SHS_LIT 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World - 1st Quarter

SHS_LIT 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World First Term - 1st Quarter Prepared by: Angelique Desirielle V. Lascano and Andrix...

SHS_LIT 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World First Term - 1st Quarter Prepared by: Angelique Desirielle V. Lascano and Andrix Jesha Santos Pointers to Review: ➔ Appeals to heart and mind of almost Lesson 1: Introduction to Literature any reader Lesson 2: Divisions of Literature: Exploring ➔ Cross gender, racial, and cultural the Structures of Poetry, Prose, and Drama 2. Permanence Lesson 3: 21st Century Themes ➔ Written work’s ability to stand the test of time Lesson 4: “Why Literature?” by Mario ➔ Makes it impossible to determine at Vargas-Llosa the moment of writing Lesson 5: Literary Approaches ➔ Continue to be read over and over again 3. Artistry LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE ➔ Hidden truth and beauty ➔ Aesthetically appealing; feels poetic What is Literature? ➔ Word choice and organization ➔ It is derived from the Latin word littera, 4. Suggestiveness which means ‘a letter of the alphabet’. ➔ Allows the work to inspire and ➔ Collection of imaginative works provoke thoughts and understanding ➔ human experiences that tells the story of beyond the actual words individuals totality of human expression ➔ Reading between lines ➔ Not all written or spoken texts can be ➔ Subtly of literature considered as literature 5. Intellectual value ➔ Promotes critical thinking that Literary Standards enhances abstract and reason based thought processes ➔ According to William J. Long ➔ Makes reader focus on the ◆ for a text to be considered as fundamental truths of life literature, it must meet the following ➔ Challenges beliefs literary standards (UPASISS) 6. Spiritual Value ➔ Lifts inner spirit and soul 7 Literary Standards ➔ Has the power to motivate and 1. Universality inspire readers ➔ Lessons and moral codes of society ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF MR. JOHN ABHRAM P. GOJO CRUZ, LPT, BEEd. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  most often need to be dug out with effort by the reader 7. Style ➔ Distinct way the author expresses his Types of Poetry or her thoughts ➔ Words can be unique, creative, and Lyric Poetry entertaining ➔ Originally sung or recited with a musical 2 Main Functions of Literature instrument called lyre. ◆ Elegy - a reflective poem to honor 1. Dulce the dead. ➔ “Sweetness”, to bring entertainment ◆ Sonnet - a descriptive fourteen-line 2. Utile poem with a specific rhyme scheme ➔ “Usefulness”, to give information ◆ Ode - an elevated poem that pays tribute to a person, idea, place, or another concept. LESSON 2: DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE: EXPLORING ◆ Haiku - a seventeen-line syllable THE STRUCTURES OF POETRY, PROSE, AND poem that uses natural imagery to DRAMA express emotion Narrative Poetry Types of Literature ➔ Used to tell a story by improvising oral Oral Literature chants; relying on heavy alliterative and ➔ It is the type of literature that is expressed assonantal techniques. and passed down through word of mouth. ◆ Ballad - narrative poetry set to music Written Literature ◆ Metrical Tale - topics vary from ➔ It is the type of literature that is formed romance, adventure, love, and through writing and publishing. different phases of life ◆ Epic - a lengthy poem that tells a Genres of Literature story of heroic adventures ◆ Metrical Romance - centers on love 1. Poetry and romance and is also called as a. Uses metrical language with rhythm chivalric poems and rhyme, creating word pictures for readers. 2. Fictional Prose b. Employs creative wordplay using a. The product of the writer’s figurative language, imagery, and imagination and does not use symbols to send its messages and metrical language. meaning, which are obscure and ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF MR. JOHN ABHRAM P. GOJO CRUZ, LPT, BEEd. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  b. The meaning of fictional works can ◆ Food Writing stretch from obscure and difficult to ◆ Nature Writing clear and direct. ➔ Diaries and Journals Other Types Types of Fictional Prose ➔ Literary Reportage/Literary Journalism ➔ Essays (Descriptive and Reflection, etc.) Short Story ➔ Marked by relative shortness and density. Emerging Forms of Literature ➔ The plot may be comic, tragic, romantic, or ➔ Blogs and Facebook Status Posts satiric; may be written in the mode of fantasy, realism, or naturalism. 