Vaccines And Sera PDF Notes

fetus kapa, antitoxins, and your Immunoglobulins (Ig). - Kasama siya sa humoral immunity Human or a...

fetus kapa, antitoxins, and your Immunoglobulins (Ig). - Kasama siya sa humoral immunity Human or animal antibodies can be used for injections of animals, like your immunoglobulins. Pag ang bata or ang infant, and mother is may Hepa B tapos yung anak has a higher chance of contracting the Hepa B. So to prevent that from happening, immunoglobulins yung binibigay.( Magkaiba yung Hepatitis B vaccine at immunoglobulins). That’s why MAIN TOPIC 1 part siya ng passive kasi yung sakit ng mother na Hepa B can be transferred to the fetus. Occurs when preformed antibodies are injected into Vaccines and Immune Sera, including antivenins and the system and react with a specific antigen. Unlike antivenins and antitoxins, are usually referred to as active immunity, passive immunity is limited. biologicals. They are used to stimulate the production of antibodies, to provide preformed antibodies to facilitate an immune reaction, or to react specifically with the toxins produced by invading pathogens or venins. Vaccines frequently called immunizations because they stimulate immunity. In some cases, the host human responds to the Cellular Mediated Immunity does not produce injected antibodies (which are foreign proteins) the antibodies rather it produces cytotoxic t-cells, body produces it's own antibodies against it, this lymphocytes, and macrophages then attacks certain results in serum sickness, a massive immune reaction pathogens and bacteria, and they will engulf or manifested by fever, arthritis etc. kakainin nila ang bacteria. Humoral Immunity uses your immunoglobulins, that is naturally present into our body. 1. Deficiency in synthesis of Ab as a result of congenital or acquired B-cell defects. 2. Susceptible person is exposed to a disease PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION that will cause immediate complications (time is the biggest issue). Like yung sinabi ko kanina, ang mother merong Hepa B o Can occur naturally via transfer of maternal and there is a higher chance that the Hepa B will antibodies across placenta to fetus transfer to the fetus. To prevent that from happening, kailangang merong Hepa B immunoglobulins. Natural ang ating passive immunization. It will be passed and transferred from the mother going to the 3. Disease is already present. fetus. o Injection with preformed antibodies Like your antitoxins, those are injections with preformed antibodies. o Effects are only temporary “What is passive immunization?” - Methods of acquisition that includes, for example natural maternal antibodies so nung GROUP N  So the recognition of your iG or immunoglobulins by itself may be lack and some of the individuals produces immunoglobulins molecules specific for passive antibodies leading the mast cells to immunization. So some are hindi narecognize ng ating body yung immunoglobulins. So if there is non recognition of your immunoglobulins, ano ang mangyayari? Kaya sometimes pag nagbibigay tayo ng immunoglobulins, our nursing responsibility prior to sdministration is skin testing because your antitoxin or anti venom are highly hypersensitive to a human being. Pero pag tetanus toxoid hindi na need ang skin testing because it will not cause hypersensitivity. o Risks are included ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION o Natural infection with microorganisms or artificial acquisition (vaccine). Just remember, pag passive immunization, those are Meaning to say nacontract ka ng specific infections pertaining to antitoxins and immunoglobulins. They are like for example measles, chicken pox. So ang vaccine only temporary immunizations, or can promote natin is part ng active immunization such as BCG and temporary immunity, preventing from contracting those hepatitis B. diseases that we have like Hepa B. You can have immunoglobulins. o Both stimulate the proliferation of T and B cells, resulting in the formation of effector and We have also your Measles and Rabies same pa rin, memory cells. immunoglobulins pa rin yung binibigay. The variation of effector and memory cells, hindi For snake bites, we have your antivenom. Yung mga nangyayari yan doon sa passive kasi walang memory venom, Ig, toxins, are part of your passive cells doon, while dito sa active immunization pag Immunization. nabigyan mo ng specific vaccine it will result in the formation of memory cells. Meron tayong dalawang klaseng anti tetanus: Anti Tetanus toxin and toxid. Binibigay yung toxin just to The formation of our memory cells is basis for temporarily stop and prevent the infection from relatively permanent effects such as your vaccination. spreading. After mabigyan ng toxin, bibigyan din ng tetanus toxoid. To have a permanent immunity against Active Immunization (through injection) are method of tetanus. Lagi nating tatandaan pagnarining nyo yung acquiring the natural infection. For example: Measles toxin, antitoxin, antivenom, immunoglobulins, those are or vaccines, your toxoids, tetanus toxoids na binibigay. part of your passive immunization that causes That is relatively permanent