Vilnius University 7th Chemistry Lecture 2024-10-17 PDF

The Chemistry of Human Nature and Chemistry at home VII lecture 2024-10-17, Dr. Skirmantė Tutlienė Chemistry at home Highlights 1. NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN OUR LIVE; 2. VITAMINS, ANTIOXIDANTS, FOOD SUPPLEMENTS;...

The Chemistry of Human Nature and Chemistry at home VII lecture 2024-10-17, Dr. Skirmantė Tutlienė Chemistry at home Highlights 1. NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN OUR LIVE; 2. VITAMINS, ANTIOXIDANTS, FOOD SUPPLEMENTS; 3. MEDICAL PROPERTIES OF CANNABIS (MARIJUANA). 2 NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN OUR LIVE 3  Nitrogen compounds in our live 1) 20 amino acids necessary for the human body. Organic compounds containing at least one amino group (-NH2) and the carboxyl group (-COOH) Amino acid (I) Amino acid (II) Amino acid (III) Amino acid (IV) Alanine (Ala) Glutamic acid (Glu) Leucine (Leu) Serine (Ser) Arginine (Arg) Glutamine (Gln) Lyzine (Lys) Threonine (Thr) MORE: Asparagine (Asn) Glycine (Gly) Methionine (Met) Tryptophan (Trp) https://en. Aspartic acid (Asp) Histidine (His) Phenylalanine (Phe) Tyrosine (Tyr) wikipedia. org/wiki/A Cysteine (Cys) Isoleucine (Ile) Proline (Pro) Valine (Val) mino_acid Amino acids can be found in food of both animal and vegetable origin. The best sources of amino acids are meat, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products, soy and leguminous vegetables. Animal-derived amino acids are more useful than amino acids of plant origin due to their structure, which is similar to human. Glutamic acid is the most widely used amino acid in the body! Glutamic acid 4  Nitrogen compounds in our live 2) Proteins Proteins are macromolecules made of amino acids. Proteins are part of the cells and tissues, they help form cell and tissue skeletons, regulate normal body functions, fight infections, carry out complex chemical reactions, and more. 5 Nitrogen compounds in our live 6  Nitrogen compounds in our live 3) Nitrogen circulation in the biosphere. The atmosphere contains 78-79% of nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation: the process of converting molecular nitrogen taken from the atmosphere into nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrates, nitrogen dioxide). 7  Nitrogen compounds in our live 4) Fertilizer component - ammonia fertilizers, saltpetre. Nitrogen is a vital element of the Earth. Nitrogen compounds are found in organic materials, foodstuffs, fertilizers, explosives and poisons. Nitrogen is vital, but its excess can also be harmful to the environment. Main production: Urea, ammonium nitrate, liquid nitrogen Fertilizers (UAN) Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) Nitrogen fertilizers with sulphur Urea formaldehyde resins 8 VITAMINS, ANTIOXIDANTS, FOOD SUPPLEMENTS 9 Vitamins, antioxidants, food supplements Do you take vitamins or other food supplements? □ Vitamins; □ Other food supplements; □ I take both; □ I don’t. https://emokymai.vu.lt/user/  Vitamins, antioxidants, food supplements Vitamins are any of a biologically active group of low molecular weight organic compounds which are essential for normal growth and nutrition and are required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body (or amounts of them are too small). Vitamins are named by the Latin alphabet in capital letters (with or without digital indices, e.g., vitamin B₆, vitamin C). In addition, they have names corresponding to their chemical composition (e.g. ascorbic acid – vitamin C). https://culture.pl/en/article/ka The term vitamin was derived from "vitamine" is from vital (Lat. - zimierz-funk-the-elixir-of-life life) and amine, since at that time all known vitamins belonged to Kazimierz Funk amines. 1884 - 1967 Polish biochemist 11  Vitamins, antioxidants, food supplements https://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files How many vitamins are there? /styles/1000_1x_/public/images/2018/06/pills. Human metabolism requires thirteen vitamins. jpg?itok=HzUfKc2C&fc=50,50 Soluble in water B group vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Soluble in lipids Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K http://logicnutrition.com/ 12 Vitamins, antioxidants, food supplements 13  Vitamins, antioxidants, food supplements Soluble in water B group vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12) Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3) Pantothenic acid (B5) Biotin (B7) Folate (B9) Pyridoxal phosphate (B6) Folic acid Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Cobalamin (B12) 14  Vitamins, antioxidants, food supplements Soluble in lipids Vitamin A Vitamin D (D1, D2, D3, D4 ir