6-2-TOOLS-AND-EQUIPMENT.pdf

6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 1 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 6/2-00.00 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT -01. DESCRIPTION GENERAL.01 AIR BAG SYSTEM (MAXIFORCE) Th...

6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 1 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 6/2-00.00 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT -01. DESCRIPTION GENERAL.01 AIR BAG SYSTEM (MAXIFORCE) The air bag system is a valuable tool and can be used for prying, spreading, bending, moving, or lifting. The major benefits of the air bag system are speed of deployment, ease of operation, and rated lifting capacity. The two air bag systems currently in use are a three bag system and a seven bag system, which are rated as a 56-ton and 236-ton respectively. The 56-ton is comprised of one 12-ton and two 22-ton bags as shown in Figure 1. The 236 ton is comprised of one each of the following: 12, 17, 22, 32, 35, 44 and 74-ton bags. The air bags are similar in construction to a modern automotive tubeless tire. They are built with neoprene rubber compounds encasing kevlar cords, and are extremely durable and resistant to damage. Each side of the bag has a non-slip surface marked with an "X" which will help to center the bag on/under the object to be moved or lifted. Safety Considerations: 1. Always stabilize the object to be moved. Figure 1 - Maxiforce air bag system 2. All personnel involved in an air bag operation shall wear full safety clothing. 3. A specific member should be assigned as a safety observer. For more detailed information see Training Bulletins..02 ALUMINIZED CERMIC BLANKET A 6’ x 8’ woven ceramic blanket with an aluminized side that protects or insulates victims from sparks and debris during rescue operations. It was primarily designed to be used in association with the cutting torch and rotary saw. As a safety consideration, aluminized material can conduct electricity. Figure 2 - Aluminized ceramic blanket 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 2.04 AXE PICKHEAD The pickhead axe (Figure 4) is one of the most useful tools carried on Fire Department apparatus. Its uses include cutting, prying, striking and digging operations. When cutting, the axe should strike the wood with an angle of about 60 degrees between the side of the axe head and the surface of the wood being cut. When cutting flooring or roof sheathing, sound with the head of the axe to Figure 4 - Axe Pickhead (with scabbard) determine the location of joists or rafters, then make the cut as close as possible to joists or rafters. This gives a firmer foundation for the cut. When cutting a hole in a roof to provide ventilation, first pull away any gravel, tar or paper. Make a cut at both ends of the desired opening before removing any of the boards. This will reduce the amount of hot air, smoke and gases in the working area. Then remove the boards, working from leeward to windward when possible. When cutting through wood lath and plaster walls, follow down the center of the stud to prevent excessive damage to adjoining plaster. On drywall, cut just to the inside of the stud. Long, arching swings should not be used with the pickhead axe. This above method increases the danger of hitting other members or overhead obstructions. The blade of the axe may be used to pry open locked doors and windows. Hinge pins may be removed by forcing the blade between the hinge and pin and prying the pin out. At times, it may be helpful to force another axe under the door as a wedge to remove the strain on the hinge while the pin is being removed. The pick end may be used to good advantage for pulling lath and plaster, removing sheathing and stripping shingles from roofs. The flat side of the axe head can be used for breaking glass. Stand to one side and strike the panel near the top, keeping the axe handle above the horizontal to eliminate the danger of glass sliding down the handle and cutting the hands. Pickhead axes are ground in a manner that resists chipping of the cutting edge when cutting materials harder than wood..05 AXE SCABBARD An axe scabbard (Figure 5) is worn to carry the pickhead axe. Figure 5 - Axe scabbard 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 3.06 AXE SINGLE-BIT The single-bit (flathead) axe (Figure 6) is used primarily for cutting operations. It is very useful in clearing brush, trees and shrubs from firebreak areas. The single-bit axe is sharper and its blade ground finer than a pickhead axe, making it well suited far cutting both hardwood Figure 6 - Axe Single-Bit floors and plywood..07 BALL AND CHAIN This tool consists of an iron ball attached to a length of chain (Figure 7). During ventilation operations it may be used to break out windows, skylights, hanging ceilings, etc., that cannot be reached by other means. It is also well suited for cleaning out chimneys, rubbish chutes, etc. The normal method used to break windows is to have one member on the roof holding the rope attached to the chain ring and another member on the ground with a second rope attached to the chain just above the ball. The member on the roof raises and lowers the Figure 7 - Ball and chain ball and the member on the ground controls the swing of the ball. This method enables two members to rapidly remove a great many windows..08 BATTERING RAM This is a forcible entry tool, used primarily to open heavy doors and breach walls. When forcing doors, use the butt or ball end of the ram. Strike the solid part of the door near the lock. (Figure 8) To breach brick walls with the battering ram, first remove one brick with a pickhead axe or other suitable tool. After the first brick has been removed, use the forked end of the battering ram to remove the rest of the bricks, giving a slight lifting motion just as it strikes the brick. Remove the bricks one at a time, starting just below the first brick Figure 8 - Battering Ram removed and working downward. The hole should be diamond-shaped so as not to excessively weaken the wall. Before breaching a wall to reach the seat of the fire, place charged hose lines in position for immediate operation. The front handle of this tool acts as a guard to protect the hands and should be used as such..09 BLOWERS 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 4 The blower is used to remove smoke and gases from buildings, allowing firefighters to work more efficiently, as well as reducing smoke damage to the building and its contents. The blower is driven by a gasoline engine connected directly to a fan. These are of two general types as shown in Figure 9. 18" and 24" blowers (Figure 9) are used to move large volumes of air, smoke and/or other gases. Heavy smoke conditions could cause the blower to run poorly or stall. Care should be taken when operating these blowers where loose materials are present or when Figure 9 - Blowers in close proximity to drapes, curtains, shades, etc. NOTE When ventilating, blowers are normally used to create "positive pressure.".10 BOLT CUTTERS Bolt cutters (Figure 10) are used for cutting iron bolts, bars, steel cables, etc. Normally, they should not be used on hardened steel, as the cutting edge may be damaged. THEY SHOULD NEVER BE USED TO CUT CHARGED ELECTRIC WIRES OR ENERGIZED METAL. Figure 10 - Bolt cutters.11 BRUSH TOOLS Brush Hook The brush hook (Figure 11-A) is used in brush fire fighting to construct cold trails, fire breaks, or access trails. The hook in the blade is used for cutting small branches. The main cutting edge can be used to cut branches up to 3 inches in diameter. Cut the main stem of brush at about a 45-degree angle. This is a cutting tool and MAXIMUM safety precautions must be observed. Proper footing should be maintained to ensure the safety of the operator and other members of the crew. Figure 11-A - Brush hook 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 5 Mcloud The McCloud (Figure 11-B) is used in brush fire fighting, constructing fire breaks, and cold trailing. Its blade is designed as a combination hoe and rake. The rake edge is used in removing matted grasses, leaf mod and other debris from fire breaks or cold trails. The hoe can be used to chop roots and cut small to medium brush, etc. The hoe edge of the blade should be kept sharp, maintaining a straight cutting surface with a level edge of approximately 45 degrees. Figure 11-B - McCloud brush tool Pulaski The Pulaski (Figure 11-C) is a tool for brush fire fighting, cold trailing, etc. It