4 Subsystems of the Earth PDF

4 subsystems of the Earth these four subsystems are called \"spheres.\" Specifically, they are the **\"lithosphere\" (land), \"hydrosphere\" (water), \"biosphere\" (living things), and \"atmosphere\" (air)**. **Atmosphere** - The atmosphere is composed of all the gases on Earth. It has a bo...

4 subsystems of the Earth these four subsystems are called \"spheres.\" Specifically, they are the **\"lithosphere\" (land), \"hydrosphere\" (water), \"biosphere\" (living things), and \"atmosphere\" (air)**. **Atmosphere** - The atmosphere is composed of all the gases on Earth. It has a boundary that separates space and Earth. - The most abundant gas is nitrogen. - Greek word atmos - It has no specific boundary but an imaginary line called the **Karman line** separates the atmosphere and outer space Atmosphere has different layers: **troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.** - **troposphere** extends to about 14.5 km above the surface of Earth. It is the **[lowest layer]** where the weather disturbances occur. - **stratosphere** is found 14.5 to 50 km above Earth's surface. The **[ozone layer]** that protects Earth from the sun's harmful UV radiation is part of this layer. - **mesosphere** extends from 50 to 85 km above Earth's surface. It [protects Earth from the impact of space debris]. The **[coldest temperatures on Earth]**, at - 90°C are found near the top of this layer. - **Hermosphere** is composed of charged particles that are blown by the Earth\'s magnetic field. These particles create the **[lights known as auroras.]** 85 to 600 km above Earth's surface. Many satellites also orbit Earth in this layer. - **exosphere** is the outermost layer. It extends to about 10 000 km above Earth's surface, though there is no clear boundary where the exosphere ends and space begin. **Geosphere** - comes from the Greek word geo which means ground - It includes all the soil, rocks, and minerals present in the crust to the core of Earth. - It is divided into three layers, namely: crust, mantle, and core. **Crust** is the outermost layer of the geosphere - two different types of crust, the oceanic and continental crusts -.The **oceanic crust** lies beneath the oceanic floors which is about 5 to 10 km thick - the thicker **continental crust** makes up the continents and is about 15 to 70 km thick. - boundary between the crust and mantle is known as the **Mohorovicic** discontinuity or Moho. This was named after the Croatian scientist, Andrija Mohorovicic - The mantle can be divided into several layers based on the mineral composition and the type of tectonic deformation. The **crust is the first layer that forms the lithosphere**, which is the outer layer of Earth. - The **asthenosphere** is the *layer that\'s below the lithosphere*, and it allows the lithospheric plates to move. The lower mantle is denser than the upper one, but it still remains solid. **Core,** which has a radius of 3 480 km, is the innermost layer of Earth - It is made up of **iron and nickel** - It is comprised of two layers, the **outer core** and the **inner core.** - These two regions are separated by a boundary called **Bullen discontinuity.** **Hydrosphere** - comes from the ***Greek word hydro which means water.*** - composed of all water on Earth in any form: ***water vapor, liquid water, and ice*** - 97.5% saltwater and 2.5% freshwater. - It includes all bodies of water such ***as oceans, lakes, rivers, and marshes.*** - ***Clouds and rain*** are also part of the hydrosphere. **Biosphere** - comes from the ***Greek word bio which means life*** - all living things. It includes all microbes, plants, and animals - It extends to the ***upper areas of the atmosphere where insects and birds can be found.*** - It also reaches the ***deep parts of the oceans where marine organisms can still survive.*** - Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment. - They form communities called biomes. Biomes exist all over the world. - Examples of **biomes** include **[deserts, tropical rainforests, swamps, or coral reefs.]** **Summary** - There are four primary subsystems of Earth: atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. ○ - The atmosphereis made up of various gaseous elements. - The geosphere is composed of all the soil, rocks, and minerals from the surface of Earth up to its interior. - The hydrosphereincludes all form of water bodies on Earth. - The biosphereincludes all living things on Earth. Eagle - **Biosphere** Oxygen gas -- Atmosphere Pasig River - Hydrosphere Mayon Volcano - Geosphere Mango - Geosphere Laguna de Bay - Hydrosphere Neon lights - Atmosphere Batanes Islands - Geosphere Bacteria - Biosphere Aurora borealis - Atmosphere