Prelims Facts Compilation PDF

# Prelims Facts Compilation ## Important Facts for UPPCS 2024(Pre) & Ro/Aro(Pre) 2024 (PART-1) ### Language Related Important Constitutional Amendments: - **21st Constitutional Amendment (1967)** - Sindhi language was included in the constitution. - **71st Constitutional Amendment (1992)** - Nepa...

# Prelims Facts Compilation ## Important Facts for UPPCS 2024(Pre) & Ro/Aro(Pre) 2024 (PART-1) ### Language Related Important Constitutional Amendments: - **21st Constitutional Amendment (1967)** - Sindhi language was included in the constitution. - **71st Constitutional Amendment (1992)** - Nepali, Manipuri, Konkani languages. - **92nd Constitutional Amendment (2003)** – Santhali, Bodo, Dogri, Maithili languages. ### Classical languages of India: - **Tamil (Recognized in 2004)** - **Sanskrit (2005)** - **Telugu & Kannada (2008)** - **Malayalam (2013)** - **Odia (2014)** ### Important Committees related to Panchayti Raj: - **Balwant Rai Mehta Committee – 1957** - **Sadiq Ali Committee – 1964** - **Ashok Mehta Committee – 1977** - **Hanumanth Rao Committee (1983)** - **G.V.K. Rao Committee (1985)** - **L.M. Singhvi Committee (1986)** - **Sarkaraya Commission on Central-State relations (1988)** - **P.K. Thungon Committee (1988)** - **Harilal Singh Kharra Committee (1990)** ### Important Articles related to Panchayti Raj: - **Article 243D (Reservation)** - **Article 243I (Finance Commission for Panchayats)** - **Article 243K (Election Commission)** - **Article 243ZD (District Planning Committee)** - **Article 243ZE (Metropolitan Planning Committee)** ### States that adopted Panchayati Raj (First): - **Rajasthan > Andhra Pradesh** ### First State to adopt the 73rd Constitutional Amendment: - **Madhya Pradesh** ### Development of Different Schools of thought in Vedanta Philosophy: | School | Founder | | :---------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------- | | Advaita Vedanta | Shankaracharya | | Vishishtadvaita Vedanta | Swami Ramanujacharya | | Dvaita Vedanta | Madhavacharya | | Dvaita-Advaita Vedanta | Nimbarkacharya / Nimbark | | Shuddhadvaita Vedanta | Vallabhacharya | - **Nimbark** is the founder of the 'Sanak Sampraday'.<br> - **Ramanuja** is the founder of the 'Sri Sampraday'.<br> - **Vallabhacharya** is the founder of the 'Pushti Marg Sampraday'.<br> - **Swami Haridas** is the founder of the 'Sakhi Sampraday'.<br> - **Chaitanya Mahaprabhu** is the founder of the 'Gaudiya Sampraday'.<br> - **Vishnuswami** is the founder of the 'Rudra Sampraday'. ### Foreign Travellers who visited Vijayanagara: | Traveller | Country | Ruler | | :-------------------------------------------- | :------- | :----------------------- | | Abu Abdullah / Ibn Battuta | Morocco | Harihar I | | Nicolo Conti | Italy | Devaraya I | | Abdul Razzak | Persia | Devaraya II | | Domingo Paes | Portugal | Krishna Deva Raya | | Barbosa | Portugal | Krishna Deva Raya | | Nuniz | Portugal | Achyutaraya | ### Maurya Period Court System: | Position | Description | | :----------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Prime Minister and Purohit | | | Samaharta | Head of the Revenue Department. | | Sanndhita | Treasury. | | Senapati | Head of the Defense Department. | | Yuvaraj | Heir to the throne. | | Pradestha | Judge of the Criminal (Kantakshodhan) Court. | | Nayaka | Military leader. | | Karmantik | Inspector of industries and trades. | | Vyavahaaraka | Chief Justice of the Civil Court. | | Mantrimandal Adhyaksha | President of the Cabinet. | | Dandpal | Responsible for collecting military supplies. | | Antapal | Protector of the border forts. | | Durgpal | Protector of the forts inside the country. | | Nagaraka | Head of the city. | | Prashasta | Record-keeper of royal orders and documents and maintains records of state. | | Dawarik or Dwarpal | Responsible for the maintenance of the royal