Positive Psychology Introduction PDF

Positive Psychology Introduction to Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Intelligence 1  Substructure of Social Behaviors When you have difficulties or are in a difficult situation due to some influences of the outside world, the cause of your distress is not onl...

Positive Psychology Introduction to Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Intelligence 1  Substructure of Social Behaviors When you have difficulties or are in a difficult situation due to some influences of the outside world, the cause of your distress is not only the event itself, but also the value and importance you attach to the event. Therefore, you carry within you the power to reject or suppress that distress. Marcus Aurelius 2  SOCIAL SCIENCES: Interpreting the socio- emotional behaviors of people during social relationships and the experiences they have gained in these relationships COGNITIVE SCIENCES: Information processing- thoughts; The study of how information is received and processed during attention, perception, learning, memory, and language functions. NEUROscience: Behavioral neurology, the brain- biological basis of social behavior  Social Cognitive Neuroscience It is an interdisciplinary field of study that tries to test the imaginations and predictions of human behavior during social activities through experimental scenarios prepared on different behavior styles and by using neuroscience methods and in this way to establish a social brain theory. “Being aware of your own mind and the minds of others and acting or taking a stand according to them”  SOCIAL SCIENCES BASIC PRINCIPLES People behave differently in a group than when they are alone People make rules within groups People tend to follow social rules Some people differ from others in following rules. There are rewards for obeying the rules and punishments for non-compliance.  Theory of Mind The ability to understand and differentiate situations (beliefs, tendencies, desires, and knowledge) in one's own mind and those of others  Theory of Mind; It assumes that the mind is structured in relation to the brain and body, that it develops as an evolutionary, developmental and socio- cultural phenomenon, and that as a result of all these spiral relationships, it opens up a unique field (complex behavioral phenomena, subconscious, dreams, predictions, etc.).  Mirror Neurons System The firing in the neurons of the other individual who only watches the action of the individual in front of him » These neurons are activated ("mirrors") as if the observer were doing the other's movement himself. It develops within 12 months after birth and the baby begins to empathize.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hruf1p3k e7U https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzMqPYf eA-s  EMOTION Emotionally loaded reactions to internal and external stimuli It has behavioral and physiological aspects Not always due to a specific cause, such as mood It cannot be learned when it comes from internal stimuli, it can be learned when it comes to external stimuli. It can be re-evaluated according to the purpose of the stimulus, its effect can be reduced and increased. Has different neural infrastructures  Intelligence INTELLIGENCE ACCORDING TO THE OLD INTELLIGENCE ACCORDING TO THE NEW UNDERSTANDING; UNDERSTANDING; constant Developable Cannot be calculated can be measured numerically when exhibited in quantitatively any performance or problem solving process is singular It can be manifested in various Measured in abstraction ways from real life Measured in context/real life situations Measured to rank students It is used to understand the and predict their probable latent strengths of individuals success and the different ways they can be successful.  Types of Intelligence IQ (Intelligence Quotient/Logical Intelligence): Being idealistic, able to dream, generating thoughts, predicting the future, creating expectations, thinking strategically, thinking outside the box, planning for the future, believing and trusting oneself EQ (Emotional Intelligence): Being an activist, being hopeful, optimism, courage, empathy, humor and fun, believing and trusting people, having a passionate project, seeing the positive, having self-confidence PQ (Bodily Intelligence): inner discipline, being realist, targeting, blocking distractions, taking risks, dedication, pursuit, self-sacrifice, determination CQ (Conscientious Intelligence): listening to the inner voice, inner outer responsibility, accountability, responsibility towards the creator, ethical values, using moral reasoning, wisdom, humility, honesty SQ (Social Intelligence): being open to cooperation, reassuring, risk assessment, crisis management, being an active listener, making solution- oriented decisions, taking into account the feelings, needs and rights of others, strengthening family ties  WHAT’S INTELLIGENCE «skill in achieving whatever it is you want to attain in your life within your sociocultural context by capitalizing on your strengths and compensating for, or correcting, your weaknesses» Sternberg (2004)  INTELLIGENCE as a GENERAL ABILITY 1. Adaptability to a new environment or to changes in the current environment 2. Capacity for knowledge and the ability to acquire it 3. Capacity for reason and abstract thought 4. Ability to comprehend relationships 5. Ability to evaluate and judge 6. Capacity for original and productive thought  CLASSIFICATION Sternberg (1986) purports two principal classifications of definition of intelligence—the operational definition and the ‘‘real’’ definition. * Operational intelligence is measurable. * Real intelligence is one that inquires the true nature of the thing being defined. Pal,H.R,Pal,A.