CM2001 PDF Past Paper

CM2001 type year 2 week 1 — the worlds we live in →globalization = compression of space and time to contextualize is to try and understand other people’s stories →context = circumstances/conditions in which something exists or happens; provides...

CM2001 type year 2 week 1 — the worlds we live in →globalization = compression of space and time to contextualize is to try and understand other people’s stories →context = circumstances/conditions in which something exists or happens; provides background information necessary to fully understand a particular event/situation classifying cultures Hofstede’s 6 dimensions 1. individualism vs collectivism = extent to which people feel independent as opposed to dependent on other members of groups 2. power distance = extent to which the less powerful accept that power is unequally distributed 3. femininity vs masculinity = extent to which the use of force is endorsed socially CM2001 1  4. uncertainty avoidance = society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity 5. short-term vs long-term orientation = aka pragmatism, long-term orientation focuses on change 6. indulgence vs restraint = extent to which the good things in life are indulged in but… cultures seen as fixed entities cultures seen as homogeneous reinforces stereotypes →stereotype = the unfair belief that all people of things with a particular characteristic are the same another attempt at classifying cultures →World Values Survey = global network of social scientists studying changing values and their impacts variation in human values divided in two dimensions: 1. traditional vs secular-rational values →traditional values prioritize family, religion, authority and traditional gender roles →secular-rational values prioritize reason over tradition, individual autonomy 2. survival vs self-expression values = to what extent there is an emphasis on economic and physical security rather than well-being, self-expression and quality of life before understanding other cultures, we must understand our own… cognitive biases →cognitive biases = mental shortcuts used by humans to simplify information →unacceptability bias = a systematic difference in response rates or uptake of tests due to their ‘unacceptability’ CM2001 2  →confirmation bias = people look for and use information that fits their own beliefs and ideas, other information is disregarded →rationality = the quality of being biased on clear thought and reason; making decisions based on clear thought and reason →blasphemy = irreverence towards something considered sacred →belief = conviction of the truth of some statement or the reality of some being or phenomenon beliefs fills the space of the unknown so that we can sustain our sense of purpose →cognitive dissonance = the mental conflict that occurs when beliefs/assumptions are contradicted by new information social storytelling →social storytelling = form of storytelling with a function of education to help develop a feeling of belonging to a society (e.g. myths, legends, traditions) →traditions = stories, beliefs and behaviors that have been part of the culture of an organized group of people for a long time →fairytale = stories about marvelous elements and occurrences →legend = traditional stories told about a particular person or place and may include elements of mythology or explain natural phenomena →myth = symbolic narrative, usually involving gods or superhuman beings in extraordinary events myths are the foundations of human societies →monomyths = all mythic narratives as variations of a single great story 4 functions of myths: 1. metaphysical function = awakens a sense of awe and wonder before the mystery of being 2. cosmological function = explains how the universe works 3. sociological function = gives a sense of belonging, validates and supports the existing social order 4. pedagogical function = guides the individual through the stages of life, connects us with people of the past who encountered similar problems/ situations CM2001 3  explaining the world II — “The End of History?” (Fukuyama) the end of the Cold War and the victory of the West lead to the spread of Western culture (e.g. color tv, food chains, rock music etc) in the former Communist world →resulted in… … the idea that this is not just part of postwar history, but the end of history overall — the end of mankind’s ideological evolution and Western liberalism as universal form of government (Hegel) … the concept of the "End of History" and its implications on global politics, particularly focusing on the reform movements in China and Russia → influenced by factors like insecurity and the spread of Western culture … the spread of Western consumerist culture and the transformation of economic systems in various countries. according to Hegel, the contradictions that drive history exist in the sense of large unifying world views, understood through ideology (religion, culture, moral values etc) belief that the real/material world could not be impacted by the ideological world and visa versa but… the decisions made based on religion or values eventually manifest themselves in the “real” world →consciousness is a cause, not effect explaining the world III — “The Clash of Civilizations?” (Huntington) future global conflicts will be driven primarily by cultural differences between civilizations rather than ideological or economic disputes →civilization = human society with its well developed social organizations, or the culture and way of life of a society/country at a particular period in time major civilizations identified: Western, Islamic, Confucian, Hindu, and Slavic- Orthodox →ideologies = a form of social or political philosophy in which practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones; system of ideas that inspires both to explain and change the world possible clash reasons CM2001 4  1. differences among civilizations are fundamental (differing histories, languages, cultures, traditions, and, most importantly, religions) 2. the world is becoming a smaller place (more interaction between peoples of different civilizations enhances consciousness of differences) 3. economic modernization and social change are separating people from local identities 4. The West is at a peak of power, which prompts non-Western civilizations to return to their roots and strengthen their indigenous cultures 5. cultural differences are less likely to change than political and economic ones → conflicts will emerge along the "fault lines" where these civilizations meet — as the world becomes more interconnected, awareness of cultural differences increases, leading to clashes based on history, religion, language, and values Fukuyama focused on ideological convergence, Huntington on cultural divergence explaining the world IV “we see the world with our stories” explaining the world V →captology = the study of how technology can be used to persuade people to do something week 2 — storytelling Ernest Hemingway — the Six-Word stories proved that it is possible to tell a story from six words → there is no single recipe for storytelling Joseph Campbell 17 stages of a monomyth (= every myth has similar stages) we agreed on who are heroes even though we do not know what is heroic about them Maria Tatar — “The Heroine with 1001 faces” CM2001 5  = response to Joseph Campbell’s The Hero With a 1000 Faces, which focuses on male heroes women are often overlooked in traditional hero narratives women’s place in the myths as described by Joseph Campbell was limited → women are the ones that give men life, who receive men in death, who inspire men heroines across cultures → examines heroines across myth, folklore, and contemporary media, exploring figures ranging from ancient legends like Arachne to Nancy Drew, driven by traits such as empathy, curiosity, and a quest for justice storytelling must evolve with cultural shifts, particularly the move away from rigid gender binaries; the heroine’s journey is essential but notes that current culture may already be moving toward more fluid representations the challenges Tatar faced as a woman in academia, reflects on how stories shaped her sense of belonging aligns with broader scholarly efforts to revise Campbell’s archetype, addressing gender and race disparities in mythology and storytelling; women’s voices, though often marginalized, have always been present in these narratives Carl Jung explains the insanity of living a life without myth people are born in certain historical settings with certain characteristics →someone is only complete when he or she is connected to