Campbell Biology Third Canadian Edition Chapter 4 PDF

Campbell Biology Third Canadian Edition Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4-1 Key Concepts Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms A few chemical groups are key...

Campbell Biology Third Canadian Edition Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4-1 Key Concepts Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms A few chemical groups are key to molecular function Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4-2 Overview: Carbon: The Backbone of Life Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds Carbon is able to form large, complex, and diverse molecules Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates in living matter are all composed of carbon compounds Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4-3 Concept 4.1: Organic Chemistry is the study of Carbon Compounds Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones Most contain hydrogen in addition to carbon Figure 4.1 What properties make carbon the basis of all life? Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4-4 Organic Chemistry Vitalism was the belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws. It was thought that organic compounds could only be produced in organisms Disproved when chemists synthesized organic compounds in the lab Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4-5 Organic Molecules and the Origin of Life on Earth (1 of 2) Stanley Miller’s classic experiment demonstrated abiotic synthesis of organic compounds Support idea that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds could have arisen in early Earth conditions Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4-6 Inquiry: Stanley Miller’s Experiment Can organic molecules form under conditions believed to simulate those on the early Earth? Figure 4.2 Inquiry Can organic molecules form under conditions estimated to simulate those on the early Earth? Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4-7 Organic Molecules and the Origin of Life on Earth (2 of 2) Pioneers of organic chemistry helped shift the mainstream of biological thought from vitalism to mechanism Mechanism is the view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4-8 Concept 4.2: Carbon Atoms form Diverse Molecules by Bonding to four Other Atoms Electron configuration is the key to an atom’s characteristics Electron configuration determines kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4-9 The Formation of Bonds with Carbon (1 of 3) Carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms Makes large, complex molecules possible Carbon single bonded to four other atoms has a tetrahedral shape When two carbon atoms joined by a double bond, atoms bonded to carbons are in the same plane Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 10 The Shapes of Three Simple Organic Molecules Figure 4.3 The shapes of three simple organic molecules. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 11 The Formation of Bonds With Carbon (2 of 3) The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements The valences of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are the “building code” of living molecules Figure 4.4 Valences of the major elements of organic molecules. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 12 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life (1 of 4) THINK-PAIR-SHARE How many electron pairs do hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and carbon need share in order to complete their valence shell? Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 13 The Formation of Bonds With Carbon (3 of 3) Carbon atoms can partner with atoms other than hydrogen; for example: – Carbon dioxide: CO2 O = C = O – Urea: CO(NH2)2 UnFigure 4.1 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 14 Molecular Diversity Arising from Variation in Carbon Skeletons Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules Figure 4.5 Four ways that carbon skeletons can vary. Carbon chains vary in length and shape Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 15 Molecular Diversity Arising from Carbon Skeleton Variation Animation: Carbon Skeletons Right-click slide/select “Play” Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 16 Hydrocarbons Figure 4.6b The role of hydrocarbons in fats. Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon components Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 17 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life (2 of 4) THINK-PAIR-SHARE Why do hydrocarbons release more energy than a sugar molecule? Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 18 Mammalian adipose cells Figure 4.6a The role of hydrocarbons in fats. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 19 Isomers (1 of 4) Figure 4.7 Three types of isomers, compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties – Structural isomers have different covalent arrangements – Cis-trans isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements – Enantiomers are mirror images of each other Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 20 Isomers (2 of 4) Animation: Isomers Right-click slide / select “Play” Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 21 Isomers (3 of 4) Enantiomers are important in pharmaceutical industry Two enantiomers of a drug may have different effects Usually only one isomer is biologically active This demonstrates that organisms are sensitive to subtle variations in molecules Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 22 Isomers (4 of 4) Animation: L-Dopa Right-click slide / select “Play” Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 23 The Pharmacological Importance of Enantiomers Figure 4.8 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 24 Figure 4.9 Thalidomide Thalidomide was used in the 1950-1960s as a sedative and to treat morning sickness in pregnant women. (S)-enantiomer of Thalidomide resulted in birth defects Figure 4.9 Thalidomide. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 25 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life (3 of 4) THINK-PAIR-SHARE Why do you think two enantiomers of a drug usually have different effects in the body? Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 26 Concept 4.3: A Few Chemical Groups are Key to Molecular Function Distinctive properties of organic molecules depend on – the carbon skeleton, and – the molecular components attached to it Characteristic groups can replace hydrogens attached to skeletons of organic molecules Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 27 The Chemical Groups Most Important in the Processes of Life (1 of 2) Functional groups are components of organic molecules involved in chemical reactions The number and arrangement of functional groups give molecules unique properties UnFigure 4.2 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 28 The Chemical Groups Most Important in the Processes of Life (2 of 2) Seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life: – Hydroxyl group – Carbonyl group – Carboxyl group – Amino group – Sulfhydryl group – Phosphate group – Methyl group Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 29 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups: Hydroxyl Figure 4.10 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 30 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups: Carbonyl Figure 4.10 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 31 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups: Carboxyl Figure 4.10 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 32 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups: Amino Figure 4.10 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 33 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups: Sulfhydryl Figure 4.10 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 34 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups: Phosphate Figure 4.10 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 35 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups: Methyl Figure 4.10 Some Biologically Important Chemical Groups Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 36 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life (4 of 4) THINK-PAIR-SHARE Name the functional groups in this molecule UnFigure 4.6 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 37 ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes (1 of 2) One phosphate molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups ATP stores potential energy that can be released in a reaction with water, and be used by the cell UnFigure 4.3 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 38 ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes (2 of 2) Reaction releases energy is used by a cell UnFigure 4.4 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 39 The Chemical Elements of Life: A Review The versatility of carbon makes possible the great diversity of organic molecules Variation at the molecular level lies at the foundation of all biological diversity Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada, Inc. 4 - 40