&Tourani,P. (2004). Theories of Intelligence. Everyman’s Science,VOL. 39-3.  GARDNER’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE People are all born with potential to develop a multiplicity of Intelligence.people’s performance and intellectual abilities are not contained to a single aptitude but rather to a bouquet of abilities. Some of these abilities are instinctive, while the majority is acquired.  GARDNER’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE 1. Naturalist Intelligence (“Nature Smart”) Designates the human ability to discriminate among living things (plants, animals) as well as sensitivity to other features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations). This ability was clearly of value in our evolutionary past as hunters, gatherers, and farmers; it continues to be central in such roles as botanist or chef. It is also speculated that much of our consumer society exploits the naturalist intelligences, which can be mobilized in the discrimination among cars, sneakers, kinds of makeup, and the like. 2. Musical Intelligence (“Musical Smart”) Musical intelligence is the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone. This intelligence enables us to recognize, create, reproduce, and reflect on music, as demonstrated by composers, conductors, musicians, vocalist, and sensitive listeners. Interestingly, there is often an affective connection between music and the emotions; and mathematical and musical intelligences may share common thinking processes. Young adults with this kind of intelligence are usually singing or drumming to themselves. They are usually quite aware of sounds others may miss. 3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (Number/Reasoning Smart) Logical-mathematical intelligence is the ability to calculate, quantify, consider propositions and hypotheses, and carry out complete mathematical operations. It enables us to perceive relationships and connections and to use abstract, symbolic thought; sequential reasoning skills; and inductive and deductive thinking patterns. Logical intelligence is usually well developed in mathematicians, scientists, and detectives. Young adults with lots of logical intelligence are interested in patterns, categories, and relationships. They are drawn to arithmetic problems, strategy games and experiments.  GARDNER’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE 4. Existential Intelligence Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did we get here. 5. Interpersonal Intelligence (People Smart”) Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. It involves effective verbal and nonverbal communication, the ability to note distinctions among others, sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of others, and the ability to entertain multiple perspectives. Teachers, social workers, actors, and politicians all exhibit interpersonal intelligence. Young adults with this kind of intelligence are leaders among their peers, are good at communicating, and seem to understand others’ feelings and motives 6. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (“Body Smart”) Bodily kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills. This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of skills through mind–body union. Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and craftspeople exhibit well-developed bodily kinesthetic intelligence.  GARDNER’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE 7. Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart) Linguistic intelligence is the ability to think in words and to use language to express and appreciate complex meanings. Linguistic intelligence allows us to understand the order and meaning of words and to apply meta-linguistic skills to reflect on our use of language. Linguistic intelligence is the most widely shared human competence and is evident in poets, novelists, journalists, and effective public speakers. Young adults with this kind of intelligence enjoy writing, reading, telling stories or doing crossword puzzles. 8. Intra-personal Intelligence (Self Smart”) Intra-personal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself and one’s thoughts and feelings, and to use such knowledge in planning and directing one’s life. Intra-personal intelligence involves not only an appreciation of the self, but also of the human condition. It is evident in psychologist, spiritual leaders, and philosophers. These young adults may be shy. They are very aware of their own feelings and are self-motivated. 