these historical settings →collective unconscious = a part of the unconscious mind, shared by others, that is a product of ancestral experience →archetypes = models of people, behaviors or personalities; universal, archaic patterns and images that derive from the collective unconscious and are the physic counterpart of instinct Christopher Vogler a hero’s journey has stages →hero = someone who is willing to sacrifice his own needs on behalf of others → mentor = all the characters who teach and protect heroes and give them gifts → CM2001 6  threshold guardian = a menacing face to the hero, but if understood, they can be overcome → herald = a force that brings a new challenge to the hero → shapeshifter = characters who change constantly from the hero’s point of view → shadow = character who represents the energy of the dark side → ally = someone who travels with the hero through the journey, serving variety of functions → trickster = embodies the energies of mischief and desire for change → jester = a man who in the past was kept by a ruler to amuse people by acting silly and telling jokes key phases →departure = hero is beckoned on an adventure, leaving their familiar surroundings behind. they may encounter a wise mentor of receive supernatural help, while also facing initial tests and temptations →initiation = venturing into an extraordinary world, the hero undergoes trials that challenge their bravery and determination; often involves a symbolic death and rebirth, leading to newfound wisdom and strength →return = hero comes back to everyday life transformed; journey often has lasting impact on community or world Henri Bergson — why do we laugh and about what? →humor = communication in which the stimulus produces amusement we laugh to ‘punish’ people for being or behaving different from us jokes about other societies → strengthens the groups spirit →cancel culture = the ‘cancelling’ of support for individuals and their work due to an opinion/action on their part seen as enough reason to call them out an image (or graph, or number) is not worth a thousand words… CM2001 7  John Berger — ways of seeing we don’t all see things the same when you have context, you look at things differently explaining the world VI → conspiracy theories = a belief that some covert but an influential organization is responsible for a circumstance or event characteristics 1. an alleged, secret plot 2. a group of conspirators 3. ‘evidence’ that seems to support the conspiracy theory 4. they falsely suggest that nothing happens by accident and that there are no coincidences; nothing is as it appears and everything is connected 5. they divide the world into good and bad 6. they scapegoat people and groups why conspiracy theories? → truth is too hard to handle (Edward Snowden) argues that the most dangerous conspiracies are not hidden, but rather occur openly through practices in law, policy, technology, and finance these “true” conspiracies (= conspiracy practices) (e.g. gerrymandering, 9/11 attack) are often publicized with little resistance, overshadowed by “false” conspiracies (= conspiracy theories) (e.g. 9/11 being an inside job) conspiracy practices are more threatening because they are systemic and harder to confront, while conspiracy theories distract from these real issues explores how false conspiracies, driven by belief in a powerful elite, replace democratic values with partisan narratives, undermining civic engagement conspiracy thinking categorizes enemies (internal, external, above, below), allowing individuals to make sense of their disempowerment →enemy within = someone in ‘group’ is cause of conspiracy →enemy outside = “other” CM2001 8  →enemy above = a power from higher up is cause (e.g. government, military etc) →enemy below = historically disenfranchised communities seeking to return the social order →benevolent conspiracies = supernatural / religious →conspiracy theories are not just beliefs, but reflect the powerlessness and fragmentation of modern society, as people seek narratives to explain their disenfranchisement two extremes 1. conspiracies don’t exist conspiracies like gerrymandering, debt manipulation, or mass surveillance often get overlooked because conspiracy theories, which spread harmful falsehoods, dominate the conversation and undermine trust in facts and reality →conspiracy practices = methods by which true conspiracies such as gerrymandering, or the debt industry or mass surveillance realized → almost always overshadowed by conspiracy theories →gerrymandering = the practice of drawing the boundaries of electoral districts in a way that gives one political party an unfair advantage over its rivals (political or partisan gerrymandering) or that dilutes the voting power of members of ethnic or linguistic minority groups 2. conspiracies are everywhere e.g. “Bill Gates tried to destroy human kind during Covid-19” →hyperinformation = excess of information, leading to information overload explaining the world VII → scientology = religion of explaining and knowing difference between a religion and a cult →cult = members are encourage to isolate themselves from the outside world and focus solely on the group CM2001 9  → halo effect = generalization from the perception of one outstanding personality trait to an overly favorable evaluation of the whole personality → chief happiness officer = happiness is the key to people’s performance at work and higher company profits week 3 — strategic mass communication mythologies and beliefs are human made → how do you create beliefs? →strategic mass communication = organized and planned communication targeting large audiences using media to influence and change behaviors can we still control information? Joseph Stalin and communist countries, Nazi countries banned books, controlling information (e.g. Relativity by Albert Einstein (he was Jewish), Metamorphosis (Kafka was Jewish)) Polish Priest burnt the book of Harry Potter, Anne Frank’s diary banned in Lebanon for ‘depicting Jews positively’ … should we still control information? →censorship = the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable or threat to security but why? → protecting societies (Amazon banned Mein Kampf) controlling information in the internet age? Chinese and Russian internet service providers hook the country up to the global network The Great Firewall of China — Xi Jinping’s internet shutdown (“should be no distinction between virtual and real world”) western world → Streisand Effect = efforts to suppress a juicy piece of online information can backfire and end up making things worse for the would-be censor (Streisand’s legal action caused her problems, not the pictures themselves) why control when you can confuse? →hyperinformation = excess of information leading to information overload CM2001 10  →misinformation = to inform wrongly, no intention to mislead (e.g. Wikipedia – who is writing for Wikipedia?) — knowledge that is considered to be true enough accepted by all = consensual knowledge … fake news = doesn’t exist two main types of strategic mass communication 1. disinformation = strategy of mass communication where lies are being spread on purpose false information presented as true true information presented as false (e.g. Trump not liking the truths says its fake news) part of information presented as its globality why? The Art of War — Sun Tzu — “if you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle” … control of information is the key to win battles — confusing enemy →maskirovka (camouflage) = misleading the opponent with regard to one’s own intentions, causing the opponent to make wrong decisions and thereby playing into one’s own hand (Operation Infektion (KGB), China in pandemic seed positive narratives in national media) difference between misinformation and disinformation = intention! 