NSB103 Health Assessment PDF

NSB103 Health Assessment Dr Jane O’Brien (UC) Lecture: Assessing the older adult Acknowledgement: Dr Pauline Gillan Dr Helen Donovan ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF TRADITIONAL OWNERS QUT acknowledges the Turrbal and Yugara, as the First Nations owners of the lands where QUT now stands. We pay respect to...

NSB103 Health Assessment Dr Jane O’Brien (UC) Lecture: Assessing the older adult Acknowledgement: Dr Pauline Gillan Dr Helen Donovan ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF TRADITIONAL OWNERS QUT acknowledges the Turrbal and Yugara, as the First Nations owners of the lands where QUT now stands. We pay respect to their Elders, lores, customs and creation spirits. We recognise that these lands have always been places of teaching, research and learning. QUT acknowledges the important role Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people play within the QUT community.  Learning This Week The Older Adult in Australia Physiological Changes Associated with Ageing Aged Care Standards Assessment of the Older Adult Assessment of the Person with Dementia Assessment of the Person with a Disability en-la-computadora-portatil-grande_1253706.htm  The Older Adult in Australia The numbers of older adults in Australia is rapidly increasing. As at June 2020, there were approx. 4.2 million people (16% of the population) aged 65 or over (AIHW, 2022). Predicted that by 2066 the numbers of people aged 65 and over will makeup between 21-23% of the total population (AIHW, 2022). For those aged 85 and over, the proportion has increased from 0.5% (63,200) in 1970, to 1.1% (190,400) in 1995, to 2.1% at 30 June 2020 (528,000). The proportion is expected to continue to rise to between 3.6% and 4.4% in 2066 (ABS 2018, 2020a). Ageing Through the Ages https://aifs.gov.au/facts-and-figures/ageing-australia Ageing in 2019 Compared to 2066 https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/older-australians/contents/demographic-profile#Age Australia Compared Internationally https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/older-australia-at-a-glance/contents/demographics-of-older-australians/australia-s-changing-age-and-gender-profile  Ageing Related Changes Structural and physiological changes are part of normal ageing processes. However, some changes can indicate underlying systematic or localised disease, therefore it is important not to generalise changes as routine. https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/life-cycle-age-related-changes-characters-set-vector-32389291  Physiological Changes of the Older Adult, a Body Systems Approach Ageing affects all body systems  Neurological system (including cognitive changes)  Cardiovascular system  Respiratory system  Genitourinary and renal systems  Gastrointestinal system  Reproductive systems (Male and Female)  Musculoskeletal system  Integumentary system  Other physiological changes associated with ageing ttps://www.shutterstock.com/search/human+body+systems  Physiological Changes of the Older Adult: Neurological System Myelin sheath of nerves degenerate; Decreased neurotransmitter produced in neurone (Marieb & Hoehn, 2014) https://www.nursingtimes.net/roles/older-people-nurses/anatomy-and-physiology-of-ageing-5-the-nervous-system/7018342.article  Physiological Changes of the Older Adult: Cognitive Changes Mental status: Decline in mental flexibility, abstract thinking and recall  Physiological Changes of the Older Adult: Cardiovascular System Heart and vascular system: Size of cardiac muscle decreases; Decreased cardiac output; Calcifications and fibrosis of cardiac valves; Arterial system becomes increasingly rigid (Marieb & Hoehn, 2014) https://www.intechopen.com/books/senescence-and-senescence-related-disorders/endothelium-aging-and-vascular-diseases Physiological Changes of the Older Adult: Respiratory System Thorax and lungs: Musculoskeletal changes of the chest result in limiting chest wall expansion, diaphragm flattens leading to decreased respiratory endurance; Increased anteroposterior diameter; Increased chest rigidity; Increased respiratory rate with decreased lung expansion; Increased airway resistance (Marieb & Hoehn, 2014) Loss of alveolar capillaries and lung tissue and pulmonary wall thickening; Cough reflex decreases (increased risk of aspiration) https://depositphotos.com/203183050/stock-illustration-symbol-lung-disease-breathing-respiratory.html  Physiological Changes of the Older Adult: Genitourinary and Renal Systems Kidney shrinkage; Glomerular filtration rate decreases; Decreased renal filtration and renal efficiency; Subsequent loss of protein from kidney (Marieb & Hoehn, 2014) https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/early/2017/08/08/ASN.2017040421/tab-figures-data?versioned=true  Physiological Changes of the Older Adult: Gastrointestinal System Decreased salivary secretions/possible swallowing difficulties Decreased number of taste buds Decreased peristalsis Decline in large bowel transit time Decreased production of digestive enzymes (hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and pancreatic enzymes) Reduced oesophageal and gastric motility Abdomen: Abdominal musculature diminishes in mass; loss of tone Increased fat deposition in abdominal area Anus and rectum: Loss of muscle elasticity in rectum https://www.rxwiki.com/slideshow/healthy-habits-older-adults/digestive-system  Physiological Changes of the Older Adult: Female Reproductive System Breasts: Adipose tissue of the breast atrophies; Diminished breast tissue; Pendulous and sagging breasts Female genitalia: Decreased oestrogen production- menopause; Decreased secretions; Atrophy of epithelial lining of vagina; Atrophy of internal and external reproductive organs- decreased uterine size; Atrophy of pelvic muscles; decrease in perineal muscle tone (Marieb & Hoehn, 2014) https://ufhealth.org/aging-changes-female-reproductive-system Physiological Changes of the Older Adult: Male Reproductive System Male genitalia: Testicular degeneration resulting in decreased testicular size; Testosterone levels decline; Decreased sperm count Prostate enlargement https://www.nursingtimes.net/roles/older-people-nurses/anatomy-and-physiology-of-ageing-8-the-reproductive- system/7020933.article  Physiological Changes of the Older Adult: Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal system: Decreased bone density (increased reabsorption); Muscle fibers deteriorate replaced by fibrous connective tissue; Muscle atrophy Decreased muscle mass and strength; Bone demineralisation; Shortening of trunk as result of intervertebral space narrowing; Decreased joint mobility; Decreased range of joint motion; https://www.slideshare.net/ProfessorShep/common-aging-changesspring-2014-abridged Enhanced bony prominences (Marieb & Hoehn, 2014)  Physiological Changes of the Older Adult: Integumentary System Skin: Skin colour- spotty pigmentation in areas exposed to sun; pallor Moisture- dry, scaly skin Cooler extremities; Decreased perspiration Decreased elasticity; wrinkles; folding; sagging Fat distribution- decreased amount on extremities; increased amount on abdomen (Marieb & Hoehn, 2014) https://connectingdirectors.com/43891-are-you-more-afraid-of-getting-old-or-dying  Physiological Changes of the Older Adult: Integumentary System con’t Hair: thinning and greying hair on scalp; Decreased amount of hair in axilla, on extremities and in pubic area; Decreased facial hair in men; increased chin and upper lip hair in women; loss of eyebrow hair in women; bushy eyebrows in men Nails: decreased growth rate; nails may thicken and split (Marieb & Hoehn, 2014) https://500px.com/photo/2942897/mok-soh-by-abe-less  Physiological Changes of the Older Adult: Others Head: impaired facial symmetry due to loss of teeth Eyes: decreased visual acuity; decreased accommodation; reduced adaptiation to darkness; increased sensitivity to glare; diminished light reflex; loss of pigmentation of iris Ears: decreased pitch discrimination; diminished hearing acuity Nose: increased nasal hair that become coarser; sense of smell declines Neck: neck veins more prominent; nodular thyroid gland; slight tracheal deviation, resulting from muscle atrophy (Marieb & Hoehn, 2014)