palaces. | | Antarvashic | Head of the King’s personal衛隊. | | Aatik or Van Vibhag Ka Pradhan Adhikari | Head of the Forest Department. | ### Maurya Period Important Officers: - **Panyaadhyaksha:** Head of the Trade Department. - **Pautvaadhyaksha:** Head of the Weights and Measures Department. - **Suraadhyaksha:** Head of the Excise Department. - **Sunaadhyaksha:** Head of the Slaughterhouse Department. - **Vivitaadhyaksha:** Head of the Pasture Department. - **Akraadhyaksha:** Head of the Mining Department. ### Important Deserts: | Country / Region | Desert | | :---------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------- | | Arabian Peninsula | Rub-Al Khali, Nefud | | Eastern Iran | Dasht-e Lut | | Southern Iran | Dasht-e Kavir | | Namibia (Africa) | Namib | | Australia | Great Sandy, Simpson, Gibson | | Northern Chile | Atacama | | California (USA) | Mojave / Mohave | | China | Taklamakan | | Arizona & California (USA) | Sonoran | | Botswana | Kalahari | | Mongolia (China) | Gobi | | Turkmenistan | Karakum | | African Continent | Sahara (Algeria, Chad, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco) | ### Electromagnetic Waves: - **Order of decreasing Wavelength:** 1. Radio wave 2. Microwave 3. Infrared wave 4. Visible wave 5. Ultraviolet wave 6. X-rays 7. Gamma-rays - **Order of decreasing Energy / Frequency:** 1. Gamma-rays 2. X-rays 3. Ultraviolet wave 4. Visible wave 5. Infrared wave 6. Microwave 7. Radio wave ### Vitamins and Related Diseases: | Vitamin Name | Related Disease | | :----------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Vitamin A (Retinol) | Night blindness, Xerophthalmia | | Vitamin B1 | Beriberi | | Vitamin B2 | Ariboflavinosis, Cheilosis (Lip Cracking) | | Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | Pellagra | | Vitamin B5 | Paresthesia | | Vitamin B6 | Anemia | | Vitamin B7 | Dermatitis, Enteritis | | Vitamin B9 | Megaloblastic anemia | | Vitamin B12 | Megaloblastic anemia | | Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) | Scurvy, Bleeding gums | | Vitamin D | Rickets and Osteomalacia. | | Vitamin E | Reduced fertility | | Vitamin K | Failure of blood clotting | ### Plant Hormones: | Plant Hormone | Type | | :----------------------- | :-------- | | Auxin | Growth | | Gibberellic Acid | Growth | | Cytokinin | Growth | | Ethylene | Inhibitory | | Abscisic Acid | Inhibitory | ### 12 Jewels Mentioned in Satapatha Brahmana: - **Purohita** - Chief advisor to the King. - **Senani** - Head of the army. - **Gramin** - Head of the village Council. - **Mahishi** - Queen (Wife of the King). - **Vavata** - Favourite queen. - **Parivritti** - The ignored queen. - **Sut** – Leader of the Chariot Soldiers. - **Sangrahita** – Treasurer. - **Bhaagdudh** – Tax collector. - **Akshaavapa** – Accountant. - **Palagal** – Jester. - **Kshta** – Guard/ Doorkeeper. ### Environment Related Important Acts : - **Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) – 1972** - **Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act – 1974** - **Forest Conservation Act – 1980** - **Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act – 1981** - **Environment (Protection) Act – 1986** - **Energy Conservation Act – 2001** - **Biological Diversity Act – 2002** ### Statutory Bodies formed under the Wildlife Protection Act (WPA): - **National Wildlife Board - 2003**: The Prime Minister is the Chairperson and the Union Minister of Environment, Forests and Climate Change is the Vice-Chairperson. - **Central Zoo Authority – 1992** - **Wildlife Crime Control Bureau – 2007** - **National Tiger Conservation Authority – 2005**: The Union Minister of Environment, Forests and Climate Change serves as its Chairperson. ### Statutory Bodies formed under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974: - **Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) – 1974** ### Statutory