2. propaganda = strategy of mass communication aiming at controlling people’s beliefs (not using lies) uses true information of information that cannot be proven wrong (definition of belief) 3 types white (origins of propaganda are clearly identified) grey (origins of propaganda are unknown) black (origins of propaganda are fake) CM2001 11  6 principles of effective propaganda undetected emotional (speaks to heart, directly to instincts) binary (good vs bad) “cool” (nobody can explain this, but everybody knows it) simple (the stupidest person should understand it too) repetitive what propaganda is not… dead (there has never been as much propaganda as right now) negative (neutrality does not exist, different points of views) brainwashing only in dictatorships not everything is propaganda → Time and Media Hegemony = control as many media as you can major rule in propaganda — ignore the opponents, reinforce beliefs, seduce the undecided elements of propaganda stories: →symbols = something that stand for or suggest something else by reason of relationship, association, convention, or accidental resemblance (Svastika) Svastika = an example of evolution of symbols depending on context (cross with arms of equal length all bent halfway at a 90-degree angle to the right or to the left –— geometric figure and an ancient religious icon in the cultures of Eurasia) →traditions = form of social storytelling; stories, beliefs and behaviors that have been part of the culture of an organized group of people for a long time (e.g. Christmas tree) →heroes = a person admired for great or brave acts or fine qualities demonstrated at the peril of their life e.g. Triumph of the Will — Leni Riefenstahl (Germany, 1935) techniques of propaganda CM2001 12  1. shift of scene = attempt to take the spotlight off an unfavorable situation or condition by shifting it to another, preferably of the opponent, so as to force the enemy to go on the defense 2. pinpointing the enemy = form of simplification in which a complex situation is reduced to the point where the “enemy” is unequivocally identified →scapegoating = process in which the mechanisms of projection or displacement are used in focusing feelings of aggression, hostility, frustration etc. upon another individual or group; the amount of blame being unwarranted relates to guilt by association and stereotyping (part of pinpointing) — act of blaming a person or a group for unmerited blame and consequent negative treatment = claiming that problems will disappear after eliminating the group/person 3. assertion = positive statements presented as fact — imply that what is stated is self-evident and needs no further proof; may or may not be true (e.g. “we all know”/”studies have shown”) 4. bandwagon = attempt to persuade the target audience to take a course of action (e.g. “everyone is doing it” → reinforces people’s natural desire to be on the winning side) 5. least of evils = technique of acknowledging that the course of action being taken is perhaps undesirable but that any alternative would result in an outcome far worse (e.g “better this than that”) 6. virtue words = words in the value system of the target audience which tend to produce a positive image when attached to a person or issue (peace, happiness, security, freedom, sustainability, etc.) case study — brexit how do we overcome metathesiophobia (= fear of change)? 7. appeal to authority = a form of defeasible argument in which a claimed authority’s support is used as evidence for an argument’s conclusion 8. card stacking = process of choosing from a variety of facts only those which support the propagandist’s purpose — in using this technique, facts are selected and presented which most effectively strengthen and authenticate the point of view of the propagandist CM2001 13  case study — Russia vs. Ukraine: special operation or invasion of Ukraine the narratives: 1. explaining the world VIII — Maskirovka (=disguise, camouflage) the hero: Putin 2. 9. name-calling = arouse prejudices in an audience by labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as something the target audience fears, hates, loathes or finds undesirable the hero: Zelensky 3. damsel in distress the hero: Joe Biden futures of propaganda →computational propaganda = use of algorithms, automation, and human curation to purposefully distribute misleading information over social media networks how to protect yourself form propaganda? use diverse and reliable sources — credibility of the source/credibility of the information check your facts look for the propaganda techniques (e.g. options vs choices) Propaganda in an Age of Algorithmic Personalization (Renee Hobbs) examines how algorithmic personalization and propaganda influence media consumption and public opinion algorithms tailor digital content to user behavior, often manipulating emotions and reinforcing preexisting beliefs → integrating the study of propaganda and persuasion into literacy education to help students critically engage with personalized media highlights concerns about algorithmic bias, urging educators to teach students how their online behavior is tracked and influenced CM2001 14  Who is Afraid of Fake News? explores public perceptions of the risk of misinformation using data from 154,195 internet users across 142 countries, study found that: 58.5% of internet users worry about encountering misinformation online, with concern highest in Latin America and the Caribbean (74.2%) and lowest in South Asia (32.2%) young people and those with higher education are more concerned about misinformation countries with liberal democratic governments show higher concern compared to autocratic nations the prevalence of misinformation and press freedom within a country had no significant impact on perceptions of misinformation risks highlights the need for targeted awareness campaigns, as perceptions do not always align with actual risks of misinformation week 4 — hollywood →Hollywood = global entertainment industry primarily based in the US biggest film industry in the world main goal is to make money Hollywood is everywhere — global industry →edutainment = entertainment (as by games, films or shows) that is designed to be educational Umberto Eco: “70% we know comes from Hollywood” The Walt Disney Company theme parks, cruise etc. Celebration Florida: city own/made by Walt Disney to shield it from the USA – out of time feeling Golden Oak: home community fairytales Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs presentation → Snow White as good girl, “someday my prince will come” crisis → evil queen CM2001 15  resolution → damsel in distress rescue by prince →rebooting The Little Mermaid (1989) vs. The Little Mermaid (2023) → black character →mermaid = legendary aquatic creature with the head and upper body of a female human and the tail of a fish themes of Hollywood →good vs evil = dividing the world → two kinds of people →stereotype = to believe unfairly that all people/things with a particular characteristic are the same "Hollywood’s Muslim Arabs" — Shaheen stereotypical representation → Hollywood has historically portrayed Muslim Arabs as brutal, uncivilized, and violent (e.g. The Sheik (1921)) persistent stereotypes → even after the Cold War, Muslim Arabs frequently depicted as terrorists or backward figures (e.g. True Lies (1994), Back to the Future (1985), and The Mummy (1999)) character tropes → common stereotypes include Arab men as bearded terrorists, women as submissive or erotic figures, and Arabs in general as fanatical or greedy dehumanization → portrayals often strip Arab characters of their humanity, reducing them to caricatures or enemies without depth → media’s portrayal fosters fear and ignorance, leading to discrimination and violence against Arab and Muslim Americans in real life →negative images often influence public policies and can affect how Muslim communities are treated in the U.S women in Hollywood "Women and Minority Film Directors in Hollywood" — Karniouchina et al. women directed only 4.95% and POC 10.52% of U.S. films from 1994-2016, with representation declining for widely released films → little improvement over time the percentage of films directed by women and POC has actually decreased for widely released U.S. films. CM2001 16  biases favoring male, nonminority directors in project assignment, budgeting, and distribution, leading to performance disparities women & minority directors assigned to lower-grossing film categories (e.g. horror, drama) and receive smaller production budgets and fewer screens during distribution films directed by men gross more than those directed by women or POC → these differences are largely due to the types of projects assigned rather than directorial capability women produce similar outcomes with lower budgets, and minority directors generate higher revenues on equivalent budgets directors with more clout (reputation and box office history) experience weaker biases, but for budgeting decisions, the lack of trust is pervasive even for experienced female and minority directors → audience acceptance of films does not significantly depend on the director's gender or race →Bechdel Test (Alison Bechdel) = a set of criteria used to evaluate a movie of other work of fiction on the basis of its inclusion and representation of female characters 1. at least 2 named women in it 2. conversation