Grade 6 Science PDF - Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Chapter 4 Grade 6 - Science Animal and Plant Kingdoms Lesson 1: Vertebrates and Invertebrates  LEARNING OBJECTIVES describe vertebrate animals classify vertebrates into its group give examples of vertebrate animals Animals can be classified in different ways. There is o...

Chapter 4 Grade 6 - Science Animal and Plant Kingdoms Lesson 1: Vertebrates and Invertebrates  LEARNING OBJECTIVES describe vertebrate animals classify vertebrates into its group give examples of vertebrate animals Animals can be classified in different ways. There is one common classification for this, and it is based on the presence or absence of a vertebral column or backbone VERTEBRATES Chordates - animals w ith a notochord. All animals can be divided into two main groups, vertebrates and invertebrates. VERTEBRATES Animals that possess a backbone are called vertebrates. Vertebrates have several key features in common. The majority have a hollow backbone and cranium, or skull, which safeguard the spinal cord and brain. VERTEBRATES Vertebrates can be broadly classified into five main groups - mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, and amphibians. F.A.R.M.B  VERTEBRATES comprise approximately 45 000 or 3% of the known species in the. important for support and protection. world. THREE (3) distinct structures: spinal cord, the vertebrae, notochord. Purpose: for support and protection Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles group of animals that cannot maintain their body temperature means that their body temperature depends on the temperature of their outside surroundings.   Jawless HAGFISH LAMPREY  Cartilaginous  Bony  Amphibians –    REPTILES lay their eggs on land, a safer place from the predators Their eggs are amniotic, which can be either leathery or covered with a calcium-based material they are born with strong instincts and protective adaptations to survive  REPTILES boa constrictors, rattlesnakes, vipers, and most sea snakes undergo a different process classified as ovoviviparous -animals where eggs hatch inside the mother’s body   u v REPTILES  Birds, mammals, marsupials groups of animals that can regulate their internal body temperatures. They also have hairs, furs, or feathers to help keep them warm  BIRDS                 INVERTEBRATES  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to: describe invertebrate animals classify invertebrates into its group give examples of invertebrate animals INVERTEBRATES Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone. They are the largest group of animals in the kingdom (90% of the animals population) They are soft-bodied They have hard outer skeleton. PORIFERANS / SPONGES simplest of all animals. their bodies are cylindrical and asymmetrical. most of them are found in saltwater. their bodies contain numerous pores (OSTIA) Ostia - have a canal system where water and small food enter the body. they also have one or more openings called OSCULI (where waste exits) PORIFERANS / SPONGES they stay in one place and are usually attached to rocks they also lack mouth, digestive canal or any other normal organs they are filter feeders they reproduce asexually (fragmentation or budding) Sycon, Spongilla, Euspongia PORIFERANS / SPONGES they reproduce asexually (fragmentation or budding)  CNIDARIANS / COELENTERATES radially symmetrical and soft-bodied animals that have tentacles around their openings. examples: jellyfish, corals, and hydras.  CNIDARIANS/COELENTERATES They are carnivores except corals Two forms: polyps and medusae Polyps - sessile or sedentary forms Medusae - swimming forms CNIDARIANS/COELENTERATES Jellyfishes - have a hollow, umbrella- shaped structures. they have stinging tentacles the sting of jellyfish can be very dangerous to humans.  CNIDARIANS/COELENTERATES Hydra -has a slender, cylindrical body with threadlike tentacles around its opening mostly inhabit bodies of freshwater (ponds, lakes, streams, rivers. they use their tentacles to catch their prey (insect larva, small crustaceans, seed shrimps)  CNIDARIANS/COELENTERATES Corals - usually live in colonies of polyps. they are animals that look like plants as they attach themselves on the ocean floor. feed on small fishes and tiny, floating animal-like organisms they reproduce sexually. when corals die, their skeletons form coral reefs.  PLATYHELMINTHES commonly known as flatworms live as parasites to humans or animals parasitic flatworms feed on nutrients within their host’s body. they have flat, unsegmented bodies. do not have specialized systems and vary in size ex: tapeworms, live flukes, freshwater flatworms, planarians. PLATYHELMINTHES  NEMATODES known as roundworms considered parasitic organisms easily enter through the skin of the feet a person can acquire it by drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food. examples: Ascaris, filarial worms, hookworms.  