Bodies formed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: - **Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee** - **Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) – 1970** - **Declaration of Environmentally Sensitive Zones (ESZs)** ### Statutory Bodies formed under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001: - **Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) – 2002** ### Statutory Bodies formed under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002: - **National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) – 2003**, Chennai ### National Green Tribunal (NGT): - Established in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. - NGT is a statutory body. - It is the third such special environmental tribunal in the world, after Australia and New Zealand. ### Carnatic Wars: - **First Carnatic War (1746-48)** - **Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle**: Madras was returned to the British. - **Second Carnatic War (1749-54)** - **Inconclusive.** - **Third Carnatic War (1758-63)** - **Treaty of Paris**: Pondicherry was returned to the French. ### Battle of Wandiwash: - Fought on January 22, 1760 at Wandiwash (Vandavasi) in Tamil Nadu. - A decisive victory for the British over the French. - The British were led by Sir Eyre Coote and the French by Count de Lally. ### Anglo-Mysore Wars: - **First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)** - **Hyder Ali was victorious.** - **Treaty of Madras.** - This war took place during the time of Harry Verelst, the Governor-General of Bengal. - **Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)** - **Treaty of Mangalore.** - This war took place during the time of Warren Hastings, the Governor-General. **Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92)** - **Treaty of Srirangapatna**. - The British captured almost half of Mysore’s territory. - Tipu Sultan was forced to pay an indemnity of three crore rupees. - Lord Cornwallis was the Governor-General of India. - **Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)** - **Tipu Sultan died.** - The British imposed a Subsidiary Treaty on Mysore. - This war took place during the time of Lord Wellesley, the Governor-General. ### Battles of the Anglo-Mysore Wars: - **Battle of Chengam (Battle of Changaama) (1767)** : Part of the First Anglo-Mysore War. - **Battle of Pollilur (1780)**: Tipu Sultan defeated Hector Munro’s forces. - **Battle of Porto Novo (1781)**: Fought between Hyder Ali and Sir Eyre Coote. Sir Eyre Coote won. This battle is part of the Second Anglo-Mysore War. ### The Eight Ministers of Shivaji’s Court: - **Peshava:** Prime Minister. - **Amatya/ Majmuadar:** Finance and Revenue Minister. - **Vakia-Nawis/ Mantri:** Secretary, who recorded the daily activities of the king and the court. - **Sachiv/ Shurunavis:** Foreign Secretary, responsible for correspondence. **Sumant/ Dabir:** Foreign Minister. - **Senapati/ Sar-e-Nauabat:** Head of the military, responsible for recruitment, organization, logistics, etc. - **Pandit Rao:** Responsible for providing grants to scholars and for religious purposes. - **Nyayadhish:** Chief Justice. ### Vegetation related to Mediterranean Climate: | Vegetation Type | Region | | :------------------------- | :------------------------ | | Maquis | Mediterranean Coast | | Fynbos | Southern Africa | | Chaparral | California | | Mattoral | Chile | ### Important Inscriptions and Related Rulers: | Inscription | Ruler | | :-------------------------- | :----------------- | | Hathigumpha Inscription | Kharavela | | Aihole Inscription | Pulakeshin II | | Nasik Inscription | Gautami Balasri | | Junagad Inscription | Rudradaman | | Prayag Stambh Inscription | Samudragupta | | Mandsaur Inscription | Yashovarman | | Gwalior Inscription | Bhoj | | Devapada Inscription | Vijayasen | | Bhitari and Junagadh | Skandagupta | ### Important Curves: - **Lorenz Curve:** Demonstrates income inequality. - **Kuznets Curve:** Shows the relationship between economic growth and income inequality during a country's development stages: inequality increases initially and then decreases after a certain point. - **Laffer Curve:** Explains the relationship between tax rates and government revenue: revenue increases initially with increasing tax rates but then decreases at a certain point. - **Philips Curve:** Displays the inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation. ### Gini Coefficient: - Used to measure income inequality. - Value ranges from 0 (Complete equality) to 1 (Absolute inequality). ### Important Mountain Ranges and their Lengths: | Mountain Range | Length (km) | | :-------------------- | :----------- | | Andes | 7000 | | Rocky Mountains | 4800 | | Great Dividing Range | 3500 | | Kunlun Mountains | 3000 | | Ural Mountains | 2500 | | Atlas Mountains | 2500 | | Himalaya Mountains | 2500 | | Great Barrier Reef | 2300 | ### Administrative Departments of the Delhi Sultanate Period: | Department | Ruler | | :------------------------------------- | :------------------- | | Diwane Arz (Military Department) | Balban | | Diwane-e-Mustakhraj (Revenue Department) | Alauddin Khilji | | Diwane-e-Riasat (Price Control Department) | Alauddin Khilji | | Diwane-e-Amirkoh (Agriculture Department) | Muhammad bin Tughlaq | | Diwane-e-Khairat (Charity Department) | Feroz Tughlaq | | Diwane-e-Bandagan (Slave Department) | Feroz Tughlaq | ### Other Departments of the Delhi Sultanate Period: - **Diwane Risalat:** Religious affairs & diplomatic relations. - **Diwane Insha:** Official correspondence. - **Diwane Vazirat:** Finance & Revenue Department. - **Saray-e-Adl:** A market for textiles, sugar, herbs, nuts, fruits, oil, and lamps. - **Amir-e-Bahr:** Naval commander. - **Barid-e Memalik:** Head of Intelligence. ### Important Works of Kalidasa: - **Plays:** - Malvikagnimitram - Abhijnanasakuntalam - Vikramorvasiyam - **Mahakavyas:** - Raghuvamsham - Kumarasambhavam - **Khandakavyas:** - Meghadutam - Ritusamhar ### Sangam Period Literature: | Work (Topic) | Author | | :---------------------------- | :---------------------- | | Tolkappiyam (Grammar) | Tolkappiyar | | Silappadhikaram (Love Story) | Ilango Adigal | | Thirukkural (Philosophy) | Thiruvalluvar | | Manimekalai (Merchant Tale) | Sittala Sattanar | ### Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court (Article 131): - Disputes between the Union & State Governments. - Disputes between State Governments. - Cases involving the fundamental rights of citizens. - Transfer of criminal or civil cases from one High Court to another. - Issuing Writs. ### Important Periods related to Prehistory in India: - **Middle Palaeolithic Period:** - Archaeological evidence of animal domestication. - Important sites: - Adamgarh (Madhya Pradesh) - Bagor (Rajasthan) - **Middle Palaeolithic Period, tools:** - Bone tools. - Important sites: - Saraynahar Rai - Mahdaha ### Important Acts of Akbar: - **Abolished Das-Prtha (Slave system)** - 1562. - **Abolished Jizya Tax** – 1563. - **Abolished Pilgrimage Tax** - 1563. - **Transferred his capital from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri** – 1571. - **Construction of the Ibadat Khana (House of Worship)** – 1575. - **Opened the doors of the Ibadat Khana to all religions** - 1578. - **Declared the Majhar** - 1579. - **Introduced Ain-e-Dahsala (Ten principles of governance)** - 1580. - **Shut down the Ibadat Khana** – 1582. - **Introduced the Din-i-Ilahi (Divine Faith)** - 1582. ### Important Coral Reefs in India: - Andaman and Nicobar Islands. - Lakshadweep Islands. - Gulf of Mannar. - Gulf of Kachchh. ### Grasslands of the World: - **Tropical Grasslands:** - **Savanna:** Africa. - **Llanos:** Venezuela. - **Campos:** Southeastern