UNIT 2 Economic Situation of the Nineteenth Century Philippines PDF

Unit 2 Lesson 1 Economic Situation of the Nineteenth Century Philippines Social scientists marked the 19th century as the birth of modern life as well as the birth of many nation-states around the world. Three Great Revolutions Around the World: The Industrial revolution in England The French Revo...

Unit 2 Lesson 1 Economic Situation of the Nineteenth Century Philippines Social scientists marked the 19th century as the birth of modern life as well as the birth of many nation-states around the world. Three Great Revolutions Around the World: The Industrial revolution in England The French Revolution The American Revolution Galleon Trade The “Galleon Trade” was the longest running shipping line of its time which existed for roughly 150 years. It carried silver, gold, spices, silk and objects that were fashionable between 1565-1815. Fray Andres de Urdaneta A well-known circumnavigator before his stint as an Augustinian priest, the galleons, (one galleon at a time) plied the trans-pacific from the Philippines to Mexico. According to Senor Guillermo Gomez Rivera: Philippine Honorary President of Asociation Cultural Galleon de Manila, there is an account of Juan De Salcedo, grandson of Legazpi, rescuing the Chinese from a brawl with Filipinos in Taal, Batangas. He and his grandfather, refitted the boats and sent it off to China, the Chinese soon came back with riches of the Orient which proved to be precious in the European Market. According to Benito Legarda: During the galleon trade, 90% of goods arriving the Philippines were Mexican silver headed for China. The Spanish government declared Manila as the commerce in the East. The Spaniards closed the ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico. Thus, the Manila-Acapulco Trade, better known as the “Galleon Trade” was born. Profile of Manila Galleon Trade Manila Galleons (1565 to 1815) Were large Spanish ships that sailed across the Pacific between New Spain (Mexico) and the Philippines. They allowed Spain to trade with East Asia without using Portuguese trade routes. They brought the first Asians to arrive in North America after Columbus. In 1494, after Columbus confirmed the existence of the Americans, Pope Alexander VI issued “Inter Caetera” dividing the Americans between Portugal and Spain, which they interpreted as applying to the whole non-Christian world. In 1521 Magellan discovered a westward route, catching the Pacific currents that go west along the equator. In 1565 Andres de Urdaneta discovered the eastward route, by sailing along the kuroshi Current near Japan north of the 38th parallel and then catching the westerlies to bring him east across the Pacific. `These discoveries led to the Manila Galleon Trade. The Spanish traded with Japan, Taiwan, Fujian province of Ming Dynasty China, Macau, East Timor and the Spice Islands (eastern Indonesia). Most Manila galleons were built in the Philippines and manned by Filipino crews. Chinese merchants would also board these ships, sometimes bringing goods from Mexico back to China. Goods from Asia bound to Europe, had to cross overland to get to the Atlantic Ocean. One way was across Mexico from Acapulco to Veracruz in the Gulf of Mexico. The other way was to follow the coast south to the Isthmus of Panama, and cross there. The First post-Columbian record of Asians in North America: -In 1587, Filipinos landed in California at Morro Bay near San Luis Obispo, 33 years before the Mayflower. -In 1595, a galleon shipwrecked near Point Reyes just north of the San Francisco Bay; survivors swam to shore. -Chinas artifacts in Mexico date back to the 16th century; -Chinese settlement in California goes back to at least the 17th century. Suez Canal- Is one of the most important water ways in the world. The Canal was opened in 1869 and it is 163 kilometers long. Arabic, Egyptian Sea and some European (like British, French etc.) societies benefited from this canal with its help over irrigation, transportation and strategic military advantages. It symbolizes much more values (strategic place, economic advantage, a road through global world etc.) to powerful country leaders of every century. This is one of the most important waterways in the world. Importance Suez Canal decreases the road between Europe and South Asia from 16000 km (travel from the Cape of Good Hope) to 10000 km. The Suez Canal has a privileged geographic location, this is a very important element for maritime transport this being one of the cheapest means of transportation and considering that over 80% of world trade is operated through waterways. In Europe Suez Canal is very important for the oil and trade with Asia because it reduces its distance from this country, therefore, companies reduce fuel payments, spend fewer days in the transport of their products and as a result growing the world economies. In conclusion the Suez Canal has been and will remain a strategic point for the development of the world trade because it allows commercial exchange between developing and developed countries generating employment opportunities, allowing the transport of food and other products indispensable for the progress of a country. IMPACT OF SUEZ CANAL TO THE PHILIPPINES The opening on November 17, 1869 of the Suez Canal in Egypt, one of the most important artificial sea-level waterways in the world, paved the way for the Philippines’ direct commercial relations with Spain instead of via Mexico. Another significance of the opening of the Suez Canal was it enabled the importation of books, magazines and newspapers with liberal ideas from Europe and America which eventually influenced the minds of Jose Rizal and the other Filipino reformists. THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD TRADE The decades from 1820 to 1870 were crucial in the economic history of the world and produces significant changes in the economy of the country. British and Americans were predominant in the foreign trade. The Chinese occupied the position of intermediaries between foreign western merchants and the domestic market. In order to raise funds, the merchant houses issued notes taking deposits in local currencies from people of different economic backgrounds. The Philippines’ economic landscape was different from Southeast Asia, i.e., Malaya and Indonesia. Western foreigners, public entities, and the Chinese joined rising domestic entrepreneurs. Lesson 2 Social Structure During The 19th Century Philippine society was predominantly feudalistic – the results of the Spanish land holding system imposed upon the country with the arrival of the conquistadores. Apex: 1.Spanish Peninsulares – Limpieza de Sangre (Pure Blood) – those Spaniards born in Spain occupying the highest position in the social structure together with other Europeans on non-Spanish Europeans. 