Medicinal Plants (PHG 101) Lecture Notes PDF

Medicinal Plants (PHG 101) By Dr. Manal M Sabry, Assoc. Professor  Lecture 8 Chemistry of The plant Primary Plants Metabolites Secondary Plants Metabolites Learning outcomes (LOs) ❖ Differentiate between various chemical classes derived from plants as a natural p...

Medicinal Plants (PHG 101) By Dr. Manal M Sabry, Assoc. Professor  Lecture 8 Chemistry of The plant Primary Plants Metabolites Secondary Plants Metabolites Learning outcomes (LOs) ❖ Differentiate between various chemical classes derived from plants as a natural product.  Plant metabolites Metabolism Group of chemical reactions regulated by enzymes occur in living organisms to provide them with energy and building blocks of their tissues. 3  What are Plants Metabolites? Metabolites are the intermediates & products of metabolism in plants. Primary Secondary metabolites metabolites Directly involved in Not directly involved the normal growth in the normal growth  Primary Plants Metabolites They are found in all plants of nutritional value essential for growth, development and reproduction of the plant. Such as sugars, fats, proteins and nucleotides. Some of the very important molecules of life are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids.  Sugar units are building blocks for carbohydrates  Amino acids are building blocks for proteins  Glyceryl fatty acids (triacyl glycerol) are building blocks for fats  Nucleic acids are building blocks for nucleotides and DNA 1- Carbohydrates: Containing C, H and O like aldehydes, ketones, alcohols. Simple sugars: glucose, fructose Polysaccharides: starch, gums, mucilage, pectins. Gums - Natural Hydrocolloid complex of Polysaccharides or salts of polysaccharides (Ca++ or Mg++) used as protective agent after plant injury e.g. Gum Acacia Mucilage Polysaccharides complexes insoluble in alcohol, forming a colloidal solution with water classified into: Pectose type – stained red with Ruthenium red, e.g., senna, henna Callose type – stained red with Corallin soda, e.g., squill Neutral type – stained blue with Methylene blue, e.g., Fenugreek  C-Pectin Obtained from the inner portion of the rind of citrus fruit by dilute acid extraction used as: - Suspending agent - Ingredient in many anti-diarrheal formulas Secondary Plants Metabolites Secondary metabolites have a limited distribution in nature. They are found in only specific organisms like plants. They are not produced under all conditions The function of these compounds and their benefit to the organism is not yet known. they represent the Pharmacologically active Natural Products  Functions in Plants ✓ Waste products of metabolism. ✓ Energy producers in case of deficiency from CO2 assimilation. ✓ Protectives against insects (insect repellents), fungi and herbivores. ✓ e.g. capsicum fruit protects itself against animals by secreting capsaicin (pungent in taste) ✓ Attracting insects (Pollinators).  1- Glycosides Non-sugar part sugar part (glycone) (aglycone)  Revision 1. Example of semisynthetic drugs…….. a. Sex hormones c. atropine b. senna d. all of the above 2. The storage place for medicinal plants should be ……………….. ……………………… and ……………………………… 3. ………………….………. is any substance that provide health value (Prevention and protection) in addition to its nutritive value. 4. Beeswax is an example of …………………….. drugs. Correct the following statements (change the underlined words only) 1. The genus name should be written in regular format and small letter. 2. Carrot is an example of fusiform root. 3. Acetone is used for stabilization of plants. Match A. study of the function of cells, tissues and organs 1. Histology B. Study of form (external 2. Cytology aspect) C. study of the cells’ structure 3. Morphology D. Study of tissues’ structure 4. Physiology According to their position: Terminal buds (apical): present at the apex of stem & lateral branches & responsible for elongation of the plant. Lateral buds (axial): found at the internodes on the axils of leaves.  MENTION 2 TYPES OF BRANCHING IN PLANTS The monopodial The sympodial (racemose or indefinite (cymose or definite branching) branching) the main axis stops growing, because the main axis continues growing, the apical bud is destroyed or giving off lateral branches which developed into a flower do not exceed it in length.  Who am I? I am a type of medicine used instead of conventional medicine. I am a type of leaves doing the function of photosynthesis. I am an alkaloid present in Atropa belladonna. I am a type of phyllotaxis where more than 2 leaves are arising at one node. 23 Match Organs Functions 1- Foliage leaf A- protects buds 2-Root B- carry leaves and flowers 3- Scaly leaf C- Photosynthesis 4-stem D- absorbs water and minerals Answers 1-C 2-D 3-A 4-B 24 Match Tissue Functions 1- Stomata A- Photosynthesis 2- Collenchyma B- gas exchange and transpiration 3- Xylem C-mechanical support 4- Palisade D- transports dissolved sugars from leaves to rest of the plant 5- Phloem E- Conducts water and minerals Answers 1-B 2-C 3-E 4-A 5-D 25 Compare between aerial stem, subterranean stem and root Aerial Stem Subt. stem Root foliage leaves Scaly leaves Buds Reserved food materials Types of rootlets 26  Epidermis is covered by ………….cuticle. The type of stomata is ………….. Match A 1. Osteole B 2. Epidermal cells C 3. Guard cells D 4. Subsidary cells