Brazil. - **Parkland:** Southern Africa. - **Temperate Grasslands:** - **Pampas:** Argentina. - **Prairies:** North America. - **Downs:** Australia. - **Velds:** South Africa. - **Steppes:** Eurasia. - **Pusztai:** Hungary. - **Canterbury:** New Zealand. ### Alauddin Khilji’s Conquests: | State (Year) | Ruler | Notes | | :------------ | :-------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Gujarat (1299) | Karn Dev | | | Ranthambore (1301) | Hammir Dev | | | Chittor (1303) | Ratan Singh | | | Devagiri (1306-07) | Ramachandra Dev | | | Warangal (1308) | Pratapa Rudra Dev | | | Dwar Samudra (1310) | Veer Ballala | | | Madurai (1311) | Veer Pandya | | | | | - The famous Sufi poet Amir Khusrau was with Alauddin Khilji during the conquest of Chittor. | | | | - After capturing Chittor, Alauddin changed its name to Khiljabad. | | | | - Alauddin received the Kohinoor Diamond as tribute from the King of Warangal. | ### Brahamanical Texts: - **Rig Veda:** - **Aitareya Brahmana** - **Kaushiteki Brahmana** - **Yajur Veda:** - **Shatapatha Brahmana** - **Taittiriya Brahmana** - **Sama Veda:** - **Panchavish Brahmana** - **Atharva Veda:** - **Gopatha Brahmana** ### Branches of the Vedas: - **Rig Veda:** - **Sakala** - **Balakhilhya** - **Vashkala** - **Yajur Veda:** - **Shukla Yajur Veda:** - **Kanva** - **Kapishthala** - **Krishna Yajur Veda:** - **Taittiriya** - **Kaithaka** - **Madhyandina** - **Maitrayani** - **Sama Veda:** - **Kauthumiya** - **Ranayaniya** - **Jaiminiya** - **Atharva Veda:** - **Pippalada** - **Shaunaka** ### **Upavedas:** - **Ayurveda** is the Upaveda of the **Rig Veda.** - **Dhanurveda** is the Upaveda of the **Yajur Veda.** - **Gandharva Veda** is the Upaveda of the **Sama Veda.** - **SIlpa Veda** is the Upaveda of the **Atharva Veda.** - **Charanvayuha** mentions **Ayurveda** as an Upaveda of the **Rig Veda**. - **Susrut** considers **Ayurveda** as an Upaveda of the **Atharva Veda**. ### **Provisions adopted from different countries:** - **Britain:** - Parliamentary government. - Rule of law. - Legislative process. - Single citizenship. - Cabinet system. - **United States of America:** - Fundamental rights. - Independence of the judiciary. - Judicial review. - Impeachment of the President. - Removal of judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. - Vice-President. - Preamble. - **Canada:** - Federal system with strong center (Center-State relations). - Residual powers vest with the center. - Governors of states appointed by the center. - Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. - The Governor-General reserves bills for the President's assent (President's assent). - **Australia:** - Preamble. - Concurrent list. - Freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse. - Joint sitting of both houses of Parliament. - **Ireland:** - Directive principles of state policy. - Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha (Council of States). - Election of the president. - **Soviet Union:** - Fundamental duties - Justice (social, economic, and political) mentioned in the preamble. - **Japan:** - Established by law. - **Germany:** - Suspension of fundamental rights during an emergency. - **France:** - Republic. - Principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity mentioned in the preamble. - **South Africa:** - Procedure for amending the Constitution. - Election of members of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). ### Prominent Philosophers of the Upanishadic Period: - **Janaka** - King of Videha. - **Ashwapati** - King of Kekaya. - **Ajaatashatru** - King of Kaashi. - **Pravahana Jaibali** - King of Panchala. - **Uddalaka Aruni** – King of Kuru (capital – Asandeevat). ### Schedules in the Indian Constitution: - **First Schedule:** Includes the States and Union Territories. - **Second Schedule:** Deals with salaries, allowances, and