9. Spatial Intelligence (“Picture Smart”) Spatial intelligence is the ability to think in three dimensions. Core capacities include mental imagery, spatial reasoning, image manipulation, graphic and artistic skills, and an active imagination. Sailors, pilots, sculptors, painters, and architects all exhibit spatial intelligence. Young adults with this kind of intelligence may be fascinated with mazes or jigsaw puzzles, or spend free time drawing or daydreaming.  ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE Binet: Q factor for (academic) Intelligence IQ (intellectual Quotient) IQ lead us to think, make cause-effect analysis, doing math, describe something and create our level of understanding. But many people just concentrate in this thing! People with high IQ Exhibits the following Characteristics. Logical and analytical ability Inquisitiveness Problem-solving skills Interest in reading and using language effectively Extraordinary memory with numbers and words. Perfectionism Long attention span. EQ (Emotional Quotient ) EQ is knowledge about knowing our self, sensitivity to feel change in our environment and also to estimate time, empathy, communication skill (I called it communication with voice and also with gesture, either with heart), courageous to confess our mistakes, respect diversity, etc. Who gonna be successful leader should develop these more than others! but keep your life in balance! People with high EQ exhibits and express their feelings clearly and directly. They are not dominated by negative emotions such as fear, worry, guild, shame, embarrassment, obligation, disappointment and hopelessness. They are able to read non-verbal communication. They balance feelings with reason, logic and reality. They are independent, self reliant and morally autonomous who can work and thirve with interdependence very effectively. They are internally self-motivated. They are not motivated by power, wealth, but are more influence by fame, relationship and approval by other. They are always people and group smart who work well in groups, teams and best in making relationship and maintain them. They are emotionally expressive yet resilient. PQ (Physical Quotient ). PQ is our body of course. It has authority for a living. My brain executes heart to beat, lungs to suck the air, self-healing, laughing and sneezing! Physical Quotient (PQ) indicates the capacity to work through situation through your physical proves. That means effective and efficient use of your hand eyes coordination. Kind of skill and flawless fluidity demonstrated by sportsman, warriors, fighters, performers, atheletes, dancer etc. CQ (Creativity Quotient ) People with creativity are fluent thinker, able to generate possibilities, consequences, or relate ideas. They are flexible thinkers, to use many different alternatives and approaches to the problem solving. They are original as thinkers, seeking new, unusual or unconventional associations and combinations among items of information. They often display intellectual playfulness and like to fantasize and imagine. They are sensitive to beauty and are attracted to aesthetic values. They are versatile in use their multiple senses and harmonize them into unique synthesis and solutions. Spiritual Intelligence (SQ), SQ is the foundation from 3 quotients above. It's helping us to stack our principles, values, and connect our soul with our believes, our purposes in life. Just this quotient when can claim that we are the most valuable creatures on earth Spiritual Intelligence (SQ), expands the horizon of human Ego. It expands and harmonize the horizon of human awareness and influence to the largest possible dimensions which are all inclusive. People with high SQ exhibit the following characteristics: Flexibility Tolerance Self-awareness Broad inclusive approach. The ability to go through all challenges with poise and equanimity. The ability to understand both human, social as well as natural situation easily and able to handle them well. The ability to inspire by a vision. An ability to see connections between diverse things and see all holistically and wholistically. A desire and capacity to cause as little harm as possible and promote well-being harmony for all. A tendency to probe and ask fundamental question about everything. An ability to go against conventions. SIQ (Social Intelligence Quotient): Social Intelligence (SI) is the ability to get along well with others, and to get them to cooperate with you. Sometimes referred to simplistically as "people skills," SI includes; an awareness of situations and the social dynamics that govern them, a knowledge of interaction styles and strategies that can help a person achieve his or her objectives in dealing with others. It also involves a certain amount of self-insight and a consciousness of one's own perceptions and reaction patterns.