with each other 3. conversation not about men failed: the entire Lord of Rings trilogy, Harry Potter, The Avengers, La La Land, Deadpool & Wolverine Academy Awards female representation lower now than in 1930s men speak most in best picture winning films Oscar-nominated films with a woman in the starring role are more profitable than their male-led counterparts selling movies →press junkets = a promotional event for a film to which media representatives are invited →card stacking (propaganda technique) = process of choosing from a variety of facts only those which support the propagandist’s purpose — facts are selected and presented CM2001 17  which most effectively strengthen and authenticate the point of view of the propagandist case study: Barbie passed Bechdel Test, but is it feminist? — studio only cares about profit (Mattel Films) selling stuff James Bond — worst spy, best salesman →product placement = any form of audiovisual commercial consisting of the inclusion or of reference to a product, a service, or the trademark thereof so that it is featured within a program in return for payment / for similar consideration longer commercial than Barbie → Space Jam 2 selling ideas →halo effect = generalization from the perception of one outstanding personality trait to an overly favorable evaluation of the whole personality e.g. Tom Cruise (Scientology), Leonardo DiCaprio (climate change), Emma Watson (feminism) selling ideologies Hollywood as propaganda? Two extremes: 1. Hollywood is just propaganda 2. “It’s just a movie!” →projection = process of misinterpreting what is “inside” as coming from the “outside” →Rorschach test = inkblot test to test what people see Moscow on the Hudson selling war how Hollywood and the US armies have collaborated along the years Top Gun CM2001 18  →top gun effect = twice as many application for the aviation program because of the movie → propaganda? reboot: Top Gun: Maverick passed Bechdel test Captain Marvel →the captain marvel effect = air force academy sees most female applicants → propaganda? history according to Hollywood case study: Birth of a Nation David Wark Griffith — attempted to make the Great American Movie (as there was the Great American Novel) →Ku Klux Klan = American white supremacist hate group, whose primary target is non-WASPs (White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant) →WASP values = White Anglo-Saxon Protestants are a social group of white protestants in the US, often British descent, and typically wealthy and well- connected 3 phases ( civil war 1861-1865 — 1st Klan 1865-1871, 2nd Klan 1925-1944, 3rd Klan 1946-present) →biopic = biographical movie → how accurate? case study: Forrest Gump based on a book — movie boosted book sales movie failed the Bechdel Test Tom Hanks and the Pentagon → promoting rewriting history → Forrest meets John F. Kennedy →revisionism = support of ideas and beliefs that differ from and try to change accepted ideas and belied especially in a way that is seen as wrong or dishonest →Brown v. Board of Education = the Supreme Court outlawed segregated public education facilities for black and whites at the state level →end of segregation in the US = the Civil Rights Act of 1964 supersedes all state and local laws requiring segregation CM2001 19  Forrest and the Ku Klux Klan Nathan Bedford Forrest = one of the most controversial figures from the Civil War era — he was responsible for the massacre of African American Union troops stationed at Fort Pillow, Tennessee and he was the first grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan Forrest and the Black Panthers →Black Panther Party = original purpose to patrol African American neighborhoods to protect residents from acts of police brutality → developed into a Marxist revolutionary group Forrest Gump as a self-made man →self-made man/woman = someone who comes from low origins and against all odds, breaks out of their inherited social position, climbs up the social ladder and creates a new identity for themselves Forrest & Jenny Forrest = self-made man, Jenny = rebel, sinful? Jenny dies of a disease → makes you want to follow Forrest and not Jenny week 5 — public relations does journalism have a future? →automated journalism = news articles generated by computer programs main danger not coming from bots, but from public relations “journalism is printing what someone else does not what published, everything else is public relations” what is PR? “Mini-Me History" — Don Bates → provides an overview of the history and evolution of public relations (PR) and emphasizes key moments that shaped PR into a professional practice origins of PR can be traced back to ancient civilizations like Egypt, Rome, and Greece, where leaders used communication to influence public opinion and maintain power (e.g. Julius Caesar and early Christian leaders are mentioned for their effective use of messaging and public influence) rise of professional PR began in the 20th century (especially US), with establishment of PR agencies and emergence of people like Ivy Lee and Edward Bernays CM2001 20  PR became a vital tool in the business world during the industrial era, e.g. AT&T used it to manage public perception and build favorable relationships Theodore Vail and Arthur W. Page of AT&T played significant roles in integrating PR into corporate management organizations like the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) were formed to create ethical standards and professionalize the industry codes of conduct were established to guide practitioners, although enforcement remained a challenge crises & reputation management — e.g. Exxon Valdez oil spill, the Enron scandal, and the 9/11 attacks PR played a crucial role in managing corporate and public responses and importance of corporate responsibility and transparency became recognized during these events PR expanded globally (especially in post-World War II Europe) with the UK becoming a major center for professional PR, influenced by both government efforts and corporate growth British practitioners like Maurice Buckmaster and organizations like the British Council contributed significantly to the development of the field →PR went from simple messaging and persuasion to a sophisticated profession involving strategic communication, reputation management, and ethical practices Ivy Lee emphasized transparency and truth in corporate communications Lee advised John Davison Rockefeller on his Colorado Coal Strike Bernays coined the term “public relations” nephew of Freud worked in a propaganda office during the war, an afterwards rebranded propaganda into public relations →public relations = discipline which looks after reputation, with the aim of earning understanding and support and influencing opinion and behavior CM2001 21  “Propaganda: The public mind in the making” had a lot of readers worldwide, including Goebbels (even though Bernays was Jewish) used psychological techniques to shape public opinion: “Torches of Freedom” march (increased the female market and enhance the American Tobacco Company’s profit) Lucky Strike didn’t match women’s aesthetic because of the green packaging → Bernays told everyone green was going to be trendy colour →self-fulfilling prophecy = a false definition of the situation evoking a new behavior which makes the originally false conception come true →appeal to authority = claimed authority’s support is used as evidence for an argument’s conclusion (e.g. Anna Wintour) →bandwagon = e.g. “every rich person attends the Green Ball, so you should wear green too” →spin doctor = person whose job involves trying to control the way something is described to the public in order to influence what people think about it; an expert in propaganda Michael Holtzman – ex-president of BLJ (Brown Lloyd James) “War in the Balkans” — Ruder Finn → Croatia hired the PR firm that was helped by the US — David Finn →conspiracy practices = Ruder Finn in 1997 ran the Global Climate Coalition, a group of mainly US businesses opposing action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions → Ruder Finn was instrumental in crafting the public relations campaign that disputed the evidence tobacco smoking is hazardous to health, but promoted selling tobacco at the same time →appeal to authority = “physicians recommend Lucky Strike, they’re less interesting because they’re toasted” selling smoke: cigarettes for adults only → chocolate and gum cigs; cigarettes about pleasure and freedom → cool →product placement = any form of audiovisual commercial communication consisting of the inclusion of or reference to a