pensions. - **Third Schedule:** Contains forms of oaths or affirmations for various offices. - **Fourth Schedule:** Allocates seats for States in Rajya Sabha. - **Fifth Schedule:** Regulates the administration of Tribal Areas. - **Sixth Schedule:** Provides for the administration of Tribal Areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. - **Seventh Schedule:** Lists allocated powers of the Union and the States. - **Eighth Schedule:** Lists officially recognized languages. - **Ninth Schedule:** Includes land reforms. - **Tenth Schedule:** Deals with anti-defection law (52nd Amendment Act, 1985). - **Eleventh Schedule:** Pertains to Panchayats (73rd Amendment, 1992). - **Twelfth Schedule:** Pertains to Municipalities (74th Amendment, 1992). ### Important Constitutional Amendments: - **First Amendment (1951):** Added the Ninth Schedule to the Constitution. - **Seventh Amendment (1956):** Increased the number of Lok Sabha members; included provision for a common High Court of two or more states. - **31st Amendment (1972):** Increased the number of Lok Sabha seats to 545. - **36th Amendment (1975):** Made Sikkim a full state. - **38th Amendment (1975):** Limited the power of judicial review. - **39th Amendment (1975):** Made the election of the President, Vice President, Speaker of Lok Sabha, and Prime Minister immune from judicial challenge. - **52nd Amendment (1985):** Added the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution to prevent defection. - **58th Amendment (1987):** Made provisions for publishing the official Hindi version of the Constitution. - **61st Amendment (1989):** Reduced the voting age to 18 years. - **69th Amendment (1991):** Designated Delhi as the ‘National Capital Territory of Delhi.’ - **70th Amendment (1992):** Included members of the Legislative Assemblies of Puducherry and Delhi in the electoral college for the election of the President. - **73rd Amendment (1992):** Provided Constitutional status to Panchayats. - **74th Amendment (1992):** Provided Constitutional status to Municipalities. - **86th Amendment (2002):** Declared education as a Fundamental Right. - **89th Amendment (2003):** Added Article 338-A for the establishment of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. - **91st Amendment (2003):** Stipulated that the total number of ministers in council, including a Prime Minister, shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha. - **97th Amendment (2011):** Established the National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC). - **100th Amendment (2015):** Approved the Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh. - **101st Amendment (2016):** Introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST). - **102nd Constitutional Amendment (2018):** Granted Constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes. - **103rd Amendment (2019):** Provided 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in education and government jobs. - **104th Amendment (2020):** Extended the deadline for reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies to 80 years, instead of 70 years. Removed Anglo-Indian representation from the Lok Sabha. - **105th Amendment (2021):** Gave power to State Governments to identify Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs). - **106th Amendment (2023):** Deals with reservation for women. ### 42nd Amendment Act, 1976: - Also known as the ‘Mini Constitution’.<br> - The Preamble was amended—adding the words “socialist, secular, and integrity”.<br> - Part IV - A (Fundamental Duties) was added to the Constitution.<br> - The President was made bound to act on the advice of the cabinet.