is about the size of a double-bit axe. The head is a single unit having one axe blade and one grubbing hoe blade. The axe blade should not be used for chopping roots. Contact with earth or rock could damage the cutting edge. The hoe should be used for this operation. This is a cutting tool. Observe the same safety precautions as when using an axe. Figure 11-C - Pulaski - Brush tool.12 BULLHORN A battery-powered megaphone which functions as a portable public address unit to amplify orders or instructions at the scene of emergencies. Bullhorns are normally carried in Chief Officer's sedans. Figure 12 - Bullhorn.13 CANTEENS Canteens come in one and two quart sizes. The number carried on apparatus varies with companies. They are used to provide a source of clean drinking water when water supplies are contaminated or non-existent. For more information see 6/11-01.50. Figure 13 - Canteen 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 6.14 CHANNEL LOCKS Long handled locking pliers (Channel Locks). This adjustable tool is issued to each member and is used for removing small fittings, nuts, battery terminals, pinching off fuel lines, etc., or when a specialized tool is not readily available. Figure 14 - Channel locks.15 CHOCK BLOCK Chock blocks (Figure 15) are primarily used to prevent apparatus from rolling. Chock blocks may be used in shoring objects during physical rescue operations and as door stops when the space between the bottom of door and floor is excessive. When positioning a chock block next to tire of apparatus, keep one hand on apparatus so that any movement of rig can be felt. Use foot to slide block into place. Figure 15 - Chock block.16 CLAW HAMMER Tool primarily designed to drive or pull nails. Figure 16 - Claw hammer.17 CLAW TOOL The Claw Tool (Hayward) is used for forcible entry. It is a modified wrecking bar, 30 or 42 inches in length. It is particularly effective for breaking locks, opening doors and forcing windows. Breaking a hasp or padlock is a simple task with this tool. Force the forked end of the tool over the bow of the lock or hasp (Figure 17) then pry, or twist. The point of the hook, may be inserted in the bow of the lock or hasp and leverage applied. When forcing doors, place the forked end of the tool between the door and jam and pry the door open. Two lugs are located on the hook end of the claw tool. Their purpose is to provide additional Figure 17-Hayward leverage when difficulty is encountered opening standpipe gate valves. For more information see Training Bulletin 34. 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 7.18 CLOSE-CIRCUIT BREATHING APPARATUS The Biopack 240 is a self-contained breathing apparatus for use in contaminated or oxygen deficient atmospheres. Normally used for below ground incidents or where long duration protection is required. Because of the positive pressure in the facepiece, the Biopack can be used in atmospheres that contain toxic gases or vapors. Figure 18-A - Biopack 240 Figure 18-B - Biopack 240 mask.19 COMBUSTIBLE GAS INDICATOR Combustible gas indicator (Figure 19) is used to determine if the gas-air mixture is within its flammable limits. They are designed to aspirate a sample of suspected gas through an element which measures the burning characteristics of the gas. The burning characteristics are expressed on a meter as a percent of the lower flammable limit. The scale divisions on the meter are such that an adequate indication of concentrations below the lower flammable limit is given. Since the lower flammable limit of different substances varies over a wide range, care should be given in evaluating meter indications. Figure 19 - Combustible NOTE: The toxicity of a gas may be more hazardous than the explosive hazard and is gas meter measured by this indicator. For more information see 6/11-01.80..20 CROWBAR This tool is useful in many situations where leverage is required. It may be Figure 20 - Crowbar used to pry, move or raise heavy objects, open heavily bolted doors, etc. Has a notch on prying end to help gain purchase..22 DUST RESPIRATORS 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 8 Used in areas where there is danger of inhaling airborne dusts or mists, e.g., asbestos fibers, coal dust, etc. Do not use in oxygen deficient atmospheres or where there is danger of toxic gases. Figure 22 - Dust respirators.23 FLOOR RUNNERS Floor runners are made from waterproof cotton duck, 6' x 18' in size. They are used to protect floor and floor coverings. On apparatus they are found folded to a 3' width and rolled. Figure 23 - Floor runner.24 GOGGLES Plastic goggles are issued to each member for eye protection against debris, dust, foreign objects and other airborne irritants. Figure 24 - Goggles.25 HAY HOOK Hay hooks (Figure 25) are used primarily for moving and carrying baled materials. They may also be used effectively in conjunction with a ladder strap to secure ladders to parapets, windows, etc. Figure 25 - Hay hook.26 HOSE CLAMP A clamping device used to stop the flow of water through hose. Uses could include, making tap-ins, extending lines and replacing burst sections of hose. 2-1/2" - 4" Hose Clamp: The operation of this hose clamp is similar to that of a vise. Open the jaws with the top Figure 26-A - Hose clamp jaw withdrawn the proper distance for the size hose being clamped. Place the lower jaw under the hose; close the top jaw and engage the locks. Screw down the top jaw to stop the flow of water. (Figure 26-A) 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 9 NOTE Place the screw handle in line with the clamp to reduce the possibility of unlocking the latch when the line is loaded and twists. 1" - 1-1/2" Hose Clamp: This forester clamp (Figure 26-B) is normally used during brush fire operations to extend lines and add fittings. It is small enough to carry in a pocket. Figure 26-B - Forester hose clamp.27 HOSE SLING The hose sling is used by two piece engine companies for laying-a-line. The hose sling consists of two snap hooks that lock automatically. The hose sling is a single continuous loop made of nylon webbing. Figure 27 - Hose sling.28 HOSE SPANNERS AND WRENCHES Spanners have varied uses, such as connecting hose couplings, removing caps from hydrants and standpipes, opening and closing hydrant valves, gas valves, etc. NOTE A "hydrant sling" consists of a combination hydrant spanner and an Figure 28 - Hydrant sling adjustable hydrant wrench joined together by a rope..29 HOSE ROLLER A hose roller (Figure 29) is a device used when hoisting or lowering equipment. It prevents cutting and chafing of hose or rope when placed over the sharp edges of roofs, windows, parapets, etc. It is preferred that the hose roller be secured to the reinforced rung of the fly section Figure 29 - Hose roller of the aerial ladder to prevent the lifeline from slipping over the end of the aerial during litter basket and rescue harness operations..30 HYDRAULIC JACK Hydraulic jacks are provided for maintenance of automotive apparatus. In addition, hydraulic jacks may be used in emergency operations that require considerable lifting power. Most jacks will function in a horizontal position when the valve is down. Figure 30 - Hydraulic jack 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 10.31 HYDROLATOR A tool with 2-1/2" male threads used to release standpipe clapper valves. With the Hydrolator securely tightened into the inlet, the T handle in the center is screwed in, opening clapper valve in the standpipe inlet. Figure 31 - Hydrolater.32 JUMBO BAR This tool is an elaboration of the common crowbar. It is longer and heavier, and is used for purposes similar to the crowbar. The jumbo bar is an effective tool for use in heavy prying operations. Figure 32 - Jumbo bar.35 LIGHTS Quartz Light The quartz light is a 500 watt unit that is mounted on a telescopic tripod or aerial ladder. It provides bright illumination over a broad area (Figure 35). Light Cords Fifty foot light cords (Figure 35) are equipped with flood lights and twist lock plugs. Light cords can be plugged directly into LAFD Type 50' extension cords, reels or generators. A "pigtail" adapter is provided for use with domestic service. Miscellaneous Flashlights and portable spotlights of various makes and designs are used for ordinary purposes of illumination at fires. Red highway flares (fuses) are used as danger signals in the vicinity. For general illumination of large areas, portable lighting equipment is available on Figure 35 - Quartz Lights emergency light apparatus