Microbiology and Parasitology PDF

MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY MR. ZEDIERICK N. TANJISTA, RPH PRELIMS INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY WEEK 1 HISTORY OF FIRST MICROSCOPE  The first microscope was invented around 1590  But it's unclear who invented the microscope. Some historians say it was Hans Lippershey, most f...

MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY MR. ZEDIERICK N. TANJISTA, RPH PRELIMS INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY WEEK 1 HISTORY OF FIRST MICROSCOPE  The first microscope was invented around 1590  But it's unclear who invented the microscope. Some historians say it was Hans Lippershey, most famous for filing the first patent for a telescope during 1570s  Other evidence points to Hans and Zacharias Janssen, a father-son team of spectacle makers living in the same town as Lippershey. JANSSEN OR LIPPERSHEY?  Hans Lippershey, also spelled Lipperhey, was born in Wesel, Germany in 1570, but moved to Holland, which was then enjoying a period of innovation in art and science called the Dutch Golden Age.  Lippershey settled in Middelburg, where he made spectacles, binoculars and some of the earliest microscopes and telescopes  Also living in Middelburg were Hans and Zacharias Janssen.  Historians attribute the invention of the microscope to the Janssens, thanks to letters by the Dutch diplomat William Boreel.  In the 1650s, Boreel wrote a letter to the physician of the French king in which he described the microscope. In his letter,  Boreel said Zacharias Janssen started writing to him about a microscope in the early 1590s, although Boreel only saw a microscope himself years later. Some historians argue Hans Janssen helped build the microscope, as Zacharias was a teenager in the 1590s.  A Middelburg museum has one of the earliest Janssen microscopes, dated to 1595.  It had three sliding tubes for different lenses, no tripod and was capable of magnifying three to nine times the true size.  News about the microscopes spread quickly across Europe  Galileo Galilei soon improved upon the compound microscope design in 1609.  Galileo called his device an occhiolino, or "little eye.“  1624 – he developed his microscope into a telescope  Galileo was more interested in the multitude of stars he could see through his telescope than in the insects he examined close-up with his microscope.  English scientist Robert Hooke improved the microscope, too, and explored the structure of snowflakes, fleas, lice and plants.  He coined the term "cell" from the Latin cella, which means "small room," because he compared the cells he saw in cork to the small rooms that monks lived in.  In 1665, and detailed his observations in the book "Micrographia.  Early compound microscopes provided more magnification than single lens microscopes; however, they also distorted the image more.  Dutch scientist Antoine van Leeuwenhoek designed high- powered single lens microscopes in the 1670s. With these he was the first to describe sperm (or spermatozoa) from dogs and humans.  He also studied yeast, red blood cells, bacteria from the mouth and protozoa  Scientists were also developing new ways to prepare and contrast their specimens. In 1882, the German physician Robert Koch presented his discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacilli responsible for tuberculosis HISTORY  THE FIRST OBSERVATION  1665 – Robert Hooke reported to the world that life’s smallest structural unit were “little boxes” or “cells”, as he called them after observing a slice of cork  This marked the beginning of the Cell Theory.  1673 – 1723 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed live microorganisms through his simple, single-lens microscope, he describe the as “animalcules” SPONTANEOUS GENERATION  Many scientist and philosophers, until the second half of the 19th century, believed that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter  This hypothetical process is called as “Spontaneous generation” DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION  1668 – Francesco Redi demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION  1745 – John Needham found out that heated nutrient fluids were soon teeming with microorganism after cooling  1765 – Lazaro Spallanzani suggested that microorganisms from air entered Needham’s solution after they were boiled. He then setup his own experiment wherein nutrient fluids were sealed before they were boiled. THE THEORY OF BIOGENESIS  1858 – Rudolf Virchow challenged spontaneous generation by introducing his concept of biogenesis.  1861 – Louis Pasteur resolved the issue between spontaneous generation and biogenesis and proved that microorganisms are everywhere THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY(1857 – 1914)  Headed by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch  Establishment of Microbiology as a science  Causative agents of certain diseases  Role of immunity  Prevention and cure of diseases  Chemical activities of microorganisms  Microscopy and culturing microorganism  Developed vaccines and surgical techniques THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY(1857 – 1914)  1858 – Pasteur found out that yeast converts sugar into alcohol in a process called fermentation and that bacteria are the main cause of spoilage in beer and wines due to the conversion to acetic acid.  1866 – Pasteur developed a technique called “Pasteurization” GERM THEORY OF DISEASE The possibility that microorganisms might have similar relationships with plants and animals – that microorganisms might cause disease GERM THEORY OF DISEASE  1835 – Agosino Bassi found out that fungi are responsible for the silkworm disease  1865 – Pasteur noted that recent infection are caused by protozoans  1840s – Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrated that physicians who did not disinfect their hands transmitted childbirth fever from one patient to another.  1860s – Joseph Lister, after hearing the works of Louis Pasteur, disinfected his surgical equipment with carbolic acid.  1876 – Robert Koch discovered the cause of anthrax and established a sequent of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease.  