<br> - The provision of Administrative Tribunals was included (Part XIV-A). - The power of judicial review was limited. - The term of the Lok Sabha and State Legislatures was extended from 5 to 6 years. - The duration of President’s rule was extended from 6 months to 1 year. - The All India Judicial Service was established. ### Important Tattvas of Earth’s Crust: - **Oxygen (46.60%)** - **Silicon (27.72%)** - **Aluminium (8.13%)** - **Iron (5%)** - **Calcium (3.63%)** - **Sodium (2.83%)** - **Potassium (2.59%)** - **Magnesium (2.09%)** - **Others (1.41%)** ### **Transfer of Five Subjects from State List to Concurrent List :** - **Education** - **Forests** - **Weights and Measures** - **Protection of Wild Animals and Birds** - **Administration of Justice** ### **Important Officials of the Mughal Period:** - **Diwan:** In charge of the revenue and finance departments. - **Wazir-e-Tafviz:** Unlimited authority. - **Wazir-e-Tanfiz:** Limited authority. - **Diwan-e-Tan:** Responsible for the management of jagir (land grants) and salaries of officials. - **Diwan-e-Bayutat:** Supervisor of royal workshops. - **Diwan-e-Mustaufi:** Accountant General. - **Mir Bakshi:** Heading the military department, considered the head of the military administration. - **Sadr-us-Sudur:** Responsible for religious matters and held the position of the king’s religious advisor. - **Qazi-ul-Quzzat:** Appointed Qazis in different provinces and cities **Note**: These officials also acted for the king in the absence of the king from the capital. - **Muhtasib:** Officer responsible for enforcing moral conduct. - **Mir-Atish:** Supervisor of the artillery department. - **Daroga-e-Dak:** Head of Postal and Intelligence Department. - **Mir-e-Bahr:** Naval commander. - **Mir-e-Barr:** Head of the Forest Department. - **Faujdar:** Chief executive of a province ( district). Responsible for law and order. - **Amलगुनजार / Amalguzar:** Chief revenue officer of a province (district). Responsible for revenue collection. - **Vakia-Nawis:** The news reporter who provided the court with the news. - **Khufia-Nawis:** Secret letter writer. - **Wherकारा / Wherkara:** Spies and messengers. - **Witikchi / Vitichhi:** Historian and record keeper. ### Major Indian Schools of Philosophy: | School | Founder | | :------------------ | :---------------------------- | | Sankhya | Kapila Muni | | Yoga | Maharishi Patanjali | | Nyāya | Maharishi Gautama | | Vaisheshika | Maharishi Kanad | | Purva Mimamsa | Acharya Jaimini | | Vedanta (Uttara Mimamsa) | Badarayana | - **Kanad (Vaisheshika)** is considered the founder of atomism. - **Mimamsa** school believes in scriptures, particularly the Vedas. ### Tropical Cyclones: | Name | Country | | :----------------- | :---------------- | | Willy-Willys | Australia | | Hurricane | USA | | Baguio | Philippines | | Typhoon | Japan | | Typhoon | China | | Cyclone | India | ### States formed after Independence: | State | Year | | :------------------ | :------- | | Andhra Pradesh | 1953 | | Maharashtra | 1960 | | Gujarat | 1960 | | Nagaland | 1962 | | Haryana | 1966 | | Himachal Pradesh | 1971 | | Meghalaya | 1972 | | Manipur | 1972 | | Tripura | 1972 | | Sikkim | 1975 | | Mizoram | 1987 | | Arunachal Pradesh | 1987 | | Goa | 1987 | | Chhattisgarh | 2000 | | Uttarakhand | 2000 | | Jharkhand | 2000 | | Telangana | 2014 | ### Union Territories: - **States Reorganisation Act 1956 (7th Amendment):** - Andaman and Nicobar Islands became a Union Territory on November 1, 1956. - Lakshadweep became a Union Territory on November 1, 1956. - **10th Amendment (1961): Daman, Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli joined Indian Union as Union Territories.** - **12th Amendment (1962): Goa became a Union Territory.** - **14th Amendment (1962): Puducherry joined the Indian Union as a Union Territory.** - **31st October 2019**: Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh became Union Territories. - **26th January 2020**: Daman and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli merged to become a single Union Territory. **Note:** -