Aging Basics PDF

Aging Basics Dr. Oliver BISCHOF, DR-CNRS, UPEC, INSERM U.955 Purpose: To Provide A Glossary of Terms for: Aging, organismal senescence, and biomarkers Age-related diseases Geriatrics Gerontology Geroscience Bio-gerontology Geroprotection Longevity,...

Aging Basics Dr. Oliver BISCHOF, DR-CNRS, UPEC, INSERM U.955 Purpose: To Provide A Glossary of Terms for: Aging, organismal senescence, and biomarkers Age-related diseases Geriatrics Gerontology Geroscience Bio-gerontology Geroprotection Longevity, life expectancy Life-span, maximum lifespan, healthspan Disability, frailty, comorbidity Reproduction  Glossary of Terms Aging--Organismal Senescence: A decrease in “viability and an increase in vulnerability” and “an increasing probability of death with increasing chronological age”(Comfort, 1979). Any time-dependent progressive changes occurring during an organism’s life course lead to a decline in the ability to maintain biochemical and physiological function, an intrinsic age-related process of loss of viability, and an increase in vulnerability. Present-day experts consider that “aging” is an umbrella term that actually refers to specific cellular phenomena, the “nine Hallmarks of Aging” (López- Otín et al. 2013). Aging encompasses good (wisdom), bad (cancer), and indifferent changes (hair greying) in terms of their effect on viability & survival.  Chronological age: It is the amount of time that has passed in years, months, days, etc., from your birth to the given date. It is a primary risk factor for chronic diseases, mortality, and any impairments to bodily functions, such as hearing and memory. Biological age: Aging occurs as you gradually accumulate damage to various cells and tissues in the body. Biological age differs from chronological age because it considers several factors other than the day you were born, including chronological age, genetics, lifestyle, nutrition, diseases, and other conditions. While chronological age is a factor, you may not end up having the same biological age as your chronological age.  Aging Biomarkers: The American Federation for Aging Research (AFAR) recommends the following criteria for biomarkers of aging: 1) It must predict a person’s physiological, cognitive, and physical function in an age-related way, independently of chronological age. 2) It must be testable and not harmful to test subjects (for example, a blood test or an imaging technique); it must also be technically straightforward. It must be accurate and reproducible without specialized equipment or techniques. 3) It should work in laboratory animals and humans since preliminary testing is always done in nonhuman subjects.  Disease: Refers to a definable devia2on from a normal phenotype (observable characteris2cs due to genome and environment), evident via pa2ent complaints (symptoms), and/or the measurements of a careful observer (signs). A disease is a dysfunc2onal biological state. The direct cause(s)/risk factor(s) of the disease is/are referred to as its e&ology (from the Greek word meaning the study of cause) (adapted from hDp://www.differencebetween.net) Pathology: From the Greek word “pathologı á ”, meaning the study of suffering, refers to the specialty of medical science concerned with detailing the progression of the disease beginning with how the risk factors trigger the disease up to its complete manifesta2on (hDp://www.differencebetween.net)  Health span: The part of a person’s life during which they are generally in good health. (Maximum) Life span: The (maximum)