and may be called at the discretion of the officer in charge..36 MANHOLE COVER HOOK The manhole cover hook (Figure 36) is used to remove and replace street manhole covers. Figure 36 - Manhole cover hook 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 11.37 MAPS The LAFD issues several sizes and types of maps. They are used to identify streets, geographic locations, hydrants, main sizes and other topographic and informational data that may aid our operations. Where used, map size, designation (i.e., 400', 800' and 1200') indicate inch to foot relationship (1 in. on 400' map = 400 ft. actual). Drainage, sewer, pipeline, etc., maps are issued to specialized units and can be requested by field units Figure 37 - Maps through Metro. For more information see 8/7-60.70..38 MATTRESS CARRIERS Mattress carriers (Figure 38) are made of a canvas material, about 6 1/2' x 9 1/2' in size with handles attached to the corners. They are used to remove mattresses and other debris from buildings. Figure 38 - Mattress carriers.40 MECHANICAL AXE The mechanical axe (Figure 40) is designed for cutting electrical wire only. See Training Bulletin #8 for more information. Figure 40 - Mechanical axe.42 MSA THERMAL IMAGER The MSA Thermal Imager combines the most advanced thermal imaging technology in high heat, impact resistant thermoplastic case to provide for durability and dependability. By utilizing the benefits of thermal imaging technology, firefighters are better able to locate active or smoldering fires without unnecessary damage to property. See Training Bulletin #100 for more information. Figure 42 - MSA thermal imager 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 12.44 PNEUMATIC POWER CHISEL The pneumatic power chisel (Figure 44) is a forcible entry and physical rescue tool designed to be operated with a regulated air supply from a LAFD breathing apparatus air bottle. It will cut through 1 1/4" thick mild steel plate, mild steel bolts to 3/4"' in diameter and various thickness of sheet metal. Proper safety equipment shall be worn when using this tool, i.e., goggles, gloves, helmet, turnout coat. For more information see Training Bulletin 33. Figure 44 - Pneumatic Power Chisel Set.45 PORTABLE GENERATOR Portable generators (Figure 45) are used to furnish emergency electrical power for 110-volt lights and electrical equipment carried on Department apparatus. There are various models in the field ranging up to 3500 watts. Figure 45 - Portable generator.46 PORTABLE (HANDHELD) RADIO The portable radio (Figure 46) is a three-watt, forty channel microprocessor controlled handheld radio that operates in the 800 MHz radio frequency band. This radio is programmed with eighteen Fire Department channels and has the capability for future expansion. This radio can operate in the "repeat" mode for communicating through the Fire Department radio system, providing large area coverage and communications with Metro. In addition, the radio may be used in the "direct” mode for talking unit to unit. The battery should be changed when the low-battery "chirp" sounds and/or when the battery (the word BATT) displays on the LCD (liquid crystal display). Figure 46 Handheld radio 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 13.47 POWER RESCUE TOOL(HYDRAULIC) The Power Rescue Tool (Figure 47-B), can be used for many types of rescue work, but is primarily designed to free victims from wrecked vehicles, aircraft or confined areas. This tool will generate several tons of force at the tips of the titanium jaws without producing sparks or flame. Accessories are carried that allow it to perform varied rescue and extrication operations. Figure 47-A - Holmatro power unit Figure 47-B - Holmatro spreaders.48 RADIOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT Ion chambers Geiger counters (Figure 48), are used by the Department to determine the level or existence of radioactivity at the scene of emergencies involving radioactive materials. For more information see 6/11-75.01. Figure 48- A - Radiological equipment Figure 48-B - Mini-radiac.49 RAM BAR The ram bar (Figure 49) operates on the principle of a slide hammer. It is designed so that a heavy outer handle slides up and down on a shaft which is attached a tool steel bit. When the outer handle strikes the head of the shaft, it imparts that inertia to the tip Figure 49-Ram bar 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 14 of the ram bar, forcing the steel bit into the material. The set screws holding the bit in place should be maintained tight at all times..50 REDWOOD PLUGS Tapered redwood plugs (Figure 50) of various sizes are used to plug broken gas and water lines. A plug tapered to less than 1/2" at the tip may be used to plug sprinkler heads and small diameter tubing. Figure 50 - Redwood plugs.51 REFRIGERATION TOOLS Modified vice-grip pliers, small end wrenches, socket wrenches and Allen wrenches (Figure 51) that are used to shut off the flow of gas in both domestic and commercial refrigeration units. Figure 51 - Refrigeration tools.52 RESCUE AIR CUSHION Figure 52 - Rescue air cushion The Rescue Air Cushion is used at incidents where there is a possibility of persons jumping from upper floors. This device is a nylon/plastic air filled cushion and depending on size, designed to rescue people from heights up to 100'. There are two sizes: 15' x 20' x 8', which can be used in heights up to 70' and the 18' x 25' x 9' (Figure 48), which can 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 15 be used in heights up to 100'. Truck Companies will carry the Rescue Air Cushions. The cushion is inflated by two high volume electric blowers, and can be deployed by a Task Force in two minutes..53 RUBBER GAUNTLET GLOVES Rubber Gauntlet Gloves (Figure 53) with leather outer gloves shall be worn whenever cutting electrically charged wires or any material suspected of being energized. Wear gloves when cutting with a power saw into unknown or concealed spaces. Testing: Gloves shall be field-tested after each use and weekly. To test, take hold of glove at the cuff with both hands. Spin the gloves between the hands thereby trapping air within. To check for leaks, simply hold glove close to face and eyes with one hand and apply pressure with the Figure 53 - Rubber gauntlet gloves other hand while looking and listening for any leakage. Gloves suspected of having a leak shall be removed from service immediately. In addition, gloves will be exchanged and tested with 10,000 volts of electricity every 60 days by the Department of Water and Power..54 RUBBER MALLET Designed for striking applications when a hammer with a metal head would damage the object being struck (tightening caps on apparatus) or create a hazard of sparks (driving redwood plug into metal gas line). Figure 54 - Rubber mallet.55 RUBBISH CARRIERS Rubbish carriers (Figure 55) are made of canvas material, 4 1/2 feet square, with handles attached to the corners. They are used to remove debris during overhaul operations. Figure 55 - Rubbish-carrier 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 16.56 RUBBISH HOOK The rubbish hook (Figure 56) is used during overhaul and ventilation operations. Some rubbish hooks are equipped with "D" handles. Rubbish hooks are used to sound roofs, handle debris, pull shingles and roof sheeting, and to push down ceilings from above. Figure 56 - Rubbish hook.57 SAFETY CAN A metal container with a self-closing lid in which flammable liquids may be safely stored or transported. Figure 57 - Safety Can.58 POLY-VINYL PLASTIC Carried on all truck companies, used for salvage operations. Figure 58 - Poly-vinyl plastic.60 SALVAGE COVERS We have two types of salvage covers (Figure 60) rubber-coated cotton duck and lightweight plastic coated nylon. All salvage covers are waterproof and 12' x 18' in size. Brass grommets are placed along the edges Figure 60 - Salvage cover and at the corners for hanging and securing. Salvage covers are used to protect property, merchandise and furnishings from water damage, and in conjunction with other equipment to channel water. For more information see 6/11-01.01 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 17.61 SALVAGE HOOKS The salvage hook (Figure 61) is heavy gauge wire preformed into the basic shape of the number "2." Its design allows it to be driven into a wall, or between moldings and walls. Once in place, the salvage hook provides an attachment point for salvage covers, plastic, or salvage cord. Figure 61 - Salvage hooks.62 SALVAGE PAN The salvage