4. Drama a. Combines the elements of prose and Novel poetry into plays that are intended to ➔ An extended work of prose fiction. be performed on stage. ➔ Denotes a prose narrative about characters b. Has monologues and dialogues by and their actions in everyday life characters c. It features hidden meanings and 3. Nonfictional Prose messages that takes some effort to a. Communicates facts or opinions decipher about reality that are written in non metrical language. Types of Drama b. Meanings are straightforward Comedy Types of Nonfictional Prose ➔ Serious topics addressed in a humorous way. Farce Biographical Narratives ➔ Exaggerated humor and slapstick gags. ➔ A nonfiction account of life. Melodrama ➔ The description of a person is through the ➔ Exaggerated characters and exciting events. eyes of the writer. Tragicomedy ➔ Profile ➔ Tragically flawed characters whose actions ➔ Character Sketch don’t result in death; neither a happy nor a ➔ Interview comic ending. Musical Autobiographical Narratives ➔ The characters sing and dance while ➔ An author telling his or her own life story. performing. ➔ Memoir of creative Nonfiction ◆ Travel Writing ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF MR. JOHN ABHRAM P. GOJO CRUZ, LPT, BEEd. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  21st Century Themes (9) LESSON 3: 21ST CENTURY THEMES 1. Identity 21st Century Society a. Life’s meaning and meaningless b. Search and redefining one’s Identity 1. High-tech Knowledge Age c. E.g, Heartstopper by Alice Oseman a. Death of print 2. History and Memory b. Emergence of artificial intelligence a. History is filtered through human 2. Rapid Population Explosion and Hunger experience and perspective a. PH population more than 113.9M in b. Concept of nostalgia 2021 c. Events recorded in history 3. Terrorism and Extremism 3. Social Evils a. Extremism - rejects democracy as a a. Reflects a frank awareness of societal means of governance; rejects the ills and man's capacity for cruelty existing social order b. War, terrorism, racism, religious b. Terrorism - use of violence to conflicts intimidate, often for ideological or c. E.g., The Kite Runner by Khaled political purposes Hosseini 4. Climate crisis 4. Catastrophe a. from our own actions as a society a. Natural and man-made 5. Mercurial politics, polarization, and wars b. E.g., The Haiyan Dead by Merlie a. Mercurial - subject to sudden or Alunan unpredictable changes of mood or 5. Merits and/or Perils of Technology mind a. 21st century works that explores b. Politics - activities influencing the humanity’s experiences when filtered action of the government. through technology c. Polarization - a society is politically b. Technology is more integrated in divided into two distinct blocks people’s life than before 6. LGBTQIA+ societies c. E.g., Black Mirror by Charlie Brooker a. the community has come a long way 6. Personalization of Narratives 7. Commercialism a. Rise of creative nonfiction a. ‘McDonaldization’ b. Use of personal pronouns b. refers to the increasing presence of c. No longer an anonymous, the fast food business third-person narrator 8. Extreme Individuality d. E.g., Dress Your Family in Corduroy a. We only care about ourselves, our and Denim by David Sedaris state, our situation 7. Fracturing ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF MR. JOHN ABHRAM P. GOJO CRUZ, LPT, BEEd. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  a. Retelling from another angle or story ◆ Literature is deemed something you b. E.g., Maleficent by Disney, Another do if you are not too busy with other Day by David Levithan things. 8. Effects of Commercialism a. Maximization of profit “Literature has become more and more a female b. Root is commerce activity” c. Practices and attitudes concerned ➔ According to Llosa and his research, "The with making profit at the expense of survey also revealed that in the minority that quality does read, the number of women who d. E.g., Confessions of a Shopaholic by admitted to reading surpasses the number of Sophie Kinsella men by 6.2 percent, a difference that 9. Diaspora and Migration appears to be increasing..." a. Moving from one place to another in order to live and work “Millions of human beings who could read but have b. Dispersion of people form their decided not to read” original homeland ➔ According to Llosa, those who do not read c. E.g., i-Witness by GMA News and earn his pity as they are unaware of the Public Affairs pleasure they are missing and because a society without literature is a society condemned to be spiritually barbaric. LESSON 4: WHY LITERATURE? BY MARIO VARGAS LLOSA Difference in the function of