612 Personality Testing Notes PDF

612 personality testing notes Self-Report Inventories 1. In the development of personality inventories, several approaches have been followed in formulating, assembling, selecting, and grouping items. Among the major procedures in current...

612 personality testing notes Self-Report Inventories 1. In the development of personality inventories, several approaches have been followed in formulating, assembling, selecting, and grouping items. Among the major procedures in current use are those based on content validation, empirical criterion keying, factor analysis, and personality theory. 2. some personality tests used as group screening instruments, some in clinical or counseling purposes. content validation content validation 1. it’s about literal interpretation of questionnaire items. content validation makes each question’s response be regarded as an index of actual presence or absence of specific problem, belief etc. 2. Woodworth Personal Data Sheet: developed during WW1, to standardize psychiatric interview and make it mass testing. it was about phobias, sleep issues, motor issues, obsessions and compulsions etc. the test was made by information about common neurotic and preneurotic symptoms from literature + psychiatric conferences (emphasis on content validity) he also used empirical statistics. 3. Mooney Problem Check List: identification of problems from a wide range of aspects from health and physical development, living conditions, social, religion, school, vocational etc. basically everything. does not yield trait scores or measure of degree of adjustment. no psychometric evaluation, but it’s a good coverage of issues reported by students. 4. STS Youth Inventory: G9 to G12. 167 items about oneself, school, free time, interpersonal relationships and general things. unique thing was the difference size of item response boxes to indicate magnitude of the issue. junior version for G4 to G8. it focuses mostly on individual analysis, as in 612 personality testing notes 1  percentage of people by sex or grade in a national sample and the specific response. empirical criterion keying basic approach 1. empirical criterion keying: development of scoring key in terms of an external criteria. includes selection of items to be kept and assignment of scoring weight to responses. the responses are treated as diagnostic or symptomatic of criteria behavior they are associated with 2. all the following tests use MMPI as an external criteria Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 1. items: 550 affirmative statements to be responded with T/F/cannot say. individual form: statements printed on separate cards that’re sorted into 3 categories group form: statements in booklet and answered on answer sheet. 2. age: 16+ but it’s been done successfully on younger too 3. content: health, psychosomatic symptoms, neurological disorders, and motor disturbances; sexual, religious, political, and social attitudes; educational, occupational, family, and marital questions; and many well- known neurotic or psychotic behavior manifestations, such as obsessive and compulsive states, delusions, hallucinations, ideas of reference, phobias, and sadistic and masochistic trends. 4. 10 clinical scales scales: hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, masculinity-femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, hypomania, social introversion (differentiated between specified clinical group and normal control group). new ones added ego strength, dominance, dependency, prejudice, social status 5. 3 validity scores: represent malingering, carelessness or misunderstanding: a. lie score (L): to show oneself in favorable light but answer 612 personality testing notes 2  b. validity score (F): items infrequently answered in scored direction by standardization group. although they’re undesirable behavior, they’re not a sign of abnormality. c. correction score (K): measuring test-taking attitude (connected to both L and F). high K → defensiveness/faking good. low K → too much self- criticism/faking bad d. first 2 are for overall evaluation, exceeding a certain value would make the scale invalid. K is more about suppression and it’s added to scores on some clinical scales to get adjusted scores. 6. administration: 13 scores including 9 original scales and 3 validity scales. 60 to 90 minutes 7. scoring: greater the number and magnitude of deviant scores, more likely is individually disturbed. clearance level for scoring and interpretation is masters but no administration to be done without supervision until PhD 8. shorter version is available for screening purposes 9. it was originally to differentiate between normal and clinical populations but now its more about measuring personality trait (e.g. scale 6 which was called paranoia before, it’s just going to tell us about resentfulness and suspiciousness 10. diagnostic interpretation aid: an atlas for the clinical use of MMPI → → profiles and case histories of like 1k people arranged according to similarity of profiles. 11. limitation: inadequate reliabilities of some of the scales, and size and representation issues in the normative sample, administration time is long. 12. personality tests show sub/cultural differences as well, which can even operate on a smaller level like differences in interpretation of instructions or traditions of modesty impacting scores etc. 13. In any event, an individual's MMPI profile should be interpreted in the light of information about such demographic variables as age, sex, education, socioeconomic status, ethnic group, and geographic milieu. California psychological inventory 612 personality testing notes 3  1. specifically for ages 13 and up. half the items are from MMPI 2. it has 462 items to be answered with T/F, yielding scores in 30 scales, other of which 3 are personality and rest personality. 