pan is a 32 1/2" x 18" metal basin, with removable ramps, for use in conjunction with the submersible pump and squeegees. The 5" deep pan can be used in areas that do not provide a "natural" catch basin. The submersible pump is placed into the pan and water is directed in via ramps (Figure 62). Figure 62 - Salvage pan.63 SAWDUST Sawdust conforming to L.A.F.D. requirements as to composition, coarseness, and water-absorbing properties, is used to control, direct or absorb water. It is usually carried on the apparatus in large canvas bags..64 SAWS Handsaws (set of 3): Saws of various types are employed for rescue, forcible entry, ventilating and overhauling operations. Those in use on this Department are: Figure 63 - Sawdust 1. Crosscut saw-(Figure 64-A) for cutting wood. Figure 64-A - Crosscut saw 2. Plumber's saw-(Figure 64-B) used for cutting sheet metal, nails, etc., Figure 64-B - Plumber's saw 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 18 3. Hacksaw-(Figure 64-C) for cutting iron bars, bolts, etc. Figure 64-C - Hacksaw Chain Saw The gasoline powered chain saw (Figure 64-D) is used primarily in ventilation operations. This tool should be operated by two members (except during starting operations), one member being the operator and the other being the Figure 64-D - Chain saw observer/safety member. Safety precautions and operating procedures as outlined in the chain saw manual should be strictly followed. For more information see Training Bulletin 32. Rotary Saw-K-950 The gasoline-powered rotary saw (Figure 64-E) is capable of many hours of heavy cutting operation. The partner K-950rotary saw is capable of cutting through the following (depending on which blade is used): concrete, asphalt, metal, wood, plastic and other types of materials. The K-950 uses four types of blades in two sizes. They Figure 64-E - Partner rotary are abrasive metal 12"/ 14", abrasive masonry 12"/14", carbide tip wood 12"/ 14" and saw-K-950 a dry cutting diamond. blade 14". Safety precautions and operating procedures are outlined in the Training Bulletin and lesson plan which should be strictly adhered to. Rotary Saw-K-1200 The gasoline-powered rotary saw (Figure 64-F) is capable of many hours of heavy cutting operation. The partner K-1200 rotary saw is capable of cutting through the following (depending on which blade is used): concrete, asphalt, metal, wood, plastic and other types of materials. The K-1200 uses four types of blades in two sizes. They are abrasive metal 12"/14", abrasive masonry 12"/14", carbide tip wood 12"/14" and a dry cutting diamond. blade 14". Figure 64-F - Partner rotary saw-K-1200 Safety precautions and operating procedures are outlined in the Training Bulletin and lesson plan which should be strictly adhered to..65 SHEET METAL SNIPS Specifically designed to trim or cut sheet metal and thin gauge mild steel, e.g., metal banding used to secure baled goods. Gloves must be worn when cutting or handling cut metal. Figure 65 - Sheet metal snips 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 19.66 SHOVELS Square Point Square-point shovels (Figure 66-A) are used to best advantage on flat surfaces during overhauling operations when moving loose debris. Figure 66-A - Square point shovel Round Point Round-point shovels (Figure 66-B) are designed for digging. They are considered to be an effective tool for use in fighting brush and grass fires. Figure 66-B - Round point shovel Scoop Scoop shovels (Figure 66-C) are used for spreading and removing sawdust, carrying debris, digging in loose bulky materials, and for removing water from floors and floor coverings. Figure 66-C - Scoop shovel 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 20.67 SLEDGE HAMMER A tool used during forcible entry, rescue and ventilation operations where considerable weight and striking power is necessary. The edge, rather than the flat portion of the sledge head, is most effective for breaking concrete. Various weights are in use. Sledge hammers should not be used to strike hardened steel. Figure 67 - Sledge Hammer.69 SPRINKLER KIT A sprinkler kit is carried on truck companies and some engine companies. The kit contains the following items: sprinkler heads, sprinkler head shut-off, sprinkler head wrenches, globe valves, nipples, couplings and reducers, easy-outs, and pipe plugs. Sprinkler Heads: Standard sprinkler heads are made for installation in an upright (Figure 69-A) or pendant (Figure 69-A) position and must be installed in the position for which they are designed. It is customary to replace old-type sprinklers with Figure 69-A - Sprinkler heads standard sprinklers in existing installations. The old-type sprinklers are not stocked by the Department. Sprinkler heads vary in temperature rating-with the average being 165 degrees. When replacing heads, select those with the proper temperature rating for the area involved. Sprinkler Head Shut-off (Shultz): The sprinkler head shut-off is a tool used for closing a ruptured sprinkler head without shutting down the entire system. This is advantagous when there is a delay in locating or gaining access to the control valve. There are two methods of using this shut-off. The plug on one end can be wedged into the sprinkler orifice Figure 69-B). The duckbill on the other end (Figure 69- B) can be expanded within the sprinkler head cage. In both Figure 69-B - Shultz applications, rubber must seat against orifice. shutoff Sprinkler Head Wrenches: Due to the variety of sprinkler heads in existence, the Department provides several types of sprinkler head wrenches.(Figure 69-C) These include flush-type sprinkler head wrenches, pipe wrenches, spud wrenches and crescent wrenches. Globe Valve: Figure 69-C - Sprinkler head wrenches 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 21 A globe valve with a nipple (Figure 69-D) may be used to control the flow of water from a sprinkler head outlet without shutting down the sprinkler system. To use this valve, the ruptured sprinkler head is removed from the system; the globe valve is opened and screwed into the outlet and then shut off, thereby controlling the flow of water. If necessary, a sprinkler head without a fusible link can then be installed on the globe Figure 69-D - Globe valve valve. If this is done, the globe valve is reopened to place this sprinkler head into temporary service. Nipples, Couplings, Reducers, Pipe Plugs and Caps: Varying sizes of Nipples, Couplings and Reducers are carried in the sprinkler kit. They may be used in various combinations to control the flow of water while the system is being placed backin service. An example of their use would be replacing a flush-type sprinkler system back into temporary service by the use of a standard sprinkler head and appropriate fittings (Figure 69-E). Figure 69-E Figure 69-E Figure 69-E Threaded fittings (Figure 69-E) of various sizes used to stop the flow of water. Easy-Out: Easy-out (Figure 69-F) is a tool which is used to remove male fittings from female connections when purchase on the male fitting cannot be obtained with a wrench, i.e., broken off sprinkler head. Figure 69-F - Easy outs 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 22.70 SQUEEGEE Squeegees (Figure 70) are used during salvage operations to remove water. The Department uses two types: a 36" curved type is used only to push and a 24" straight type that can be used to push or pull water. Figure 70 - Squeegee.71 STAPLE GUN There are two types of staple guns in use on the Department; squeeze and hammer. They are used to secure plastic over window frames, holes in roofs, etc., with a minimal amount of damage to finish and moldings..72 STRAPS Figure 71 - Staple gun Carrying Straps Equipment carrying straps are similar in appearance to safety straps. Equipment carrying straps shall not be used as safety straps. Nylon Straps Nylon straps are 1" wide and are available in varying lengths. Straps are carried on the top and bottom of straight ladders and the top and bottom of the fly section of extension ladders. They are used to strap the fly and main sections together, the top of ladders to objectives, to improvise step ladders, to secure miscellaneous equipment and control hose lines. In order to secure straps, the bitter end of the straps must be passed back through the buckle, and a half hitch tied around the entire strap. Figure 72-A - Nylon straps 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 23 Safety Straps Straps for use on tailboards and aerial ladders are equipped with snap hooks that