saprophyticus - Can cause hospital acquired infections # Bacillus (Rods) - **Corynebacterium diphtheriae** - Causes diphtheria, a cutaneous and respiratory disease which can be life-threatening - Can be prevented with vaccination - Corynebacteria species are non-motile and un-encapsulated, most of them facultative anaerobes # Listeria Species - Slender, short gram-positive rods - They don't form spores - _L. monocytogenes_ can grow at 4°C - Can be transmitted from dairy products (ice cream, cheese etc.) - Can cause septicemia (blood poisoning) and meningitis (listeriosis) # Spore-Forming Rods - **Aerobic Bacillus Anthrax** - Develops a papule - Can cause cutaneous and pulmonary anthrax (95% of anthrax cases are cutaneous) - Papule can be a black, painless and severely swollen pustule - Can cause fatal septicemia, may invade lymph nodes - Pulmonary anthrax is caused by inhalation of spores (mortality %100 if it's not treated) - Facultative or strict aerobic, non-motile, culture on blood agar - **Clostridia** - Anaerobic and gram-positive rods, spore forming - **Clostridium perfringens** - Causes gas gangrene - Large, rod-shaped, non-motile, encapsulated - Part of normal GI tract flora and vagina - Some them cause food poisoning - Also can cause anaerobic cellulitis - **Clostridium botulinum** - Causes botulism from the action of neurotoxin - And causes flaccid paralysis - Can be transmitted by feeding infants with honey - 2 µg or less is enough to be lethal - Category A agent with Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis - Used in botox injections - **Clostridium tetani** - Can cause tetanus - Spores even in small wounds - Rare in developed countries - Produces neurotoxin and sends to CNS and that causes spastic paralysis - **Clostridium difficile** - From diarrhea - Causes pseudomembranous colitis - Spore forming - Can be effective because of excessive antibiotic use # Filamentous - Actinomyces - Nocardia