NEMATODES Ascaris Mode of Entry: ingestion of contaminated raw food or soil particles. Effect/s: infection in the lining of the small intestines  NEMATODES Filarial Worms Mode of Entry: Biting of the skin by mosquitoes that carry filarial worm’s larvae Effect/s: Elephantiasis (infection or swelling of the tissue characterize by the enlargement of the limbs or genitals.  NEMATODES Hookworms Mode of Entry: penetration of the skin, usually in the feet, when the skin comes in contact with hookworm larvae in soil contaminated with feces. Effect/s: damage in the lining of the small intestines and malnutrition. Also affect the lungs and skin.  ANNELIDS are segmented worms that have long, cylindrical bodies. ex: leeches and earthworms Leeches - blood suckers, they feed on blood. usually flat and with dark green or black color. live in slow-moving bodies of water or in moist soil or ocean.  ANNELIDS Earthworms tubelike, segmented annelids found in soil called as night crawlers help increase the soil fertility as their waste (cast) makes the soil fertile. their burrowing action helps soil become porous and enables the plants to have enough water and oxygen.  ECHINODERMS they have the ability to regenerate feed on microorganisms, plants, and plankton. Sea Stars - carnivores also serve as host in a symbiotic relationship with many marine animals such as crabs, shrimps, worms, snails, and even fishes. Sea urchins - inhabit rubble and sand.  MOLLUSKS they are soft-bodied invertebrates with segment like division on their bodies. covered with shells most of them do not have legs but some have tentacles. three groups: Gastropods (snails), bivalves, and cephalopods.  MOLLUSKS Slugs stay in moist or damp areas they have brain and heart they are hermaphrodites Snails most of them feed on plants found in garden or farm some snails are edible Escargot - appetizer made of edible snails. MOLLUSKS Bivalves- consist of two shells clams, oysters, mussels Clams and mussels can live in both saltwater and freshwater oysters live only in shallow saltwater and in colonies (beds or reefs) Clams - have smooth, shiny, and light-colored shells. Mussels - have oval or elongated, dark shells. Oysters - have oval or pear- shaped and whitish-gray shells.  MOLLUSKS Cephalopods have well-developed eyes and brain have a head with elongated arms that bear suckers. Squid’s suckers have hooks or sucker rings. Squids have eight arms with two tentacles. Squid also have streamlined body and internal shell called (pen) MOLLUSKS Cephalopods Octopus have eight arms but no tentacles. have suckers with taste sensors do not have any shell at all ARTHROPODS with segmented bodies and jointed limbs or appendages. they have exoskeleton that protects their insides. have bilateral symmetrical body insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and myriapods  ARTHROPODS INSECTS arthropods with three pairs of legs, one or two pairs of wings, and a pair of antennae. their bodies are divided into three segments: head, thorax, and abdomen examples: mosquito, fly, butterfly, dragonfly, grasshopper, ant, beetle, bee, cricket, and cockroach. ARTHROPODS INSECTS  ARTHROPODS CRUSTACEANS crabs, shrimps, lobsters, crayfishes, prawns, and barnacles. found in freshwater or saltwater. they have five of more pairs of legs, a pair of pincers, and an exoskeleton (CARAPACE) their bodies are also divided into three in some species, the head and the thorax are fused and covered in a single carapace (CEPHALOTHORAX)   ARTHROPODS ARACHNIDS their body is divided into two sections: cephalothorax, and the abdomen. spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. they are mostly land predators can be both beneficial and harmful to humans and other animals all spiders contain poison that they inject to their prey example: black widow spider’s bite can result in discomfort or serious illness.  ARTHROPODS MYRIAPODS consists of arthropods that have plenty of legs such as centipedes and millipedes Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment Millipedes have two pair of legs per segment. both breath through their SPIRACLES  ARTHROPODS MYRIAPODS CENTIPEDES have long, flat, and flexible bodies they are carnivores they have MAXILLIPEDS - the modified legs of the centipede’s first segment, which they use to inject venom to their prey. ARTHROPODS MYRIAPODS MILLIPEDES feed mostly on decaying organic matter and plants they help in soil fertility and bacterial decomposition they secrete substance to protect themselves from their enemies. they curl their bodies as a protective mechanism.  THANK YOU! I hope you learn something new today!