lock automatically (Figure 72-B). Safety straps used for personnel shall not be used for carrying equipment. Figure 72-B - Safety belt.73 SUBMERSIBLE PUMP The submersible pump, ("Prosser"), (Figure 73) is a small electric, lightweight water-pumping unit that will operate completely submerged in water. It has 1-1/2” male hose connections at both ends. The strainer screws onto the bottom. Water is discharged through a 1-1/2" hose connected to the top outlet. A 1-1/2" to 2-1/2" increaser is provided with a 2-1/2" by 2-1/2” elbow to permit use of a larger discharge line. After completing pumping operations with the ("Prosser") submersible pump, or as soon after is practical, back flush the pump. This simple operation will wash out most of the debris that might be trapped in the pump. If allowed to dry without flushing, debris can Figure 73 - Prosser pump seize the impeller, causing the pump to malfunction the next time it is used. This unit shall not be operated from a portable generator of less than 2500 watts due to starting current requirements. The switch box located near the plug end of the electrical cord shall not be submerged. It should be kept as dry as possible to prevent damage to pump or electrical injury to the operator..75 SWIFT WATER EQUIPMENT Swift Water equipment shall be carried on apparatus year round. Figure 75 - Swift water equipment.76 UTILITY KNIFE The retractable razor utility knife, issued to each member, is used for cutting carpet, salvage cord, overstuff material, plastic, etc. Spare blades are kept in the handle. Figure 76 - Utility knife.77 UTILITY SHUT-OFF TOOL Tool (Figure 77) used to operate subsurface valves of gas and water lines. Figure 77 - Utility shut-off tool 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 24.78 WATER VACUUM The Water-Vac (Figure 78) is an electrically operated canister water vacuum used to de-water floors. It will remove water from carpets and areas where the water is not deep enough to be picked-up by a submersible pump or siphon ejector. A drain on the bottom can be opened or the power head may be removed to drain the 8 gal. holding tank. Figure 78 - Water vacuum.79 WIRE BASKET STRETCHER ("STOKES LITTER BASKET") The wire basket stretcher (Figure 79) is used to move an injured person to a place of safety. It is equipped with a metal skid located on its underside to prevent any snagging while the basket is being pulled through brush, debris, etc. A wire-rope bridle is provided for suspending the stretcher from a life line. Safety straps are pre-connected and are to be used whenever a patient is in the stretcher. For more Figure 79 - Litter basket information see Training Bulletin 10..80 WIRE CUTTERS Wire cutters (Figure 80) are used on ordinary steel rods and wire up to 3/16" in diameter. They are not to be used on electrically charged wires, padlocks or case-hardened metal stock. Figure 80 - Porter wire cutters.81 WOODEN WEDGE MULTI-PURPOSE The wooden wedge (Figure 81) is a versatile tool used for blocking open doors and windows. Two wedges may be used to temporarily plug fused sprinkler heads. Figure 81 - Wooden wedges 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 25.82 HIGH VISIBILITY VEST The High Visibility Vest (Figure 82) shall be worn prior to exiting the apparatus anytime a member is actively working on the highway/roadway. The HVV can be worn over the firefighting turnout coat, brush jacket, or work uniform shirt. -02. APPLIANCES The LAFD uses a variety of appliances to manage and control emergencies and Figure 82 - HVV extinguish fires. These include: Foam Educators Wet Water Proportioner Wet Water spray applicator (Wet Water Anti-Siphon Sprayer) Ladderpipes Portable Monitors Wagon Batteries Distributors Siphon Ejectors.01 FOAM EDUCATORS Foam nozzles consist of a pick-up tube and application barrel with metering orifice and defusing vanes. They are used in conjunction with 5 gal. containers of AFFF ("light water") and ATC (Alcohol Type Concentrate) when applying foam to flammable liquid spills and fires. Figure 1-B - In line foam eductor Light water is a synthetic foam forming liquid designed to be used at a ratio of six (6) parts concentrate to 94 parts fresh or seawater (6% solution). It is more than three times as effective as protein type foams on open surface gasoline fires. AFFF should not be used on Polar solvents, i.e., Acetone, Methyl Ethyl Keytone, etc. ATC (Alcohol Type Concentrate) should be used instead. An adequate supply of ATC and special educators used to apply it are kept in reserve by the Department. ATC is applied in a similar manner as AFFF. For additional information refer to Training Bulletin 15 and 27. 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 26.02 WET WATER PROPORTIONER The Wet Water Proportioner automatically meters a wetting agent into a Fire Stream.(Figure 2) Additional equipment includes a 2 ½ gallon pressurized refill tank. The Wet Water Proportioner is a direct demand, variable flow proportioner designed to accommodate water flows and pressures of fire fighting streams. The addition of a wetting agent lessens surface tension of water increasing its ability to penetrate. The Wet Water Proportioner is used when penetration of water into a material is desired. It is used extensively in overhaul, i.e., shingles, baled goods and most Class A combustibles. The wetting agent is very corrosive and slippery, so care must be exercised around personnel and apparatus. Figure 2 - Wet water proportioner Maintenance All lines should be thoroughly flushed with fresh water after use..03 WET WATER ANTI-SIPHON SPRAYER The Wet Water Anti-Siphon Sprayer (Figure 3) is used for the application of wet water in situations where the use of the Wet Water Proportioner would be impractical. It consist of a flared tipped metering nozzle with cup attached (flared tip should be removed when straight stream is desired). It is normally used by attaching to a garden hose. The metering disk is normally set at #1 and approximately 40 psi is supplied to the sprayer. Figure 3 - Wet water anti-siphon sprayer.07 2-1/2” PORTABLE MONITOR Portable monitors are heavy stream appliances used in a similar manner as wagon batteries, ladderpipes, or water towers. Monitors are normally provided with a 2-1/2” intake manifold with clapper valves. 1-1/2”, 1-3/4” and 2" tips are provided. Normally, one 4" line is connected to a 4" to 2-1/2" gated wye. Then two 2-1/2" lines with shut-offs are connected to the monitor's intake manifold. This provides sufficient water for effective streams. Because of the nozzle reaction created by the large stream, considerations must be given to stabilizing the appliance. The nozzle should be directed. toward the fire before opening the shut-offs. Figure 7 - Portable monitor 2-1/2" Portable Monitor-Platform Description: A. Main Body: 3 packing at joints, handles to carry-hand wheel-rack and worm gear for elevation. B. Manifold Inlet: 3 swivel females with clapper valves. C. Barrel: uses diffusing vanes to shape stream. D. Platform 1. Three parts hinged, with cleats on bottom to minimize movement of platform when operating. 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 27 2. Barrel should be in-line with platform hinges for maximum stability. 3. Because of nozzle reaction it may be necessary to stand on platform. NOTE The platform monitor is equipped with a hand wheel for control of the nozzle in a vertical plane. Control in the horizontal plane is accomplished by moving the nozzle from side to side manually. 2-1/2" Portable Monitor-Light Weight. Description: A. Main body: hand wheel-rack and worn gear for elevation. B. Manifold Inlet: two swivel females with clapper valves. C. Barrel: uses diffusing vanes to shape stream NOTE Some appliances come without a barrel. The diffusing vanes will be found in the tips of these units. D. Legs: designed to stabilize appliance. E. Tie Down Chain: when provided; utilized to stabilize monitor against nozzle reaction. NOTE Equipped with a hand wheel for control of the nozzle in a vertical plane. The elevation lock limits vertical travel of barrel. Operating appliance outside those limits may cause monitor to become unstable. Horizontal rotation is a full 360 degrees. Rotational lock holds the nozzle in position when horizontal movement is not desired..08 WAGON BATTERIES Wagon batteries are large monitors permanently mounted on pumping apparatus (Figure 8) for use where powerful streams or large volumes of water may be necessary. These batteries are generally provided with tips ranging from 1-1/2½" to 2". Some special apparatus have batteries with larger tips. Normally, apparatus will supply their wagon batteries directly through their own pump. Some apparatus have intake manifolds mounted on each side to Figure 8 - Wagon battery provide a direct waterway to the wagon battery. For effective results when directing the stream into upper floors, the apparatus should be spotted a sufficient distance away to permit the stream to enter the building at approximately a 30-degree angle. Above the third floor this is impractical and the effectiveness decreases beyond this point. When the wagon battery is to be used, sufficient amounts of hose should be provided to permit flexibility if it becomes necessary to move the apparatus. The nozzle is to be directed toward the fire before it is supplied with water. 