product/service so that it is featured within a programme in return for payment or so (e.g. tobacco in tv shows, juul ads on homework sites, red bull as sport devotees) Starbucks: popular amongst celebs →selling caffeine CM2001 22  →star = Hollywood actress or actor whose private life will also be scripted for the audience to maximize adoration →halo effect = generalization from the perception of one outstanding personality trait to an overly favorable evaluation of the whole personality Coca Cola: spends a lot on advertising elements of PR 1. target audience 2. target media 3. story differences between PR and advertising control PR is little control, advertising is full control attractiveness PR is cool, advertising does not have to be credibility who takes advertising seriously? PR sells a story/lifestyle/mythology, advertising creates awareness and builds trust PR uses advertising & marketing product, price, people, promotion and place “Exploring U.S. Public Diplomacy’s Domestic Dimensions” — Walker et al. →examines how U.S. public diplomacy, traditionally focused on foreign audiences, can also engage domestic audiences to increase awareness of foreign policy's local impact U.S. foreign policy affects Americans' daily lives, so the State Department must better communicate this and listen to public feedback CM2001 23  restrictions (e.g. Smith-Mundt Act) limit domestic public diplomacy, but the report suggests rethinking these rules engaging diverse groups like youth and diasporas, and focusing on shared issues like climate change, can build support for U.S. global engagement … consolidating resources, countering misinformation, and collaborating with local leaders and the private sector are essential steps forward. → call for better integration of domestic audiences into U.S. public diplomacy efforts →public diplomacy = seeks to promote the national interest of the US through understanding, informing and influencing foreign audiences (United States Information Agency) public diplomacy today — 3 main target audiences 1. tourists 2. investors 3. students tools: 1. cultural and exchange diplomacies (e.g. K-Pop) 2. international broadcasting (e.g. BBC Worldwide) 3. social media 4. global commercial brands 5. place branding = measuring, building and managing the reputation of places, such as countries, regions, or cities … branding is not brand!! Anholt-Ipsos Nation Brands IndexSM measures place branding e.g. higher education is US #1 → American dream? → where world leaders were educated Utrecht University – not included on the Times Higher Education rankings because it is virtually impossible to capture the quality of an entire university importance of pro-activity in public diplomacy do not wait for others to tell your story; if you don’t tell your story first, someone else will CM2001 24  China is treating Taiwan as a test bed for developing attack vectors using disinformation on social media → Umberto Eco: “70% of what we know comes from Hollywood” →pinpointing the enemy = form of simplification in which a complex situation is reduced to the point where the “enemy” is unequivocally identified (e.g. Wag the Dog) France-Albania soccer game 2019 September → team from Albania, anthem from Andorra, apologies to Armenia Kuwait 2012 — Borat (2006) anthem parody instead of real anthem →screen tourism = location that becomes popular with visitors because it as appeared in a film/tv series (e.g. Narcos – Narcotours, Emily in Paris tours by “Emileaders”) week 6 — middle east →“hinc sunt dracones” (here be dragons) = we do not know something (we do not know the Middle East) but it must be dangerous, mysterious Middle East different perception on which countries belong to it Akrotiri and Dhekelia sovereign base areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, British overseas territory on the island of Cyprus →colonization = the action of appropriating a place or domain for one’s own use →Sykes-Picot Agreement = secret convention made during WW I between Great Britain and France, with the assent of imperial Russia for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire — led to the division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine into various French-British administered areas →Orientalism (Edward Said (Palestinian)) = critical concept developed by Edward Said to describe how the West perceives and describes “The East”, the Orient (either magical, another world, or negative perception) — Aladdin →The Soft Bigotry of Low Expectations (George W. Bush) = practice of expecting less from members of a disadvantaged group and thus implicitly encouraging those people not to reach their full potential CM2001 25  1. Palestine & Israel →the Rashomon effect = different point of views of one event (from the movie Rashomon) Palestinian point of view: Over the past 80 years losing land fast Israel as enemy Israeli point of view: Killing of Jews, only 18 million left, 6 million of whom live in Israel Israel in ‘sea of enemies’ — surrounding countries as enemies Lebanon under fire by Israel →Hezbollah = terrorist organization, militia group, and political party that first emerged as a faction in Lebanon following the Israeli invasion of that country in 1982 →‘Sayed’ Hassan Nasrallah = leader →Sayed = honorific title for Muslims recognized as descendants of the Islamic prophet’s companion, Ali through his sons, Hassan and Hussein →Al Manar = Hezbollah’s official TV channel — Hezbollah cartoon teaches kids to throw stones at Israelis and to seek death as martyrs →Shahid = Muslim martyr Iran →theocracy = form of government in which divine guidance or officials regarded as divinely guided govern the state enemy of US →“power by proxy” = gaining territory through small wars according to Freedom House, Iran is not free →reporters without borders = for press freedom — Iran scores 176 out of 180 →Shi’i = member of the smaller of the two major branches of Islam, the Shi’ah, distinguished from the majority Sunnis CM2001 26  →Hamas = militant Palestinian nationalist and Islamist movement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip that is dedicated to the establishment of an independent Islamic state in historical Palestine funded by Iran and is listed as a terrorist group by the US and EU — “no contact” policy by EU Hamas Mickey Mouse Farfour teaches Palestinian children Islamic world domination →Sunni = member of one of the two major branches of Islam, the branch that consists of the majority of that religion’s adherents — Sunni Muslims regard their denomination as the mainstream and traditionalist branch of Islam, as distinguished from the minority denomination Shi’ah Israel →antisemitism = hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as religious or racial group →Zionism (Theodor Herzl) = Jewish national movement that has had as its goal the creation and support of a Jewish national state in Palestine, the ancient homeland of the Jews; idea for Jews to have a place everywhere zionism was inspired by socialism →Balfour Declaration (1917) = statement of British support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people” Israel first officially recognized by USSR convince with emotions → Sting “I hope the Russians love their children too” & Ministry of Foreign Affairs video “have 15 seconds to take cover, run!” & “Hamas uses people as human shields” →Hasbara (advocacy) = 1) public diplomacy strategy of the government of Israel and 2) semi-official propaganda of Israel; providing a positive image of Israel, defending its right to exist →point scoring = method of communication that prioritizes making certain points favorable to the speaker and attacking opponents of the speaker by trying to undermine their positions; give the appearance of rational debate, while avoiding genuine discussion points supporting Israel: CM2001 27  Israel wants peace Israel is defending itself against Arab terrorists →Israel Defense Forces (Tsahal) = leading name, gives idea of “defense” but actually just war forces global firepower — Iran 14th, Israel 18th points pointing out Palestinian failings: →pallywood = contraction of Palestine and Hollywood to express media manipulation by the Palestinian authority →Mossad = national intelligence agency of Israel reporting directly to the prime minister on Netflix: The Spy, Mossad 101, The Red Sea etc. be a normal country? →maybe in a different region (e.g. Asia) democracy? 