This is known as the Koch’s Postulates. VACCINATION  1796 – Edward Jenner uses cowpox as a vaccine for smallpox  1880 – Louis Pasteur found out the mechanism on how vaccines work and developed 3 vaccines: Fowl Cholera (1881), Anthrax (1881) and Rabies (1885) THE BIRTH OF MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY  1910 – Paul Ehrlich, as a student, speculated that there is a “magic bullet”,  He discovered the first synthetic chemotherapeutic drug called “Salvarsan”  Before this discovery, the only drug in widely accepted in Europe was quinine. A FORTUNATE ACCIDENT – ANTIBIOTICS  1928 – Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin  1945 – Alexander Fleming warned about possible resistance of microorganisms to drugs because of rampant use MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY  The study of AIDS, analysis of interferon action and the development of new vaccines are among the current researches in immunology MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY  New techniques in molecular biology and electron microscopy have provided tools for the advancement of our knowledge in virology MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY  The development in recombinant DNA technology has help scientist advance in all areas of microbiology SOME APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY IN VARIOUS PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY  The most important contribution of microbiology to the pharmaceutical industry is the development of antibiotics.  All antibiotics were originally the products of microbial metabolism, however the recent genetic manipulations have enabled the production of more enhanced drugs. SOME APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY IN VARIOUS PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY  Vaccines are also a very important contribution of microbiology towards development of drugs  The production of vaccines against bacterial diseases usually requires the growth of large amounts of bacteria  Steroids can also be obtained from microorganisms. SOME APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY IN VARIOUS PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY  Apart from drugs and bio products development, microbiology contributes towards quality control of a pharmaceutical laboratory.  Prevention of microbial contamination of drugs, injectables, eye drops, nasal solutions and inhalation products is undertaken following pharmacopeial guidelines. GENERAL FIELDS o Bacteriology ( Leeuwenhoek’s first examination) o Phycology o Virology (Dmitri Iwanowski 1892 - reported that the organism that caused mosaic disease of tobacco was so small that it passed through filters fine enough to stop all known bacteria )  In 1935, Wendell Stanley demonstrated that the organism, called tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), was fundamentally different from other microbes GENERAL FIELDS o Mycology (Bassi’s work) o Parasitology (Pasteur’s work on protozoans) o Immunology (Jenner’s first vaccine) SPECIALIZED FIELDS  General Microbiology  The study of the classification on microorganisms and how they function.  Medical Microbiology  The study of pathogens, the diseases caused by them, and the body’s defenses against them.  Veterinary Microbiology  The study of the spread and control of diseases among animals.  Agricultural Microbiology  The study of the beneficial and harmful roles of microbes in soil formation SPECIALIZED FIELDS  Sanitary Microbiology  The processing and disposal of garbage and sewage wastes as wells as the purification of water supplies  Industrial Microbiology  Use of microbes in industries  Microbial Physiology and Genetics  The study of the function of microorganisms, the structure of DNA and the science of genetics in general  Environmental Microbiology / Microbial Ecology  The study of the microorganisms in the soil, air, water, sewage, food and dairy products MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE  Minority of all microorganisms are pathogenic.  Microbes that cause food spoilage, such as soft spots on fruits and vegetables, decomposition of meats, and rancidity of fats and oils  The vast majority of microbes benefit humans, other animals, and plants in many ways RECYCLING VITAL ELEMENTS  Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky (1880) were the first to show how bacteria help recycle vital elements between the soil and the atmosphere  Microbial ecology SEWAGE TREATMENT:  Using microbes to recycle water  Sewage treatment plants remove the undesirable materials and harmful microorganisms. Treatments combine various physical processes with the action of beneficial microbes.  Large solids such as paper, wood, glass, gravel, and plastic are removed from sewage; left behind are liquid and organic materials that bacteria convert into such by-products as carbon dioxide, nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and methane BIOREMEDIATION  Using microbes to clean up pollutants  In 1988, scientists began using microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes produced by various industrial processes  Among the most commonly used microbes are certain species of bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas (su-do- mo'nas) and Bacillus (basil'lus). Bacillus enzymes are also used in household detergents to remove spots from clothing INSECT PEST CONTROL  Besides spreading diseases, insects can cause devastating crop damage. Insect pest control is therefore important for both agriculture and the prevention of human disease  The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has been used extensively in the United States to control such pests as alfalfa caterpillars, bollworms, corn borers, cabbageworms, tobacco budworms, and fruit tree leaf rollers  MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND RECOMBINANT DNA  A very exciting and important outcome of recombinant DNA techniques is gene therapy  Beyond medical applications, recombinant DNA techniques have also been applied to agriculture INDUSTRIAL (FOOD)  Lactobacillus – production of curd in milk  Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) – for making bread  production of beverages like wine, beer, whisky, brandy and rum  Propionebacterium freundenreichii – production of swiss cheese INDUSTRIAL (BIOFERTILIZERS)  Rhizobium and cyanobacteria – fixes atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms  Mycorrhiza – absorbs phosphorus from soil and passes it to plants