3. validity scales: a. well-being (wb): based on responses by normals to fake bad b. good impression (gi): responses by normals to fake good c. communality (cm): frequency of popular responses personality inventory for children 1. 3-16 years. 2. 600 T/F items answered by primary caregiver, an inventory of observed behavior, 3 validity scales, general screening scale and 12 clinical scales Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory 1. 175 self-descriptive items T/F 2. group or individual administration 3. 17+ years and a reading level of 8th grade. 4. 20 clinical scales falling in 3 umbrellas (basic personality pattern, pathological disorders, clinical symptom syndromes) scales consistent with DSM-3 Factor analysis 1. all the following tests are based on factor analysis to systematically classify personality traits 2. Allport was the one who used adjectives for traits and categorized 18000 words describing personality → Cattell used factor analysis to end up at 16 traits Guilford inventories 1. researched and made 3 inventories that were computed through intercorrelation among individual items from inventories instead of correlating total scores. the 3 of them were combined to make 612 personality testing notes 4  2. Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey: yields separate scores for traits, each score based on 30 different items. a. items are in affirmative statements (possibly to reduce suspicions) Comrey personality scale 1. 8 personality scales. also includes a validity scale and response bias scale 2. 7 point likert scale Cattell inventories 1. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF): 16/+, yields 16 scores, verification also available, as well as computerized narrative reporting service 2. low reliabilities because it’s short Personality theory in test development Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) 1. based on Murray’s manifest need system theory (human behavior is fueled by a desire to fulfill needs) 2. includes items based on 15 needs like achievement, order, autonomy etc. 3. 210 pairs of statements 4. also includes an index of respondent consistency, as well as a profile stability score. 5. ipsative scores (ipsative” refers to comparing an individual's performance against their own past performances) meaning that each strength of need is expressive relative of other needs and not with some normative sample. get it because its preference ok, but we also have standardized norms for these so yeah that’s why we get 2 frames of reference and 2 individuals with identical scores may differ because of absolute strength of needs Personality research form (PRF) by Jackson 1. 2 parallel forms, one short (14 trait scores) one long (14+6 additional). as well as 2 validity scales: infrequency scale (carelessness, not understanding instructions) and desirability scale. 612 personality testing notes 5  2. this doesn’t use empirical criterion keying of items idk what this means man Test-taking attitudes and response biases. 1. faking good for when applying to jobs or seeking admission. faking bad when on trial for crime 2. faking good might indicate a lack of insight into one own’s characteristics, self-deception or unwillingness to face up to one’s limitation 3. faking bad might be motivated by a need for attention, sympathy, or help in meeting personal problems. 4. a special social desirability scale was developed by Edwards for this. 5. one can be motivated to answer truthfully if they’re convinced it’s for their benefit 6. safeguards: verification key to detect faking/response sets. e.g. K in MMPI, another way is to use forced choice items (choosing between 2 descriptive terms that appear equally un/acceptable but differ in validity) e.g. Gordon Personal Inventory 7. response sets: acquiescence (answering true or yes) or naysayers, deviation (tendency to give unusual or uncommon responses), social desirability Projective Testing nature of projective techniques 1. unstructured: permits unlimited variety of possible responses. for this only general brief instructions are given, the way individual interprets the stimuli is informative about the psychological functioning 2. ambiguous: for projection by client 3. disguised: client not aware of type of psychological interpretation that’ll be done on their responses 612 personality testing notes 6  4. global: attention is given to the composite picture of whole personality and not measurement of traits 5. unconscious reveal: underlying, covert and latent aspects of personality inkblot techniques rorschach 1. hermann rorscharch in 1921. first to apply inkblots for diagnostic investigative purposes. administered to a whole bunch of different groups for development to get their data. 2. scoring: location, content, determinants (form, shading, movement), popularity 3. originally for adult groups. Ames and co from Gesell institute of child development at yale extended it from 2 to 70 year old. 4. it also has a computerized scoring and interpretative system, Piotrowski’s automated rorschach. Holtzman inkblot tehcnique (HIT) 612 personality testing notes 7