Animal Origins and Diversity PDF

Animal Origins and Diversity Eukaryotes One domains: Eukarya Characteristics of Eukaryotes: Single or Multicellular organisms Have a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles “eu” = true “karyote” = nucleus 5 DNA sequencing reveals 24 Eukaryotic Kingdoms Plants DNA sequencing Animal...

Animal Origins and Diversity Eukaryotes One domains: Eukarya Characteristics of Eukaryotes: Single or Multicellular organisms Have a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles “eu” = true “karyote” = nucleus 5 DNA sequencing reveals 24 Eukaryotic Kingdoms Plants DNA sequencing Animals Plant, Animal, Fungi Kingdoms confirmed Former Protist Kingdoms split into 21 new Kingdoms Fungi Animals, Plants, and Fungi are more closely related to Protists Kingdoms than to each other 6 Features of Animals No cell walls Heterotrophic Multicellular with specialized tissues Blastula in early embryo Some animals have anatomical symmetry Animal Cells Membrane Bound Nucleus Mitochondria No cell walls Multicellularity in Animals Allows cells to have specialized functions and form tissues https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjTdbWblhxw Common Animal Tissues Embryonic Development in Animals Blastula: hollow ball of cells that form very early in embryonic development Embryonic Layers: Endoderm, Mesoderm (Sometimes), and Ectoderm Diploblastic: embryo has endoderm and ectoderm Embryonic Development in Animals Blastula: hollow ball of cells that form very early in embryonic development Embryonic Layers: Endoderm, Mesoderm (Sometimes), and Ectoderm Triploblastic: embryo has endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zpV5rzWXMA Key Events in Animal Evolution Multicellularity, simple tissues, and embryonic cell movement Multiple complex tissues Radial vs Bilateral Symmetry Key Events in Animal Evolution Multicellularity, simple tissues, and embryonic cell movement Multiple complex tissues Radial vs Bilateral Symmetry Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 7 Porifera - Sponges Sponges, which are widespread in the oceans, have a simple anatomical organization. They feed by drawing water containing food particles and dissolved organic molecules into their interiors. No body symmetry Simple tissues only All Porifera are aquatic Key Events in Animal Evolution Multicellularity, simple tissues, and embryonic cell movement Multiple complex tissues Radial vs Bilateral Symmetry Chapter 33 Active Lecture Slide 8 Body Symmetry in Animals Some organisms lack body symmetry (porifera) Radial Symmetry: Round, symmetrical around many planes (Cnidaria) Bilateral Symmetry: Symmetrical along a central plane (Bilateria) Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 8 Cnidarians All cnidarians have: radial symmetry, a mouth surrounded by tentacles a closed gastric cavity two tissue layers: endodermis and epidermis (diploblastic) All Cnidarians are aquatic Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 8 Bilateria All have Bilateral body symmetry and are triploblastic (three tissue layers) All land animals are in this group 2 Main Clades: Protostomes Deuterostomes Chapter 33 Active Lecture Slide 15 Phylogeny of Bilaterian Animals Divided based on early development of the digestive tract: In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth. In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus. Chapter 33 Active Lecture Slide 15 Major Groups and Phyla of Bilaterian Animals Protostomes Deuterostomes Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nemotodes Arthropods Hemichordata Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Mollusks Annelid Worms Flat worms Phylum Chordata Cephalocordates Tunicates Vertebrates Echinoderms Chapter 33 Active Lecture Slide 16 Major Groups and Phyla of Bilaterian Animals Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 28 Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Arthropods https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wQLKMUWANg Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 22 Lophotrochozoa: Annelid Worms Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 24 Lophotrochozoa: Mollusks Mollusks are distinguished by their mantle. Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 24 Lophotrochozoa: Flat Worms Chapter 33 Active Lecture Slide 15 Major Groups and Phyla of Bilaterian Animals Protostomes Deuterostomes Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nemotodes Arthropods Hemichordata Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Mollusks Annelid Worms Flat worms Chordata Cephalocordates Tunicates Vertebrates Echinoderms Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 35 Deuterostome Phylogeny 3 Major Phyla: Hemichordata Echinoderms Chordata Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 36 Hemichordates Main Characters: Mouth and Pharynx Paryngeal Slits for filter feeding Dorsal Nerve Cord Examples: Acorn worms and Pterobrachs Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 37 Echinoderms Main Characters: Fivefold symmetry Water Vascular System Tube feet Examples: Sea stars and Sea urchins Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 38 Chordates Main Characters: Pharynx and pharyngeal slits Notochord Neural tube Myotomes Tail Examples: Cephalochordates Tunicates Vertebrates Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 35 Deuterostome Phylogeny 3 Major Phyla: Hemichordata Echinoderms Chordata Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 39 Cephalochordates Main Characters: Lack complex brain and eyes No lateral appendages No mineralized skeleton Only about three dozen marine species exist today Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 40 Tunicates Main Characters: Larva have chordate body plan Adults are specialized for filter feeding 3000 filter feeding marine species exist today Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 43 Vertebrates Vertebrae Bony cranium Eyes Mouth Internal skeleton of Calcium Phosphate Chapter 34 Active Lecture Slide 43 Types of Vertebrates Jawless Fish Cartilaginous Fish Bony Fish Amphibians Sauropsids Sauropsids include: Reptiles Birds Mammanls