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 28.09 LADDER PIPE ASSEMBLY Ladder pipe assemblies are large monitors that attach directly to the aerial ladder (figure 9-A) and supply powerful streams or large volumes of water when necessary. The ladder pipe assembly contains: 2 1/2" in line shut-off, 4" gate valve shut-off cluster, 2 1/2" stream straightener, smooth bore nozzles (1 1/2", 1 3/4," 2"),and turbo master spray nozzle (1000 gpm). Figure 9-A - Ladder pipe assembly In order to put a ladder pipe assembly into action you must have a pumping apparatus directly connect to the 4" gate valve shut-off cluster. Figure 9-B - Ladder pipe cluster.10 DISTRIBUTORS Distributors are normally operated through holes cut in floors, roofs, docks, etc. in order to extinguish fires. the 2-1/2 Bresnan distributor (Figure 10) is of revolving type, designed to throw water 30 ft. in diameter. It has 9 orficies and will supply 600 to 800 gpm. Figure 10 - Bresnan distributors.11 SIPHON EJECTORS The siphon ejector (Figures 11-A & 11-B) is an appliance that can be used for dewatering operations and for fire fighting operations. The LAFD uses three sizes: 2-1/2", 1-1/2", 1". All sizes are measured by the inlet side of the appliance. Refer to Training Bulletin #16 for additional information. Figure 11-A - 1-1/2 Siphon -03. EXTINGUISHERS ejector 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 29 Figure 11-B - 2-1/2 Greenberg siphon ejector.01 AIR-PRESSURE The air pressure type extinguisher (water gun) (Figure 1) has a capacity of 2-1/2 gallons, and is normally used on ordinary combustibles (class A fires). The tank is maintained under air pressure (90-110 psi), which expels the water when the valve is opened. To use; pull pin and squeeze handle to discharge contents. More effective use of a limited amount of water can be obtained by placing a finger over the nozzle, creating a spray. To refill after use, release all pressure from tank by holding tank upside down and opening valve; unscrew threaded ring two turns, gently break seal by rocking handle and complete removal of ring. Refill with water. A wet water additive may be used. Figure 1 - Water gun extinguisher 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 30.02 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) Carbon dioxide (Figure 2) extinguishes fire primarily by displacing or diluting the air to a point where the oxygen content is below that necessary to sustain combustion. Carbon dioxide is effective on fires in volatile liquids (Class B fires), and, because of its non-conductive characteristics, is good for use on electrical fires (Class C). This agent is not suitable for use on fires involving certain metals such as aluminum and magnesium. Carbon dioxide is not toxic, but it may reduce the oxygen content of the air to a point below that necessary to sustain life. Extreme care must also be exercised while using this agent because of the possibility of a reflash of the burning material due to the fact the cooling effect Of CO2 is negligible. At ordinary temperature and atmospheric pressure, carbon dioxide is a gas 1-1/2 times as heavy as air. It is stored in steel cylinders under a pressure of 800 to 900 pounds. Upon release, the liquid changes to gas with an expansion ratio of 450 to 1. Each cylinder is protected by a safety disc which will rupture if the extinguisher is subjected to a continued temperature exceeding 135 degrees Fahrenheit. Each cylinder has the Figure 2 - C02 extinguisher gross (total full weight), tare (weight of cylinder), and net (weight of contents) weights stamped on the cylinder or on a metal band attached to the cylinder, The type in general use by the Department has a net content of 20 pounds Of CO2. Each cylinder is equipped with a quick-opening valve, flexible high-pressure hose and a cone nozzle which discharges the CO2 in the form of snow. The cone nozzle is made of dielectric material and is equipped with an insulated grip to protect the operator from build up of static electricity which is generated in the cone. The discharge time of a 20 pound CO2 extinguisher is approximately 60 seconds. To use Pull the pin and squeeze the handle to discharge the contents of the extinguisher. Best results are obtained with this type of extinguisher by applying the gas at the base or edge of the fire and gradually progressing forward and upward, moving the cone slowly from side to side. These extinguishers are maintained by weighing them upon receipt, after each use, and at monthly intervals. Extinguishers normally containing 20 pounds of CO2 shall be recharged when contents have been reduced to 15 pounds or less..03 DRY CHEMICAL The dry chemical extinguisher in general use (Figure 3) discharges 20 lbs. of dry chemical compound by means of a pressurized inert gas. The compound consists principally of bicarbonate of soda, which is processed to make it free flowing. For more information see Training Bulletin 11. Dry chemical is most effective on fires involving flammable liquids, gases and liquefied gases (Class "B" fires). For a comparable size extinguisher, the dry chemical is approximately twice as effective as CO2 on hydrocarbon fires. There has been successful use of dry chemical on Class A fires, especially in textile fibers such as cotton. However, it serves primarily to obtain very rapid control of the fire. The surface flames are almost immediately extinguished, but the Class A material will usually Figure 3 - Dry continue to smolder. It is desirable to have water available for final extinguishment. A cloud chemical extinguisher 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 31 of dry chemical is similar to a flame arrestor, in that a flame cannot pass through a cloud or Particles in proper concentration. The dry chemical can be used as a heat screen to quickly move in on the fire for rescue purposes. If a re-flash should occur and involve a firefighter or civilian, do not hesitate to engulf them in a cloud of dry chemical. The dry chemical will absorb the heat and anyone in the area can safely walk out through the cloud. The dry chemical in these extinguishers can also be used to neutralize acid spills by allowing the powder to flow gently from the nozzle and spread over the surface. Ordinary dry chemical can be used in conjunction with AFFF. It is ineffective on metal fires such as magnesium and sodium. Dry chemical is non-toxic. The normal precautions should be taken however, when moving into confined areas, since the oxygen content may be low. Because of its dielectric characteristics, dry chemical can be used safely on electrical fires. Because of its slight corrosive and abrasive Properties, it should be used with care on fires in fine electrical or electronic gear such as computer equipment, telephone switchboards, etc. This consideration, however, should be secondary to the control of the fire. This extinguisher is operated in much the same manner as a CO2 extinguisher with a few exceptions. The discharge time of a 20 lb. dry chemical extinguisher with the valve fully open is ten seconds. It can be seen that the dry chemical extinguisher can be exhausted very rapidly. It is therefore advantageous to alternately stop and start the flow to conserve dry chemical. The valve should be opened fully to obtain proper discharge and to preclude any possibility of the valve becoming clogged. Best results are obtained with this type extinguisher by working from the windward side and floating dry chemical in over the fire. This can be done by holding the nozzle about waist high, aiming-the nozzle straight forward or slightly upward (rather than down into the fire), then giving a short