Dental X-Rays: Film Processing & Errors PDF

Group 4 Assignment of Science Complementary to Dentistry 2  Group 4 members and reference numbers NIYIBIZI JIMMY: 222000497 UMURERWA DIVINE: 222000869 NSHYIZIRUNGU MARTIN: 222016133 MUSHIMIYIMANA DIEUDONNE: 222000400 MUKESHIMANA Yvette: 222005512 ...

Group 4 Assignment of Science Complementary to Dentistry 2  Group 4 members and reference numbers NIYIBIZI JIMMY: 222000497 UMURERWA DIVINE: 222000869 NSHYIZIRUNGU MARTIN: 222016133 MUSHIMIYIMANA DIEUDONNE: 222000400 MUKESHIMANA Yvette: 222005512  Our tasks Review film processing techniques and common errors. Discuss the frequency of dental X-rays, special considerations for pediatric patients, and specific uses such as orthodontic X-rays. Highlight advancements in dental X-ray technology, conclude the presentation with a recap, and open the floor for questions  Film Processing The film processing techniques are the following or series of steps that changes the latent image the exposed film into a radiograph by producing a visible image on the film. 1. Developing: done using a developing solution. Hydroquinone or phenidone is used to reduce more silver ions into silver atoms while the developer solution itself is oxidised. 2. Fixing: done using a fixing solution. Sodium thiosulfate or ammonium thiosulfate is used as fixing agent. The purpose is to remove the remaining unreacted silver halide crystals. 3. Washing: thoroughly remove all excess chemicals rom the emulsion. 4. Drying: films must be completely dried before handling or mounting and viewing.  Common Film processing errors The dentist must be able to recognize the appearance of the common processing errors and what to do to prevent such problems. The errors occurs for many reasons, including: Time and temperature errors Chemical contamination errors Film handling errors Lighting errors  Examples of those errors 1. Incorrect exposure: overexposure can lead to dense, dark negatives whole underexposure resulting in thin, light negatives. 2. Temperature issues: the temperature of the developer and fixer can significantly affect the results. If the temperature is too high, the image can be overdeveloped and too low can result in under expected. 3. Improper fixing: incomplete fixing can cause the Image to fade over time. 4. Washing issues: insufficient washing can leave chemical residue on the film, causing stains or fog 5. Incorrect development: over-developing can lead image being too dark,the under-developing lead the image being too light. 6. Chemical contamination: mixing chemicals or using contaminated solution can ruin the film Frequencies of Dental X-rays  Varies based on patient’s oral health, age, and risk factors  Adults with no issues: X-rays every 2-3 years  High-risk adults (e.g., periodontal disease): Annually or as needed  Children: More frequent due to developing teeth; typically every 1-2 years Frequency determining factors are:  Oral hygiene, decay history, age, risk of gum disease.  Symptoms like pain or visible dental issues.  Pediatric Dental X-rays Pediatric dental X-rays are radiographic images used by dentists to diagnose and monitor oral health in children. Types: Bitewing X-rays, Periapical X-rays, Panoramic X-rays, Occlusal X-rays, and Cephalometric X –rays Detection of decay, missing, or extra teeth early on Lower Radiation Exposure: ALARA Principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable), Use of lead aprons and thyroid collars to minimize exposure, Digital X-rays often preferred for their lower radiation.  Special consideration for pediatric patients Pediatric patients often need X-rays more frequently than adults because their teeth and jaws are still developing. The ADA suggests that children should have their first dental X-ray when they are around 1 year old if they have an increased risk of cavities. Need for frequent monitoring due to tooth and jaw development Detection of decay, missing, or extra teeth early on Lower Radiation Exposure: ALARA Principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable), Use of lead aprons and thyroid collars to minimize exposure, Digital X-rays often preferred for their lower radiation.  Exploring normal anatomical appearance on dental X-ray Health teeth appears solid white due to their dense enamel on X-ray. Jawbone shows a smooth white area with spaces (sockets) for teeth. Soft tissues and gums appear gray, while air spaces in the sinuses are dark.  Detecting abnormalities on X-rays Cavities or dental caries: on x-rays they appear as dark or shadowed areas within the enamel or dentin of the tooth. Abscesses or infections: The collection of pus (abscesses) appear as dark spot at the tip of the tooth’s root, in the surrounding bone. Tooth and tooth fracture: appear as dark, thin lines running across the white image of the tooth or root. Impacted tooth: appear as white masses beneath the gum line, surrounded by bone.  Cysts or tumor: They appear as dark, rounded areas in the jawbone. Calculus or Tartar build up: appear as small, white, radiopaque areas near the gum line.  Orthodontic X-rays Panoramic Radiographs: These provide a broad view of the jaws, teeth, sinuses, and nasal area which is essential for assessing tooth positioning and jaw relationships. Cephalometric Radiographs: These are lateral views that help orthodontists analyze skeletal relationships and plan treatment accordingly. Orthodontic X-rays is very important in treatment planning because the  Accurate imaging helps orthodontists determine the best course of action for alignment issues or other malocclusions.  It also aids in predicting future growth patterns which can influence treatment decisions.  Advances in dental X-ray technology These are most notable innovations currently shaping the future of dental imaging: 1. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT): A dental CBCT captures three dimensional views of the dental structures and other structures while CT scans they provide two dimensional images. 2. Intraoral cameras: are equipped with high resolution cameras and LED lighting to illuminate the oral cavity, capturing detailed images, videos of teeth and gums.  3. Digital Volume Tomography (DVT): one of the dental imaging machine that provides exceptionally high-resolution three-dimensional images, analysis of the oral and maxillofacial regions. Its enhanced resolution is what distinguishes it from CBCT. Other coming technologies in dental X-ray imaging includes Artificial intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, and 3D printing and scanning. Revolution in Dental X-ray technology is giving us a better hope for future dental care where all people will have access to oral health services.  References HBC editors. (February 27th, 2024). Revolutionizing Dentistry:Advances in Dental Imaging Technologies: Revolutionizing Dentistry: Advances In Dental Imaging Te chnologies | Healthcare Business Club American Dental Association (ADA). "Dental X-Rays: Frequency and Safety Considerations." ADA, 2022. Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). "X-rays in Pediatric Dentistry: Risks and Benefits." RSNA, 2021.  https://www.ada.org/resources/ada-library/oral-health- topics/x-rays-radiographs https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/11199- dental-x-rays