2. A New Middle East →United Arab Emirates = they do not want to be perceived as part of the Middle East scores below on Israel on country & tourism rankings Abu Dhabi — your extraordinary story Borat effect? (= impact of a film/character on the perception and reputation of a location) →involves Hollywood — Sex and the City 2 Rivalry with Qatar The Misfits = Emirates-funded, anti-Qatar campaign — it looks like as it was filmed in Qatar Qatar did not become a part of the UAE →oligarchy = government or control by a small group of people Qatari tools of PR Qatar Airways (world’s best airline) CM2001 28  →sport diplomacy = unique power of sport to bring people, nations, and communities closer together via a shared love of physical pursuits Michael Holtzmann — ex-president of Brown Lloyd James clients: Al Jazeera (first news channel of Qatar → official propaganda channel) Qatar World Cup 2022 → workers/ migrant situation in Qatar →“Panem et Circenses” (bread and circuses) = to generate public approval, not by excellence in public service or policy, but by diversion, distraction or by satisfying the most immediate or base requirements of a populace, by offering a palliative (e.g. food (bread) and entertainment (circuses)) → forget our values when we are entertained does it work for the reputation of Qatar? Reporters Without Borders rankings (84 out of 180) legal framework: despite an easing of restrictions during the FIFA World Cup 2022, journalists are left little leeway by the oppressive legislative arsenal and draconian system of censorship. A cybercrime law adopted in late 2014 and reinforced in 2020 imposes restrictions on journalists and criminalizes spreading “fake news” online economic context: the state founded Al Jazeera channel has considerable resources and a pool of presenters who are paid well enough to ignore subjects that could embarrass their employers →Al Jazeera = worked on behalf of Western countries and those of the Gulf Cooperation Council in promoting their policies against Libya Amnesty International (NGO) – freedom of expression and assembly very low human rights / no alcohol / no drugs / no LGBTQ → modern slavery Kingdom of Saudi Arabia maintaining public relations to distract that 5 terrorists of 9/11 were from Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia’s PR machine cost 5 million uses the 28 pages to blame Iran for 9/11 attacks shift of scene conspiracy? → James P. Kreindler: holds Saudi Arabia accountable for its role in 9/11 and why US government kept it hidden repairing its broken image Instagram influences hired to rehabilitate Saudi Arabia’s image → social media CM2001 29  invest in future partnership with UNESCO sci-fi city in the desert (NEOM) → Ruder Finn hired to develop media campaign sport diplomacy Saudi Arabia rapidly increases its sporting portfolio: engagement followed by investment, disruption by controversy, including Saudi influence » planned, real approach to what sport can do to change a nation in relation to health, wellbeing and active participation →2029 Asian Winter Games host in NEOM megacity →sport washing = the use of sport to redirect public attention away from unethical conduct e.g. 1934 World Cup Italy – under the rule of Mussolini, 1936 Summer Olympics in Nazi Germany, 2008 Summer Olympics in China “if sport washing is going to increase my GDP by 1%, i’ll continue doing it” 3. Dragons Awaken? Kurdish – Turkish conflict Turkish invasion of Cyprus ISIS War in Yemen – since 2015 people dying every day from the war Islamic emirate of Afghanistan Afghanistan = “The Graveyard of Empires” →The Taliban (plural, the students) = the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan founded by former Mujahideen; fundamentalist, authoritarian rule based on strict interpretation of Sharia law →theocracy = form of government in which divine guidance govern the state being a woman in Afghanistan today → ban voices and faces in public “the biggest dragon is ignorance” — myths about the Middle East: CM2001 30  “everyone in the Middle East is Arab” → composed of many ethnicities, including Arabs, Persians, Turks, Kurds, Armenian “everyone in the Middle East is Muslim”→ large Jewish population in Israel, Christian minorities in Egypt and Maronites in Lebanon “all Muslims live in the Middle East”→ country with the largest number of Muslims overall is Indonesia “all Arabs hate Israel” → Egypt-Israel peace treaty, Oslo Accord between Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization, Israel-Jordan peace treaty →Abraham Accords = series of joint normalization statements mediated by the USA between Israel, the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan and Morocco effective since September 2020 week 7 — terrorism “what’s the point of knowing this?” — Albert Camus The Rebel: “The logic of the rebel is… to strive for clear language so as not to add to the universal lie.” words are essential in communication → fighters = soldiers = terrorist = heroes = warriors = criminals = guardians Ukraine = Russia is a terrorist state Russia = Ukraine supports terrorism →could we all be terrorists? Nelson Mandela: first non-white president of South-Africa, called as a terrorist in South- Africa what is terrorism? →the boogeyman = some danger under the bed that we do not see but it is there, and can attack at any moment terrorism — coined in France in the 1970s in reference to the Terror used during the French Revolution The most commonly cited example of early terror is the activity of the Jewish Zealots who attacked fellow Hebrews suspected of collusion with the Roman authorities →terrorism (britannica) = systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective CM2001 31  →terrorism (FBI) = the unlawful use of force and violence against people or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives characteristics of terrorism 1. political → political purpose 2. violent → use force to create the climate of terror 3. performed by subnational or supranational groups → countries can support terrorism but cannot perform terrorism as they have the legal use of violence →subnational = states, local/regional governments →supranational = transcending national boundaries, authority, or interests 4. use of media → terrorism is there to send a message →conduit metaphor = terrorists’ exploitation of mass media for conveying their message →social noise = art of being conspicuously or even obnoxiously noticeable through noisy or controversial act “terrorism function as a form of “propaganda of the deed” in which the terrorists send messages to those in power as well as to the general public” →propaganda of the deed = specific political direct action meant to be exemplary to others and serve as a catalyst for revolution terrorism is theater staged scheduled for maximum exposure emotional fighting for a story myths about terrorism 1. weapon of the weak Lebanon –— Hezbollah (= party of god) CM2001 32  →Hezbollah = terrorist organization, militia group, and political party that first emerged as a faction in Lebanon following the Israeli invasion of that country in 1982 “most formidable non-state military actor in the middle east — and arguably the world” Iran funds Hezbollah €661 million annually largest army is world terrorist activity against American targets, in Argentina against Jewish and Israeli targets → performed outside of Lebanon war of 2006: Israel vs Hezbollah → Israel lost terror or resistance? →resistance = a secret organization that fights against enemy forces who have gained control of a region country 2. weapon of the rest against the West? 2022 Global Terrorism Index → impact of terrorism is higher in non-Western countries (e.g. Burkina Faso, Israel & Palestina) 3. weapon of the poor USA September 11, 2001 Osama bin Laden: supported the use of terrorism financially because of ideologies — very rich Saudi Arabia = the cash machine for terrorism →illusion of safety = cognitive bias to self-convince of a feeling of security in a dangerous situation →war on terrorism = term used to describe American-led global counter-terrorism campaign launched in response to the terrorist attacks of 9/11 in 2001 (as response to the “illusion of safety” bubble being popped) Truth and Information Consequences since 9/11 — Nancy Snow “since 9/11 we have experienced a coming together of very powerful institutions of information, the federal government and the corporate media, to create a barrier between the American public and the real environment” CM2001 33  →are the media all accomplices in policy-makers’ deliberate exploitation of fear to support their political agendas? The Power of Nightmares: The Rise of Fear — Adam Curtis the film compares the rise of the neoconservative movement in the US and the radical Islamist movement, drawing