blast of dry chemical. The cloud floating in over the fire will absorb most of the heat and can be used as a heat screen when fighting large fires. As the cloud of dry chemical floats in over the fire, a quick follow-up action is necessary. With a side to side sweeping action, cover the entire area of fire. With each sweep of the nozzle, extend slightly beyond the perimeter of the fire area to preclude any flashback. Some passenger cars are equipped with a smaller dry chemical extinguisher with a capacity of three to five-pounds..04 DRY POWDER Combustible metal extinguishers are conventionally referred to as dry powder extinguishers. They are effective on certain combustible metals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium, and sodium potassium alloy (NAK) that create their own oxygen supply while burning (Class "D" fires). Sometimes it is not possible to extinguish a combustible metal fire once the metal starts burning, but the application of a proper dry powder extinguisher can confine and localize a fire in that material until it burns itself out. These extinguishers are usually carried by crash companies and have a net capacity of 20 pounds. Extinguishers labeled for Class D fires are not necessarily equally effective on all combustible metal fires. Check label for proper application. -04. FITTINGS LAFD Fittings Include: Adapters Caps Double Female Double Male Increasers Plugs Reducers Siamese Strainers Wyes 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 32 Fittings are identified in order by: 1. Size: female first-male last 2. Direction Of Flow To indicate a direction of flow, use the word "TO", example: 2-1/2" to 1-1/2" reducer. If there is no direction of flow as in a double female or male, use the word "BY" example: 2-1/2” BY" 4", double female. 3. Name of Fitting (wye, increaser, etc.) It is important to note that normally we do not add fittings, we remove them. Example: If you wish to attach the male end of a hose to a female fitting that has-a double male attached, (e.g., wye assembly) simply remove the double male-don't add a double female..01 ADAPTERS Adapters (Figure 1-A) are used to change from one type thread to another type thread. They ordinarily have one male and one female connection, which may be of the same or different diameters, but always have different threads. Those used by the Department have various combinations of National Standard Thread (NST), and Pacific-Coast Thread (PCT). (PCT adapters are identified by yellow paint.) Figure 1-A - Adapters Figure 1-A - Adapters The MAST-R-Adapter (Figure 1-B) is used to connect a garden hose to thread less faucets damaged bibs or small nozzle tips..02 CAPS All caps have female threads and fit over the male threads of the opening that they cover. They are used to protect male threads and cap appliances or other fittings. (Figure 2) LAFD Caps: 4" cap with winged lugs 2-1/2" cap Figure 1-B - Mast r adapter 1-1/2" cap 1" cap 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 33 4", 2-1/2", Figure 2-B - 2-1/2" Cap Figure 2-A - 4" Cap 1-1/2", 1" Figure 2-C - 1-1/2" Cap Figure 2-D - 1" Cap.03 DOUBLE FEMALE 1" 1-1/2" 2-1/2" Figure 3-A - 1" Double Figure 3-B - 1-1/2" Double female female Figure 3-C - 2-1/2" Double female 2-1/2" to 4" 4" Figure 7-E - 4" to 2-1/2" Reducer Figure 3-E - 4" Double female A DOUBLE FEMALE fitting (Figure 3) has female threads on each end and is used to connect two male couplings. The threads may be the same, or different sizes. Those in current use are 1", 1-1/2", 2-1/2", 2-1/2" x 4", and 4". 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 34.04 DOUBLE MALE 1", 1-1/2" Figure 4-A - 1"Double male Figure 4-B - 1-1/2"Double male 2-1/2", 4" Figure 4-D - 4" Double male Figure 4-C - 2-1/2" Double male A DOUBLE MALE fitting (Figure 4) has male threads on each end and is used to connect two female couplings. Those currently used by this Department are 1", 1-1/2", 2-1/2", and 4"..05 INCREASER An INCREASER (Figure 5) is a fitting with female threads on one end and male threads on the other. It is used to connect a smaller male coupling to a larger female coupling. Those currently used are 3/4" to 1", 1" to 1-1/2", 1-1/2" to 2-1/2",and 2-1/2" to 4". 3/4" to 1", 1" to 1-1/2" Figure 5-A - 3/4" to 1" Increaser Figure 5-B - 1" to 1-1/2" Increaser 1-1/2" to 2-1/2", 2-1/2" to 4" 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 35 Figure 5-D - 2-1/2" to 4" Figure 5-C - 1-1/2" to Increaser 2-1/2" Increaser.06 PLUGS All plugs have male threads and fit into the female threads of the opening that they plug. They are used to protect female threads and plug appliances or fittings. Sizes: 2-1/2" and 4". Some come with handles..07 REDUCERS A REDUCER (Figure 7) is a fitting with female threads on one end and male threads on the other. It is used to connect a larger male coupling to a smaller female coupling. Figure 6-A - 2-1/2" Plug Those in current use are 1" to 3/4", 1-1/2" to 3/4", 1-1/2" to 1", 2-1/2" to 1-1/2", 4" to 2-1/2". 1" to 3/4", 1-1/2" to 3/4", 1-1/2" to 1" Figure 7-A - 1" to 3/4" Figure 7-B - 1-1/2" to 3/4" Figure 7-C - 1-1/2" to 1" Reducer Reducer Reducer 2-1/2" to 1-1/2",4" to 2-1/2" Figure 7-E - 4" to 2-1/2" Reducer Figure 7-D - 2-1/2" to 1-1/2" Reducer 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 36.08 SIAMESE A Siamese (Figure 8) is a fitting with two or more connections having female threads and one connection having male threads. They are used to merge two or more lines into one line. The male threads may be larger or the same size as the females. It may or may not have clapper valves. In current use is a 2-1/2" Siamese..09 WYES A WYE (Figure 9) is any fitting with one connection that has female Figure 8 - 2-1/2" Siamese threads and two connections that have male threads. They are used to divide one hose line into two lines. It may or may not be gated. The male threads may be smaller than, or the same size as, the female. Those in current use are 1" to 1", 1-1/2" to 1", 1-1/2" to 1-1/2", 2-1/2" to 1-1/2", 2-1/2" to 2-1/2", and 4" to 2-1/2." 1" to 1", 1-1/2" to 1", 1-1/2" to 1-1/2" Figure 9-A - 1" Gated wye Figure 9-C - 1-1/2" Gated wye Figure 9-B - 1-1/2" to 1" Gated wye 2-1/2" to 1-1/2", 2-1/2" to 2-1/2", and 4" to 2-1/2" Figure 9-D - 2-1/2" to 1-1/2" Gated wye Figure 9-E - 2-1/2" Wye Figure 9-F - 4" to 2-1/2" Wye Figure 9-G - 4" to 2-1/2" Gated wye NOTE: Siamese and wye fittings are often confused. They are not the same. They may be used to perform the same function under certain circumstances, but this in no way changes their designations. 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 37 -05. MEDICAL EQUIPMENT Figure 1-A - Backboard.01 BACKBOARD The "long" backboard (Figure 1-A) is a narrow, plastic board, used to immobilize patients with suspected cervical or spinal injuries. It also provides a firm surface for the application of CPR. The short backboard (Figure 1-B) is a short narrow varnished plywood board used to fully immobilize infants, or immobilize patients with suspected cervical or spinal injuries in a sitting position. It also provides a firm surface for application of CPR. Figure 1-B - Short board.02 MILLER BOARD Figure 2 - Miller board Made of strong, buoyant type plastic with Velcro straps (Figure 2) Used to immobilize patients with suspected spinal injuries or in extrication circumstances (i.e. cliff and mountain rescues). May be used in conjunction with the stokes litter basket..03 DISASTER LITTER The Disaster Litter (Figure 3) is made of canvas or vinyl. It is used as a stretcher to transport patients through narrow hallways or stairwells where the gurney or flat stretcher is not practical. Figure 3 - Disaster litter.04 FLAT STRETCHER Figure 4 - Flat stretcher 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 38 A folding stretcher (Figure 4) that is used in areas that are not accessible to the gurney, or to aid in the transportation of more than one patient in the ambulance..05 GURNEY A wheeled, collapsible stretcher used in the transportation of patients to and from the ambulance. The gurney can be adjusted into various sitting and lying positions. It is secured to the floor of the ambulance by means of a locking device. (Figure 5) Figure 5 - Gurney.06 HARE TRACTION SPLINT Used to apply traction and splint a mid-shaft femur fracture. Both adult and pediatric sizes are carried. (Figure 6) Figure 6 - Hare traction splint.07 STAIR CHAIR Ferno 59-T EZ glide evacution chair is used to transport patients up and down stair in a secured manner. Figure 7 - Stair Chair.08 ePCR (Electronic Patient Care Report) Panasonic CF 19 Toughbook ePCR is carried on all fire department apparatus, and is used to fill out an electronic patient care report. Figure 8 - Epcr 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 39.09 LARYNGOSCOPE A battery powered illuminating device used with McGill forceps to visualize the vocal chords of an unconscious patient with an obstructed airway. Additionally the device is used by Paramedics to assist in the placement of the endotracheal tube (Figure 9). Figure 9 - Laryngoscope.10 MCGILL FORCEPS Long tweezers like tool (Figure 10) used to grasp foreign objects obstructing the airway. It is used in conjunction with the Laryngoscope. Figure 10 - McGill forceps.11 ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE - ET TUBE A long plastic tube-like device (Figure 11) used to maintain the best possible airway in an unconscious patient in respiratory distress. It is inserted into the trachea, allowing direct access to and ventilation of the lungs. Ventilation is achieved only through use of the bag-valve-mask. Figure 11 - ET tube.13 OROPHARYNGEAL AIRWAYS Simple piece of plastic (Figure 13) inserted into the mouth and pharynx of unconscious patients to help maintain an open airway. It is useful as bite block, and may be used in conjunction with the endotracheal tube. Figure 13 - OP airway 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 40.14 BAG VALVE MASK A mechanical device used to ventilate patients in respiratory distress (Figure 14). Figure 14 - BVM.15 S-SCORT VX-2 SUCTION DEVICE A rechargeable battery powered device used to suction viscous foreign matter from the mouth and pharynx (Figure 15)..16 MONITOR DEFIBRILLATOR A. LifePak 12 & LifePak 15: Used to monitor the electric representation of cardiac activity, and to manually administer an electric shock to a non-beating Figure 15 - S-scort suction device or arrhythmic heart (defibrillator). It may be used with the ePCR to transmit EKG's to the base hospital. Used by Paramedics only (Figure 16 A & B). B. AED: A semi-automatic defibrillator without a monitor used by the EMT-D health care provider. The AED Provides automatic interpretation of cardiac activity and automated cues to assist in delivery of electrical shock to the non-beating heart (Figure 16 C). Figure 16-A - Life pack 12 monitor/defibrillator Figure 16-B - Life pack 15 monitor/defibrillator 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 41 Figure 16-C - AED.19 INTRAVENOUS SOLUTIONS - IV'S Administered to patients by inserting a needle into the vein followed by a connection of plastic tubing between the needle and IV container. May serve as a vehicle for the administration of medication or provide "volume expansion." Volume expansion is instituted in trauma cases to replace lost blood. In these cases the IV fluid itself is the medication (Figure 19). Figure 19 - IV's.20 OBSTETRICS KIT - OB KIT Sterile kit used for emergency childbirth. The kit is to be disposed of after use (Figure 20). Figure 20 - OB kit 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 42.21 STARTER KIT A supply kit that carries an assortment of medical tools and drugs needed for advanced life support of the medically ill patient (Figure 21). Figure 21 - Starter kit.22 MEDICAL SUPPLY CABINET A large cabine contains medical supplies. This box is kept locked at all times when not in use (Figure 22). Figure 22 - Supply box.23 TRAUMA KIT Supply kit containing bandages, dressings and other materials used to initiate first-aid treatment to trauma patients (Figure 23). Figure 23 - Trauma kit 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 43.24 LOCK BOX A small box attached to the rear bumper of an ambulance containing keys to the ambulance. It can only be opened with a special key (Figure 24). Figure 24 - Lock box.25 MEDICATION LOCK BOX A small metal box, secured to the interior of the rescue ambulance, which holds controlled medication. It is to remain locked at all times when not in use (Figure 25). Figure 25 - Medication lock box.26 CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE (CPAP) DEVICES Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) devices are placed on all ALS resources. Refer to Departmental Bulletin 10-11 , and Training Bulletin No. 141 for operation instructions(Figure 26). -06. NOZZLES Figure 26 - CPAP There are two basic types of nozzles, straight stream and spray. Their purpose is to create and control the type of fire stream desired..01 STRAIGHT STREAM NOZZLES A complete straight stream nozzle consists of a shutoff combined with a removable tip. Both ends of the shut-off are equipped with hose threads-one male and one female. Straight stream nozzles increase velocity and give shape and continuity to the fire stream. They are particularly preferred for: 1. Penetration Figure 1 - Straight stream nozzle 2. Deep seated fires 3. Quick knock down 4. Long distances Typical straight stream nozzles (Figure 1) in general use on hand lines range in the following sizes: Shut-off Tips 2”, 1", 1-1/8", 1-1/4". 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 44 Figure 1 - New straight stream nozzle.02 SPRAY NOZZLES Figure 2 - New spray stream nozzle Water has a greater cooling effect when applied in the form of a spray rather than a straight stream. A given quantity of water divided into smaller particles presents greater surface area for more rapid heat absorption. When properly applied, a spray stream uses practically all of the water in quenching and cooling. Discharge from a spray nozzle may provide a flow of air toward the fire. While this may increase the intensity of the fire, it has the advantage of providing a flow of cool air at the nozzle. If properly used, spray nozzles will control flammable liquid fires. Spray nozzles can be used on fires in transformers and other electrically charged equipment. Finely divided drops of water offer greater resistance to the flow of electricity than straight streams. It is always preferable to cut off the current to electrically charged equipment before applying water. Spray nozzles can use considerably less water than straight stream nozzles to effect the same results because of the added effectiveness of water applied in -the form of a spray. They are therefore, well suited for use in situations where the supply of water is limited. There may be a tendency to use less water per minute with spray nozzles than with straight stream nozzles. Spray nozzles have less nozzle reaction than straight stream nozzles under similar conditions. The disadvantage of spray streams may include loss of water through evaporation, dissipation by wind currents, inability to span great distances, loss of striking power and penetration. When selecting the type of fire stream at each particular fire, the above factors (along with many others) must be taken into consideration. Spray nozzles: 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 45 Garden hose, 1", 1-1/2" Figure 2-A - Garden hose Figure 2-B - 1" Spray Figure 2-C - 1-1/2" Spray nozzle nozzle nozzle 1-1/2", 1-3/4", 2-1/2" Figure 2-E - 1-3/4" Spray nozzle Figure 2-D - 1-1/2" Figure 2-F - Spray nozzle 2-1/2" Spray nozzle A single unit nozzle consisting of shut off and tip. Complete spray nozzle: A two piece unit consisting of a shut-off butt and a removable spray tip. Both types have spray tips with an "off" position and adjustable spray settings. Some also have an adjustable rate of flow. Typical spray nozzles in general use on hand lines range in the following sizes (refers to size of shut-off): 2", 1 ½", 1" and garden hose..03 SHUT-OFF BUTTS Shut-off butts (Figure 3) are used to provide a method of controlling the flow of water. Sizes include 2", 1 ½"and 1". 1" , 1-1/2", 2-1/2" 6/2 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 46 Figure 3-B - 1 1/2" Shutoff butt Figure 3-A - 1" Shutoff butt Figure 3-C - 2 1/2" Shutoff butt -07. VALVES The following valves are used to control the flow of water and are the most common in use by L.A.F.D. 1. Four-Way Valve 2. Keystone Valve 3. Pressure Reducing Valve (Gleeson).01 FOUR WAY VALVE The four-way valve (Figure 1) provides a means of changing from hydrant pressure to pump pressure without interrupting water supply. The valve is standard equipment on all engine companies. It is normally used during single company operations whenever a line is laid from a hydrant. Description: The four-way valve has two male and two female connections (one female provided with winged handles). A