literature from science Mario Vargas Llosa and technology? ➔ born on March 28, 1936, in Arequipa, Peru. ➔ Spanish and Peruvian writer Science and Technology ➔ an unsuccessful candidate for President of ➔ It has its advantages but it does not allow Peru in 1990 people to co-exist and feel a sense of ➔ awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature solidarity. ◆ Solipsism - self-centered Causes of the decrease in the number of people Literature who read (According to Llosa’s observations) ➔ Common denominator of human experience ➔ Everyone can resonate with each other “Literature is a dispensable activity” regardless of their personal circumstances. ➔ This means that you can go on your day ➔ Protection against stupidity of relevant social without reading. issues ➔ The feeling of belongingness ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF MR. JOHN ABHRAM P. GOJO CRUZ, LPT, BEEd. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  ➔ An escape from reality 5. Break from mundane life a. “One seeks sanctuary in literature so as not to be unhappy.” 6. Rebelling from mediocrity a. “Literature is the food of the Benefits of reading literature? rebellious spirit.” b. “The promulgator of 1. Level of language and communication non-conformities.” a. “A humanity without reading c. “The refuge for those who have too untouched by literature would much or too little in life.” resemble a community of deaf-mutes d. “A challenge to what exists.” and aphasies.” b. “To speak well, to have a rich and 7. Immortality diverse language at one's disposal.” a. We become citizens of a timeless c. “To be able to find the appropriate land, and in this way immortal. expression for every idea and every emotion that one wants to 8. Understanding human realities communicate.” a. The truth it reveals is not always flattering 2. Intellect and Imagination b. The worst is the discovery that this a. “It also represents a limitation in violence and this excess are not intellect and imagination.” foreign to us, that they are a b. “It is a poverty of thought.” profound part of humanity. 3. Refinement of Actions 9. Freedom a. “Thanks to literature, language a. Gives the readers knowledge and evolved and reached high levels of opens their eyes refinement and manners.” b. A free and democratic society must b. “Words reverberate in all our have responsible and critical citizen actions,” c. No better means of forming critical and independent citizens who will 4. Eroticism would not exist. not be manipulated a. “Love and pleasure would be poorer.” Why does Llosa regard readers of literature as b. “In an illiterate world, love and desire “free”? would be no different from what “Good literature makes people unhappy, dissatisfied, satisfies animals.” and angry but free.” ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF MR. JOHN ABHRAM P. GOJO CRUZ, LPT, BEEd. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  works could be summarized or LESSON 5: LITERARY APPROACHES paraphrased in your own words ➔ Close Reading -(from Bressler) – “a close Critical approaches and detailed analysis of the text itself to ➔ A way of reading literature arrive at an interpretation without ➔ Different perspectives we consider referring to historical, authorial, or ➔ What, why, how do we read? cultural concerns” ➔ Defamiliarization - literary language, Literary Theory estranged the reader from the familiar ➔ Also called critical theory ➔ Body of ideas and method 2. Structuralism a. Developed in France between ➔ Tools by which one attempts to understand 1950-1960 literature b. coined by Ferdinand de Saussure ➔ Internal analysis c. Looking for patterns d. Description and perception of Literary Criticism structure ➔ Informed, written analysis and evaluation of a e. More concerned with how meaning work of literature is created ➔ Based on literary theory ➔ Method used to interpret literature 3. Deconstruction a. by Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) b. Poststructuralism 1. Formalism/New Criticism c. Reading strategy more than a a. Literature text exists independently philosophy b. Literary devices d. Conflicts between meanings c. We ignore the author’s biography d. Text has a fixed meaning KEY TERMS e. Organic unity - a text is unified in all ➔ Transcendental signified - no ultimate reality aspects or end f. Semantic Tensions - between the ➔ Logocentric - words and language are our literal and figurative meanings fundamental expression on external reality ➔ Binary opposition - dichotomy; evaluative Key Terms hierarchy; non-dominant terms ➔ Intentional Fallacy - equating the meaning with the author’s intentions 4. MARXISM ➔ Affective Fallacy - confusing the a. Proponents: Karl Marx and Friedrich meaning of a text with how it makes Engels the reader feel b. The basis of power in society should ➔ Heresy of Paraphrase - assuming that be based in the hands of those who ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF MR. JOHN ABHRAM P. GOJO CRUZ, LPT, BEEd. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  operate them. ➔ Patriarchy – any society in which men hold c. Power in the laborers all or most of the power d. Classless society ➔ Traditional Gender Roles – define men as e. Literature can instigate revolution naturally rational, strong, protective, and decisive hile women are defined as BASIC CONCEPTS emotional , weak, and submissive; ➔ Classism - the belief that our value as ➔ The Objectification of Women – women are human beings is directly related to class to not viewed as independent human beings; they are valued only in terms of their which we belong usefulness to patriarchal men ➔ Capitalism - a system in which everything ➔ Sexism – the belief that women are innately, can be defined in terms of its worth in or by nature, inferior to men money ➔ The “Cult of ‘True Womanhood’” – a ➔ Competition - competition among Victorian belief that idealized what it called individuals most intelligent people will rise ‘true woman’; fulfilled her patriarchal gender to the top role, and was defined as fragile, submissive, ➔ Commodification – relating things and and sexually pure people in terms of how much money it is 6. POSTCOLONIALISM worth and what social status it gives to the ➔ emerged in an attempt to understand owner of that object people from different culture ➔ Rugged Individualism – putting self-interest ➔ ➔ word postcolonial refers to the above the needs of the community experience of conquered peoples ➔ The Role of Religion – observes that religion ➔ ➔ Postcolonial literature - refers to literary too often plays a role in oppressing the poor, works written both by colonized or formerly colonized 5. FEMINISM KEY TERMS a. Examine the ways in which our personal identity is formed by our culture’s definition of what it means 1. Colonialist Ideologies - colonizer’s belief in to be a man and a woman. their own superiority over the colonized b. Whatever its origin, this situation of 2. Othering - judging the inferior as less human gender inequality is sustained by 3. Subaltern - those who occupy the bottom of culture. the social ladder c. concerned with the role, position, 4. The Colonial Subjects - subalterns who and influence of women in a literary believe that those who do not belong to the text. “dominant culture” are inferior d. Classless society 5. Mimicry - imitation by a subaltern of the e. Literature can instigate revolution behaviors of the dominant culture 6. Unhomeliness - no stable cultural identity 7. Hybridity - blending of cultures that results BASIC CONCEPTS in new identities ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF MR. JOHN ABHRAM P. GOJO CRUZ, LPT, BEEd. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.  8. Ambivalence - mixed feelings or attitudes reason for the decline in towards the colonizer and their culture reading? 9. Anticolonialist Resistance - to rid one’s land of colonial domination; armed rebellion or non-violent resistance ANSWER SHEET 10. Psychological Resistance - no longer have access to their own cultural past; 1. C anti-colonialism resistance stops on the 2. F psychological level 3. D 4. A QUIZ 5. B QUESTIONS CHOICES 1. What type of drama A. Diaspora and Migration Noted by: includes exaggerated humor and slapstick B. Literature is a dispensable comedy? activity LUCY MAE ALVAREZ C. Farce President 2. What literary standard UST-SHS HUMSS Society permits a work to inspire D. Fictional Prose and provoke insights and understanding beyond E. Literature is for the children MYLES ALFONSO the literal meaning of the only Executive Associate to the President words? F. Suggestiveness UST-SHS HUMSS Society 3. What genre of literature arises from the writer's imagination and does not MARY ALLYSSA NON use structured metrical Director, Academics Committee language? UST-SHS HUMSS Society 4. What 21st-century theme involves relocating from ARIANNA MONTES one place to another for Co-Director, Academics Committee the purpose of living and working? UST-SHS HUMSS Society 5. According to Llosa's observations, what is one ALL CONTENTS FROM THIS REVIEWER ARE SOURCED FROM THE LECTURES OF MR. JOHN ABHRAM P. GOJO CRUZ, LPT, BEEd. THIS REVIEWER IS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND NOT A LECTURE EQUIVALENT.