immunity. temporary immunity. Pag meron question doon like your toxins or antitoxins that is part of the passive. Magkaiba yung antitoxins and your toxoids, Toxoids are for active immunization, but your toxins is more on your passive immunization. o The transfer of antibodies will not trigger the Occurs when the body recognizes a foreign protein and immune system begins producing antibodies to react with that specific protein or antigen. After plasma cells are formed to o There is NO presence of memory cells produce antibodies, specific memory cells that produce the same antibodies are created. GROUP N  - via intradermal in the right outer deltoid (kailangan mag blot pag inject mo just like your skin testing) o Concept of Immunity Diptheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DPT) - Self vs. Non-self - administered after 2 months, then 4 - Antigen specificity months, then 6 months, and then 15 - Indicated by presence of effector cells months after birth - Protection from infectious diseases - via intramuscular in the right vastus using above methods lateralis (minsan pinapalit sa left kasi meron pang Hepatitis B, para hindi naman mabugbog yung right na side) Poliovirus - administered the same schedule with your DPT except for 6 months - via oral, 2 drops Rotavirus - administered 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months after birth - via oral - Vaccine comes from the Latin word for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) smallpox, vaccinia. It contains weakened or - administered 12 months (1 years old) altered protein antigens that stimulate the after birth formation of antibodies against a specific - measles are usually administered 9 disease. months after birth - Used to promote active immunity. - via subcutaneous, 45 degrees angle - Boosters (multiple inoculations) are required (mas madali mag inject via - Interference of passive maternal antibodies subcutaneous kasi no need for you to (description of the vaccines below are all from the aspirate) recording, waray ig color red para mas goods mag ❖ Completely Immunized Child basa, happy learning! xD) (CIC) - when measles Hepatitis B (including DPT, - administered 1 month after birth or poliovirus, hepatitis b, USUALLY AT BIRTH along with Vitamin and bcg) are K and BCG administered in 9 - via intramuscular in the right vastus months after birth lateralis ❖ Fully Immunized Child (FIC) - when the full MMR vaccine is BCG administered in 12 - administered at birth, an immunity months (1 years old) against Tuberculosis after birth (bali CIC - measles pala an administered within 9 mos, FIC - full mmr na an administered pagka 12 months). GROUP N  H. influenzae, Type B - Inactivated Viral/Bacterial (e.g. - administered in 2 months, 4 months, 6 Sinovac) months, and 12 months after birth o Purified Macromolecules - Polysaccharide - Toxoid - Recombinant Antigen - Recombinant- Vector o DNA o Small percentage of recipients will respond o Syntheitc Peptide poorly o Multivalent Subunit - Role of genetic determinants (like COVID-19 vaccine.There are some recipients that will respond poorly. That is more on the genetic make-up of our body.) o Herd immunity o Many common vaccines used consist of - Majority of population is immune, so inactivated or attenuated bacteria cells or viral chance of susceptible individual particles contacting infected individual is low. - (e.g. Measles epidemic transmission o Includes attenuated and inactivated vaccines from person-to-person is low) o Depends on incubation period of pathogen o Short Incubation Periods - ex. Influenza (nagpapaturok nito yearly, kasi 1 year lang yung effectiveness nito) - Symptoms already under way by the time memory cells are activated - Repeated immunizations with neutralizing antibodies o Long Incubation Periods (yung cells mo meron ng memory) - ex. Poliovirus (virus that can cause paralysis on the extremities) - Enough time to allow memory B cells to respond o Whole-Organism - Attenuated Viral/ Bacterial (e.g. Pfizer na buhay pero weak yung virus na nandyan sa vaccine) GROUP N  o Attenuation (Live) - Normally require one dosage to induce relatively permanent immunity - Primary cell-mediated in nature o Advantages stem from their capacity for - Despite reliance on cell-mediated transient growth (less side effect and adverse immunity, increased IgA response effect) - You can feel the side effects; cell mediated o Prolonged immune-system exposure (e.g. BCG na single dose lang given at birth) o Inactivation (Kill) - Requires multiple boosters o Single immunizations - Emphasis on activating humoral immunity o Replication within host cells - Humoral immunity Exception to the Rule o Sabin Polio vaccine consists of 3 attenuated strains of poliovirus o Colonization of intestine results in immunity to all 3 strains - Production of secretory IgA and induction of IgM and IgG o Result is the need for boosters - Individual strains interfere with one another o First immunization → one strain predominates in growth o Second immunization → immunity generated by previous immunization limits growth of previously predominant strain o Third immunization → same principle as second immunization GROUP N