D5) Cholecalciferol (D3) Retinal Absent! Ergocalciferol (D2) Vitamin E (Mixture of 8 compounds) Vitamin K (K1, K2 = MK-4 or MK-7) 4 3 2 1 MK-4 +double How MK-7 would look? RRR alpha-tocopherol Tocotrienol K1 16  Vitamins, antioxidants, food supplements Functions performed by Vitamins: Co-enzymatic function The basic physiological processes in the body are regulated by chemical compounds - enzymes. They are needed to release energy in the human body, digest food, transport gas in the body, for coagulation of blood, etc. Enzymes are usually made of two parts: one part is the protein molecule and the other is co-enzyme. Co-enzymes are usually composed of vitamins or similar compounds. Antioxsidative function In the course of natural processes and various oxidative reactions in the human body special substances are produced, they are free radicals. Although oxidation processes are vital, oxidation products can cause cell damage. Free radicals can break down DNA, fats, proteins and other molecules, causing various ailments. The body also produces antioxidant enzymes that help neutralize free radicals. In order for these enzymes to function properly, certain substances such as zinc, copper, selenium, vitamins C, E, beta-carotene are needed. Hormone function After production in the kidney, Vitamin D circulates in the blood like other hormones and affects bone metabolism. Other vitamins A, K also participate in certain functions, similar to hormones. Energy Vitamins themselves do not have energy, but regulate the body's energy processes. 17  Vitamins, antioxidants, food supplements Antioxidants 3 main antioxidants: Vitamin E is abundant in vegetable oils, legumes, corn crops, Brussels sprouts, rhizome fruits, buckthorn, rowan berries, cherries, nuts. Vitamin A is produced from beta-carotene (in the liver). Vitamin A is absorbed in our body from pumpkin, carrot, apricot, parsley leaves and spinach. Vitamin C is abundant in citrus fruits, rosehip fruits, rowan berries. The beneficial antioxidants in our body simply are killed by smoking, excessive being in the sun, eating ‘fast‘ or preservative-rich foods, dieting and by inactive or sedentary lifestyles. In order to stay healthy and vibrant, it is necessary to adjust your habits, to have a healthier diet and be in the fresh air more often. Retinal (vit. A) β-Carotene 18  Vitamins, antioxidants, food supplements Food supplements Food supplements are foods that are intended to enrich the normal diet. They consist of simple or complex nutrients that are normally found in food. The most common group of dietary Food supplements are not subject to such strict supplements: requirements for production and registration as medicines. Vitamins, Minerals, Every athlete knows, if you want to gain muscle, you Amino acids, need protein. Fatty acids, „MyProtein Creatine Monohydrate“ is a supplement Plant and herbal extracts, particularly suitable for strength. Protein or carbohydrate concentrates. ‘Creatine will work for you if you are doing short-term, Supplements are mainly used for: high-strength workouts.’ better and faster recovery after exercise; health improvement; increasing work capacity. Food Supplements ≠ Food Substitutes Food supplements and food additives are different substances! 19 MEDICAL PROPERTIES OF CANNABIS (MARIJUANA) 20  Medical properties of cannabis How often do you feel stressed? □ 1-3 times/week; □ 3-5 times/week; □ once in a day; □ feel stressed permanently; □ I feel relaxed mostly. https://emokymai.vu.lt/user/  Medical properties of cannabis European Mental Health Week, 19-25 May 2025 Mental Health Europe is the home of the European Mental Health Week – a pan- European initiative to raise awareness about the importance of mental health and reduce stigma which takes place every year in May. https://www.mentalhealtheurope.org/e uropean-mental-health-week/ 22  Medical properties of cannabis Why is the discussion so big in society? Cannabis (Lat. Cannabis) is a herbaceous flowering plant, Cannabis sativa (family Cannabaceae), having serrated digitate leaves, fibrous stems, and glandular hairs, native to central Asia and widely cultivated for its fibre (hemp) and for use as a recreational drug. There are hundreds of compounds in cannabis, but scientists believe the one responsible for the drugs' psychoactive effects is tetrahydrocannbinol, or THC. Leaves, stems, flower buds and extracts from the marijuana plant can https://www.livescience.co be eaten, brewed in a tea or put into a tincture. It can also be vaporized m/24559-marijuana-facts- using an e-cigarette pen. cannabis.html The Marijuana plant produces about 113 different cannabinoids. Cannabidiol (CBD) Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 