Lesson 6: Cell Structures & Functions 2023-2024 PDF

Lesson 6: Parts and Functions of Cell & Types of cells Mr. Edward Gabon, LPT ([email protected]) Ms. LJ Carano-o ([email protected]) BLP – 2023-2024 References: Biggs et al. (2012) Glencoe Science Biology. McGraw-Hill Education ; Fitzpatrick & Tunbridge (2016) Campbell: Biology...

Lesson 6: Parts and Functions of Cell & Types of cells Mr. Edward Gabon, LPT ([email protected]) Ms. LJ Carano-o ([email protected]) BLP – 2023-2024 References: Biggs et al. (2012) Glencoe Science Biology. McGraw-Hill Education ; Fitzpatrick & Tunbridge (2016) Campbell: Biology In Focus 2md Edition. Pearson Education; Starr et.al (2023) Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology 5th Edition. Cengage Learning Asia Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: explain why the cell is considered the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; state and discuss the principles of cell theory and the proponents behind them; familiarize the structure and function of organelles and relate it to the overall mechanism of a cell; and differentiate cells based on structures and functions: Plant vs. animal, and Eukaryote vs prokaryote Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms Reading Guide & Note-taking Assignment: Cell Read and take key essential notes about cell structure and their functions. Chapter 3 Cell Structure 3.2 What is Cell? – p. 54 3.3 Cell membrane Structure– pp. 57 3.4 Prokaryotic Cell– p.59 3.5 Eukaryotic Organelles- p.62 Reference: Starr C., Evers C. and Starr S. 2023. Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology. Cengage Asia Pte Ltd, Taguig City, Philippines. Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms  Sharing time NASA Expert You are a biologist working with NASA in a mission to explore possible life on Mars. In your exploration, a material is found that might be a cell. 1. What are the steps you may take to identify if it is a cell? 2. What criteria must the material meet to be considered a cell? 3. How would you determine if it is a https://www.space.com/13558-historic-mars-missions.html prokaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell? Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms CELL THEORY 1. Cell is the basic unit of life. 2. All living things are made up cell. 3. All cells comes from pre-existing cell. Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann Rudolf Virchow all plants are made up of cells. all animals are made up of cells. All cell arise from pre-existing cell. Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms I. THREE MAIN PARTS Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms PARTS OF THE CELL 1. NUCLEUS “The Control Center” - Discovered by Robert Brown - Spherical, largest, and most visible. Functions: - Stores and protect DNA, the genetic material. - “Control center of the cell” DNA has the instructions for making RNA (DNA can’t leave nucleus) Parts: RNA is used as the instruction for a. Nuclear Membrane - Outer covering making proteins b. Nuclear pores - holes DNA → RNA → Proteins c. Nucleoplasm – fluid inside nucleus. d. Nucleolus - dark region, makes ribosomes e. DNA/ Chromosomes – carries the instruction/information to make proteins Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms 1. NUCLEUS Multinucleated: hepatocyte, osteoclast; skeletal muscle Anucleate: Red blood Lobed nucleus; WBC Why do you think some cells are multinucleated? Anucleate? or have a lobed nucleus? Liver cells Osteoclast of the bone Red blood cell and White blood cell Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms 2. CELL MEMBRANE (Plasma membrane) “Outermost boundary of an animal cell” Semipermeable: ability to regulate materials into and out of the cell Components: Phospholipid bilayer Head – Hydrophilic Tail – Hydrophobic Protein – serves as channels in transporting materials Cholesterol – stabilize the fluidity and solidity of the membrane Glycoprotein - cell to cell recognition Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms 3. CYTOPLASM - “The Jelly-like material of the cell” - Consists both of the watery, gel-like material and the organelles - Water, ions, and biomolecules - Area of movement and suspension of organelles - Site of metabolic activities (Glycolysis, cell division, protein synthesis) Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms 4. RIBOSOMES - small, spherical bodies - Produced in the nucleolus of nucleus - “The protein maker of the cell” – the ribosomes use the information coded in RNA in order to make proteins (Protein synthesis) bound - attached to rough ER free– floating in the cytoplasm. Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms  5. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) - consists of flattened sheets and tubes of membrane filled with fluid. 2 parts Rough ER “The Protein maker” - Flattened & studded with ribosome Smooth ER “The Lipid maker” - Tubular with smooth appearance Pancreas, WBC - many RER Liver, ovaries, testes - many SER Rough ER Protein synthesis; with ribosome. Why there is a difference in number of RER and SER in Smooth ER Lipid synthesis & detoxification; White blood cell, livers, ovaries, and testes? no ribosome. Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms Review time! 1. Label Part A A 2. Function of Part B 3. Label Part D 4. Function of Part E B 5. Function of Part F E C D F 6. GOLGI BODIES/COMPLEX/ APPARATUS - Flattened stacks of membrane. - “The Courier of the cell” - It modifies, packs, and transport materials (protein from ER) Cisternae - flattened membrane Lumen - internal space. Vesicles – a small sac used to transfer - In animal cell: 10-20 Golgi bodies materials from ER to Golgi then to cell - In plant cell: several hundreds. membrane going outside the cell. Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms 7. LYSOSOME Give a reason why would a cell initiate - a vesicle/sac with hydrolytic enzyme. apoptosis? - “Digestive sac”: Digests food particles, invaders, and excess and worn-out organelles - “Suicide bag”: initiates apoptosis (cell death) Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms 8. VACUOLE - “The Storage organelle of the cell” - A membrane-bounded organelle for storage - plant cell: single, large and central - Animal cell: small and numerous What might be the reason why plant cell has a single, large vacuole and animal cell has small but numerous vacuole? Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms 9. MITOCHONDRIA - Rod-shaped organelle - “the Power house of the cell” - Site of cellular respiration – the process of making ATP, the energy currency of the cell Parts: Outer & inner membrane Cristae – fold on inner membrane Matrix – oxidative enzyme Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms 10. CHLOROPLASTS - Disk-shaped organelle - “The Food-making organelle of the cell” - Site of photosynthesis: the process of making food (sugar) - Belongs to group organelles called Plastids Parts Outer & inner membrane Thylakoid – contains chlorophyll Granum – stack of thylakoid Chlorophyll – pigment Stroma – fluid inside chloroplast Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms 11. CYTOSKELETON - “The skeleton/framework of the cell” - A network of interconnected microfilaments. Actin filaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Functions: - It helps maintain a cell’s structure and shape. - It helps the cell to move (Locomotion Interesting Fact ! Unlike the skeleton of the body, cytoskeleton is able to constantly change, breaking down its parts that are not needed and growing new parts where it is necessary Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms 12. CENTROSOME & CENTRIOLES - Centrosome = “the Microtubule- organizing center (MTOC) of the cell” - centrosome contains centrioles, a pair of cylindrical structures. - They distribute chromosomes during cell division - Present in animal cells but absent in plant cell Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms 13. CELL WALL - “The Outer wall of the cell” - outermost part; protects, supports. - Primary cell wall – inner - Secondary cell wall – develops inside the primary cell wall - has lignin which add strength and hardness to the wall - composition Chitin - fungi Cellulose – plants Peptidoglycan - bacteria Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms Summary ORGANELLE FUNCTION 1. Nucleus Control center 2. Cell membrane Regulates entry & exit of materials 3. Cytoplasm Site of cell activities 4. Ribosome Protein synthesis 5. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Protein synthesis 6. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Lipid synthesis & detoxification 7. Golgi bodies Package and transport materials 8. Vacuole Water and food storage 9. Lysosome Digestion and suicide bag 10. Mitochondria Powerhouse 11. Chloroplast Photosynthesis 12. Cytoskeleton Locomotion and maintains shape and structure 13. Centrosome & Centrioles Distribute chromosome in cell division 14. Cell wall Strength, support & protection REVIEW TIME Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms REVIEW TIME Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms REVIEW TIME Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms  YOU KNOW MANY THINGS Name an example of cell. Answers cannot be repeated  TYPES OF CELLS: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Example Bacteria Plant cell & Animal cell (unicellular) (Multicellular) Size Smaller ( 1-10 µm) Bigger (10-100 µm) DNA & its Nucleoid region Nucleus Bacterial cell Animal cell Plant cell location DNA in circular DNA is packed in loop chromosomes Organelles No Membrane- With Membrane- bounded bounded organelles organelles Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms  Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Example Bacteria Plant cell & Animal cell (unicellular) (Multicellular) Size Smaller ( 1-10 µm) Bigger (10-100 µm) DNA & its Nucleoid region Nucleus location DNA in circular DNA is packed in loop chromosomes Organelles No Membrane- With Membrane- bounded bounded organelles organelles Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms EUKARYOTES: Animal and Plant cells Animal cells Plant cells Example Bone cells, muscle Parenchyma, cells, nerve cells, Collenchyma, RBC, WBC, etc. Sclerenchyma, Xylem, Phloem) Size Smaller ( 1-10 µm) Bigger (10-100 µm) Vacuoles Small but One big central numerous vacuole Chloroplast Absent Present Mitochondria Present Present Centriole Present Absent Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms  Animal cells Plant cells Example Bone cells, muscle Parenchyma, cells, nerve cells, Collenchyma, RBC, WBC, etc. Sclerenchyma, Xylem, Phloem) Mitochondria Size Smaller ( 1-10 µm) Bigger (10-100 µm) Vacuoles Small but One big central numerous vacuole Chloroplast Absent Present Mitochondria Present Present Centriole Present Absent Chloroplast Mitochondria Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms Summary TYPES OF CELLS Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Animal cells Plant cells Example Bacteria Plant cell & Animal cell Example Bone cells, muscle Parenchyma, (unicellular) (Multicellular) cells, nerve cells, Collenchyma, RBC, WBC, etc. Sclerenchyma, Xylem, Size Smaller ( 1-10 µm) Bigger (10-100 µm) Phloem) DNA & its Nucleoid region Nucleus Size Smaller ( 1-10 µm) Bigger (10-100 µm) location DNA in circular DNA is packed in Vacuoles Small but One big central loop chromosomes numerous vacuole Chloroplast Absent Present Organelles No Membrane- With Membrane- bounded bounded organelles Mitochondria Present Present organelles Centriole Present Absent Reading Guide & Note-taking Assignment: Cell Transport Read and take key essential notes about mechanisms of cell transport Chapter 4 Energy and Metabolism 4.5 Diffusion across cell membrane– p. 84 4.6 Membrane Transport Mechanism– pp. 87 Reference: Starr C., Evers C. and Starr S. 2023. Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology. Cengage Asia Pte Ltd, Taguig City, Philippines. Internal Use Only – no distribution to external & non-affiliated platforms