comparisons between their origins and remarking on similarities between two groups fears for terrorism, not unwarrated but not the highest threats to the US top countries worrying about terrorism in 2018: Israel deaths from terrorism are growing (also in Europe) four terrorist groups responsible for the most deaths in 2021: Islamic State, Al-Shabaab, the Taliban, and Jamaat Nusrat Al-Islam wal Muslimeen terrorists or freedom fighters? guerilla warfare or terrorism? Defining Terrorism — Ganor “the aims of terrorism and guerrilla warfare may well be identical; but they are distinguished from each other by the means used – or more precisely, by the targets of their operations. The guerrilla fighter’s targets are military ones, while the terrorist deliberately targets civilians. By this definition, a terrorist organization can no longer claim to be ‘freedom fighters’ because they are fighting for national liberation or some other worthy goal.” →Guerilla warfare = deliberate use of violence against military and security personnel in order to attain political, ideological and religious goals →terrorism = deliberate use of the threat to use violence against civilians in order to attain political, ideological and religious aims Hamas — terrorists, not freedom fighters Northern Ireland why? because of the UK (consists of: Scotland, England, Northern Ireland, Wales) and its colonialism (catholic vs protestant) →Irish Republican Army (IRA) = republican paramilitary organization seeking the establishment of a republic, the end of British rule in N. Ireland and the reunification of Ireland; terrorist organization according to UK and the US Department of Homeland Security (Real Ira = RIRA) CM2001 34  →signature method = a repetitive tactic used by a terrorist group that becomes strongly linked to the operational activities of that group →kneecapping = the act or practice of shooting or otherwise maiming or crippling a person’s knees IRA’s special weapons — why it is not considered to be a terrorist group by every perception → more like freedom fighters of the independence of Northern Ireland 1. extensive network (links with Hezbollah) 2. Irish diaspora (all over the world more Irish people or descents live than in Ireland) 3. emotional story (Bloody Sunday) 1st Bloody Sunday: marchers protesting about unemployment and coercion in Ireland →Bloody Sunday = British soldiers shot 28 unarmed civilians during a protest march against internment Bloody Sunday (movie) – Paul Greengrass & U2 – Sunday Bloody Sunday 4. Hollywood e.g. Some Mother’s Son, The Devil’s Own → Brad Pitt (nobody could consider him as a terrorist), The Wind That Shakes The Barley, Hunger → Bobby Sands (member of RIRA) died from the hunger → terrorist or martyr? →martyr = who voluntarily suffers death rather than deny his religion by words or deeds such action afforded special, institutionalized recognition in most major religions of the world; may refer to anyone who sacrifices their life or something great value for the sake of principle (e.g. shahid (week 6)) Why Irish Republicans Haven’t Gone Away — White “our understanding of terrorists and terrorist organizations will be enhances if we focus less on their violent activities and more on their similarities with non violent activists and organizations” Norway July 22, 2011 — Island do Utoya attacks, 92 killed Anders Behring Breivik → terrorist or freedom fighter? Paul Greengrass — 22 July (Netflix movie) CM2001 35  France 7 January, 2015 — Charlie Hebdo because of a cover which was published after a contest in Denmark, which was anti- Islam → presented blasphemy (= irreverence toward a deity or deities and, by extension, the use of profanity) terrorist or God Warriors? October 16, 2020 — teacher decapitated after showing caricature of the prophet Muhammed October 13, 2023 — teacher killed and several people wounded in school knife attack when terrorism becomes a political label →‘Anonymous’ = the bigger the perceived threat, the easier it becomes to “protect” citizens; hacker group since 2003 V for Vendetta (2005) Operation Jane (2021): against the Texas Heartbeat Act (abortion) → Anonymous have messaged → conspiracy theorists? →Wikileaks = international non-profit organization that publishes news leaks, and classified media provided by anonymous sources Message to Clinton Julian Assange (co-founder and the face of Wikileaks): stayed in the UK because he was afraid of being arrested after raping 2 women in Sweden, which he denies Peter King (Chairman of the House Homeland Security Committee): Wikileaks appears to meet legal criteria of a US-designated terrorist organization → Wikileaks presents a clear and present danger to the national security of the US Biden: “Assange is a high-tech terrorist” China — Xinjiang →Uighurs = Turkic ethnic minority, mostly Muslim, in China who claim to be victims of genocides and crimes against humanity in the eyes of Beijing, all Uighurs could potentially be terrorists or terrorist sympathizers the Chinese government has imprisoned more than one million people since 2017 and subjected those not detained to intense surveillance, religious restrictions, forced labor CM2001 36  and forced sterilizations The Netherlands June 2018 — suspicion of terrorist attack system of threat levels indication the chance of terrorist attack →Terrorist Threat Assessment Netherlands (DTN) = general assessment of radicalization, extremism and of the national and international terrorist threat to the Netherlands and Dutch interests abroad level 1 — minimal: it is unlikely that a terrorist attack will occur level 2 — limited: there is a slight chance of a terrorist attack level 3 — significant: a terrorist attack is conceivable level 4 — substantial: there is a real chance of a terrorist attack level 5 — critical: an attack is imminent current level = 4 — substantial (due to war in Gaza, desecration of the Quran, threat posed by Jihadist networks) week 8 — global weirding & futures of IGC emotions 1. fear →fear = unpleasant emotion caused by being aware of danger; feeling of respect and wonder for something very powerful; vital response to physical and emotional danger we are not always scared of what is actually relatable for us top 5 global causes of death in 2019 (WHO): 1. ischemic heart disease 2. stroke 3. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 4. lower respiratory infections 5. neonatal conditions what have we been scared for centuries? Noah’s Ark fears of the past for the future → Day After Tomorrow movie CM2001 37  → it is part of our myth that nature will rebel against us importance of fear →declinism (cognitive bias) = predisposition, possibly due to cognitive bias, to view the past more favorably and future negatively An Inconvenient Truth — Al Gore, 2006 → beautiful lie vs inconvenient truth, because we tend to be in a bubble of safety “if you love your children” → make an action for your children An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power — Al Gore, 2017 “Climate Change in the American Mind” — Leiserowitz et al. 7 in 10 of Americans think global warming is happening 6 in 10 of Americans think global warming is mostly human made concern is growing, with many Americans expressing worry, frustration, and feelings of helplessness however, fewer Americans actively discuss the issue or feel a strong social push to take action →Americans increasingly acknowledge the reality of climate change and its risks, but there is a disconnect between concern and active engagement fears in 2018: climate change 67% fears of 2020: climate change 60% fears of 2022: climate change 54% →dropped, people are not the most afraid of climate change anymore creating awareness →ecoterrorism (aka ecological terrorism/environmental terrorism) = destruction, or the threat of destruction, of the environment by states, groups, individuals in order to intimidate or coerce governments or civilians →ecoterrorism (FBI) = (threatened) use of violence of a criminal nature against innocent victims or property by an environmentally-oriented, subnational group for environmental- political reasons, or aimed at an audience beyond target, often symbolic CM2001 38  →Earth Liberation Front (aka Elves) = the collective name for autonomous individuals or covert cells who use economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare to stop exploitation and destruction of environment terrorists or activists? →activist = person who campaigns to bring about political/social change e.g. Just Stop Oil protesters who threw soup on van Gogh’s Sunflower painting →The Bambi Factor = the idea that