23  Medical properties of cannabis The Endocannabinoid system Endo - i.e. internal https://youtu.be/Vtc11kRinf4 24  Medical properties of cannabis The Endocannabinoid system Endo - i.e. internal Endocannabinoids For example: AEA Exocannabinoids For example: THC Anandamide (AEA) https://youtu.be/jznQfMj9RWM 25  Medical properties of cannabis THC binds to cannabinoid receptors throughout the body, and marijuana's "high" comes from THC's binding to brain regions responsible for pleasure, time perception and pain. Medical marijuana can soothe nausea and increase appetite, relieve pain, soothe anxiety and even reduce epileptic seizures. Other research on the healing effects of cannabis is being examined. For example, research suggests that THC may be able to improve memory according to a 2016 study on mice. Short-term use of the drug impairs thinking and coordination. In long-term studies, teens who smoke marijuana have lower IQs later on, as well as structural differences in their brains, though scientists debate whether this is an effect of the drug or a result of habitual pot smokers seeking out less intellectually stimulating pursuits. Marijuana use has been linked to mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. Marijuana smokers are also more likely to suffer from bronchitis, according to a 2014 New England Journal of Medicine review of marijuana's health effects. Stroke and heart failure have also been linked to marijuana. The greatest health risk of marijuana is a potential addiction. https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2017130 https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn1247 26  Medical properties of cannabis IT IS NECESSARY to view this video!!! She published >100 (~130) research papers on this topic. Ruth A. Ross, PhD Professor & Chair Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, https://youtu.be/8GsmTFytBYI Faculty of Medicine, There will be questions in the next test based on the University of Toronto information presented in this video. 27 http://www.pharmtox.utoronto.ca/faculty-ruth-ross-phd NARCOTIC properties of cannabis The links below are two interviews with a clinical doctor and VU's Assoc. prof. about narcotic substances. https://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/irasas/2000231359/ryto- suktinis-su-zita-kelmickaite-gydytojo-badaro-tevonija- lynezeryje-anksciau-nesuprasdavau-kodel-tevai-vertina- sia-vieta?time_start=818 https://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/irasas/156287/stambiu-planu- toksikologas-robertas-badaras-nezinau-kaip-elgciausi- jeigu-buciau-auges-tokioje-aplinkoje-kur-pasiula-yra-viska- apimanti 28 Audio https://www.lrt.lt /mediateka/iras as/2000118655/ mokslas-be- pamokslu- genetiskai- modifikuotas- maistas-ar- saugu-ji- vartoti?jwsource =cl 29  Newspaper article + video Medikė apie imuniteto ‘ ‘ stiprinimą: švieži vaisiai ir daržovės – geresni vaistai nei papildai https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/gyvenimas/13/1799755/me dike-apie-imuniteto-stiprinima-sviezi-vaisiai-ir- darzoves-geresni-vaistai-nei-papildai 30  Exhibition Books and Non-Books – an exhibition inviting to reconsider the ‘ ‘ perception of the world https://biblioteka.vu.lt/en/about/news/1203- books-and-non-books-an-exhibition-inviting- to-reconsider-the-perception-of-the-world https://artsandculture.google.com/s tory/zQVxTdYw24EiTQ 31 Events 32 https://fb.me/e/4VzAQ6zg7  Questions: 1. What are the 4 key areas to reveal the importance of nitrogen compounds in our lives? 2. Which two functional groups do amino acids have? 3. Which vitamins are soluble in lipids? 4. What determines the vitamin’s solubility in water or lipids? 5. How many (approximate) cannabinoids are produced by the cannabis plant? 6. You have to be able to separate Cannabidiol (CBD) from Tetrahydrocannabinolic (THC), when the molecular formulas are presented (painted). 7. Does tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) belong to the endocannabinoid system? 8. What (which individuals) have a well developed endocannabinoid system in their bodies? 9. What are our actions (or situations) that promote the release of endocannabinoids in our body? 10.What events might increase amounts/concentration of endocannabinoids? 33 References: https://www.livescience.com/24559-marijuana-facts-cannabis.html https://youtu.be/Vtc11kRinf4 https://youtu.be/jznQfMj9RWM https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2017130 https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn1247 https://youtu.be/8GsmTFytBYI http://www.pharmtox.utoronto.ca/faculty-ruth-ross-phd 34 The seventh lecture is done! CONTACTS Dr. Skirmantė Tutlienė [email protected]