many anti-hunting arguments are based on the cuteness of the animal being hunted (e.g.seals, but not rats) conservation is so central to Bambi that the film is credited with having inspired many 1960s environmental activists at an early age Green warriors – Greenpeace →Greenpeace = international organization dedicated to preserve endangered species of animals, preventing environmental abuses, and heightening environmental awareness through direct confrontations with polluting corporation and governmental authorities signature method: → mind bomb (Bob Hunter) = reaching the public consciousness through dramatic, camera-ready opposition to environmental crimes can a mind bomb be too big? whale hunting — Sea Shepherd: “If the Oceans Die, We Die” – Captain Paul Watson 2. guilt →guilt = a feeling of deserving blame for offenses →also used by Greenpeace →third-person effect = relates to people’s tendency to perceive that mass-media message have only minimal influence on them but greater influence on other people — the “third- persons” Barbie / Mattel — packaging and rainforest destruction video by Greenpeace Lego, Ferrari and Shell — children influence parents’ behaviors; they push them to refill at Shell stations to get Lego cars during the promotion → smart PR idea Greenpeace strikes back — The Lego Movie Greenpeace edition (uses same song “everything is awesome” from Lego Movie but shows oil spill ruining everything) →indulgence = a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins; it may reduce the “temporal punishment for sin” after death CM2001 39  →Holiness Syndrome = suffering for your social sins but then finding redemption through action donating to Greenpeace alleviates your sins → divides the world into two kinds — good vs evil fighting climate change awareness Ruder Finn ran the Global Climate Coalition (group of mainly US businesses opposing action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions) Step 1: deny (until early 90s) GCC led PR campaigns denying idea that emissions of heat-trapping gases could lead to global warming “Total engaged in overt denial of climate science in late 1980s, early 1990s” Step 2: create confusion (until 00s) →gaslighting = to manipulate another person into doubting his or her perceptions, experiences, or understanding of events GCC questioned validity of computer models to predict global warming and role of man-made greenhouse gases Climate Change: Your Passport To The Facts: “to date, there is no evidence to demonstrate the climate has changed as a result of any “enhancement’ to this natural phenomenon by man-made greenhouse” “the notion that scientists have reached consensus that man-made emissions of greenhouse gases are leading to a dangerous level of global warming is not true” Step 3: cooperate? (since 00s) →Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) = type of international private business self- regulation that aims to contribute to societal goals of a philanthropic activist or charitable nature or by engage in or support volunteering or ethically oriented practices →sustainability (virtue word) = ability to exist constantly Coca Cola sustainability → water →greenwashing = practice of making unsubstantiated or misleading claim about the environmental benefits of a product, service, technology or company practice; it can make CM2001 40  a company appear to be more environmentally friendly than it really is Greenpeace: companies like Coca-Cola (biggest corporate polluter) use single-use plastic bottles which should be banned using the children for the planet Greta Thunberg (climate activist) →World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) = leading organization in wildlife conservation and endangered species weekly activity plans to do at home → provide the right education for children about the climate Extinction Rebellion (since 2018) — seen as extremist ideology letters to our children video, 2022 “climate change kills children” protests →youth & children assembly = a gathering of children in an allocated space to share their ideas about an issue that is proposed (e.g. climate crisis) → facilitators help them get together and talk in small groups, ask questions, the top ideas will be picked Greenpeace: Angry Kid → calls on guilt of adults Greenpeace controversies Patrick Moore (helped create Greenpeace, then left): “began as a mission to improve the environment for the sake of humanity but became a political movement in which humanity became the villain and hard science a non-issue” →Prager University Foundation (PragerU) = American nonprofit advocacy group and media organization that creates content promoting conservative and capitalist viewpoint on various pol., econ. and sociological topics despite the name inclusion of ‘university’ it’s not an academic institution their content contains misleading information promoting climate change denial, slavery, racism, immigration and anti-LGBTQ politics can we think about Earth? — difference between ecology and environment →ecology = study of the relationships between organisms and their environment; is a science CM2001 41  →environmentalism = pol. and ethical movement that seeks to improve and protect the quality of the natural environment through changes to environmentally harmful human activities; an ideology based on ecology →climate change = a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth — this length of time can be as short as a few decades to as long as millions of years = fact →global warming = the increase in Earth’s average surface temperature due to rising levels of greenhouse gases = scientific theory the problem with trends Fact Ful Ness — Hans Rosling: we expect straight lines to continue also in the same straight direction — but why would it do that? (e.g. growth of the population size over the last 12.000 years increased massively) →global weirding = the idea that global warming is not simply about rising global temperature, but about the resulting emergence of variable and freakish weather, including extreme weather events, drought, dust storms, ice storms, hurricanes and other typical weather and geophysical events theory coined by Hunter Lovins (founder of the Rocky Mountain Institute) — promoted by Thomas Friedman do we have a future? — futures of IGC Global Trends 2040 — more chaos in the world both internal and external actors are manipulating digital info and spreading misinformation to shape public views and achieve political objectives→ leads to democratic decline → future marked by intensifying global challenges, including climate change, health crises, and technological disruptions. in the future, there’s… … growing fragmentation, with deeper divisions within societies and states … increased geopolitical competition, especially between the U.S. and China … existing systems will struggle to meet rising demands, leading to political volatility 5 potential 2040 scenarios are envisioned: 1. revival of democracies, driven by technology and economic growth. CM2001 42  2. global instability as major powers fail to lead or address crises 3. U.S. and China cooperate economically but compete politically 4. the world splits into isolated economic and security blocs 5. a global catastrophe spurs coordinated action to tackle climate change →adaptation and innovation will be critical for survival in this more contested global landscape there is more and more distraction from information 1. end of information “I saw it on Tiktok” — TikTok claims it’s not spreading Chinese propaganda, US sees real risk TikTok owners have to answer to Communist Party of China, not stakeholders or users 2. end of reality →metaverse = convergence of physical, augmented, and virtual reality in a shared online space Neal Stephenson (advisor for Blue Origin — a Jeff Bezos company) Snow Crash: Stephenson’s metaverse appears to its users as an urban environment, developed along a single 100 m wide road, featureless, black, perfectly spherical planet →XR = networked extended reality Ready Player One (2011, movie 2018) Coca-Cola Creations game inspired drink “to create an innovative taste inspired by the playfulness of pixels” Metaverse according to Meta — “mixed reality” VR glasses 3. artificial intelligence — nobody knows what will happen concerns about AI higher than excitement “if regulation does not exist, PR firms and political consultants can offer disinformation as a regular service, increasing public distrust in political institutions” Martin Niemöller —First They Came CM2001 43  “then they came for me, and there was no one left to speak out for me” CM2001 44