2.Spanish Insulares – Hijos del Pais (Sons of the Country) – those Spaniards born in the Philippines from full-blooded Spanish parents. Middle: 1.Spanish Mestizos – offspring of Spanish father and Indio mother 2.Mestizo de Sangleyes – offspring of Spanish-Chinese parents 3.Mestizo Indios – offspring of Chinese-Indio mixtures. Base: 1.Indios – native of the country -Indio natural – refers to the natives of the island, originated from Malay race and considered as the today’s Filipino. -Plain indios – those natives who had converted to Roman Catholicism and settled in a town under Spanish jurisdiction (reduction system) or town under the bajo las campanas (under the sound of the bell). The highest position available to plain indios is Gobernadorcillo. -Infieles – refers to the pagans who resisted the indoctrination and lived outside the Spanish control maintaining their culture, religion and lifeways. -Indio Sangleye – are the pure-blooded Chinese or Japanese who arrived in the Philippines to trade and escape the hegemony of dynasties and shoguns. The Educational Decree of 1863 marked a milestone in the history of education in the Philippines under Spain. For the first time, provisions were made for the establishments of teacher training schools and for government supervision of the public-school system. The government in Spain issued Moret Decree of 1870, which intended to secularize higher education in the colony. Lesson 3 Political System 19th century was a chaotic period for Spain. Troubles began after the ascendancy into power in France of Napoleon Bonaparte who planned to make France an empire and in 1808 occupied Spain. In 1814 driven the French from the Peninsula and Ferdinand VII got back the throne of Spain. Spain in the 19th Century Some of the Spaniards the inteligencia as their guidelines, had accepted celebrated motto of the trench revolution, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Ministro de Ultramar (Ministry of Colonies) - It helped the Spanish monarch manage the affairs of the colonies exercising executive, judicial, legislative and religious power. Governor General It was Kings representative in governmental matters, -He also acted as Vice-Royal Patron over religious matters which gave him the prerogative to nominate priest to ecclesiastical position and control the finances of the missions. -He also issued executive legislative power with his Cumplase the right of Governor General not to implement the laws/decrees applicable to the country. -He was assisted by Lieutenant Governor or General Segundo Cabo Political System Next to the central government hierarchical structure was the provincial government called alcaldias led by alcalde mayors and the city government called cabildo or ayuntamiento administered by 2 alcaldes en ordinario Pueblo (Town) -Composed of barangays: the local government unit Gobernadorcillo (captain) -Chief executive and chief judge of the pueblo. Highest position in the government to which the native could be appointed. Barangay or Barrio – Smallest unit of government. Headed by the cabeza de barangay. He received 2% of the tax proceeds and 4% sanctorum Guardia Civil - Organized in the Philippines in 1867. Corps of the provincial police w/ native ranks. Cuadrilleros- The corps of pueblo. Serving as night sentries in town or as watchman of casa tribunal Royal Audencia Highest judicial body. Served as a high council and acted as auditor of finances of the government. -Governor General and Royal Audencia made laws for the country called autos accordados Legislative - Decreto Royal laws issued by the Spanish monarch. - some laws enacted for Spain were applied also to the Philippines. - among these were Las Siete Partides, Las Leyes de Toro, Codigo Civil and Codigo de Commercio. The Bigotry of Spanish Institutions This colonial system also became the major sources of discontent of many indios during the Spanish period. The word” encomienda” comes from the Spanish “ encomendar ” which means to entrust. These institutions include the encomienda, the polo or forced labor, and the tributo or tibute. The Tribute or Tributo In July 26, 1523, King Charles V decreed that Indians who had been pacified should contribute a “moderate amount’ in recognition of their vassalage. In theory the tribute or tax was collected from the natives in order to defray the costs of colonization and to recognize their vassalage to the King of Spain Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was first to order the payment of tribute, both in the Visayas and Luzon. During the period, the buwis or tribute consisted of 2 types: - The direct taxes –personal tribute and income tax -Indirect Taxes- customs duties and the bandala -monopolies of special crops Spirituous liquor (1712-1864) Betel nut (1764) Tobacco (1782-1882) Explosives (1805-1864) Opium (1847) - The buwis or tribute was collected from the natives both in specie and kind. Specie- gold or money In kind-rice, cloth, chicken, coconut oil abaca etc. - In the 1570’S, the tribute was fixed at eight reales (1 REAL=121/2 centavos) or in kind of” gold, blankets, cotton rice, bells “and raised to fifteen reales till the end of the Spanish period. Until the mid-nineteenth century, the Filipinos were required to pay the tribute of 10 reales, 1 real diezmos prediales (tithes), 1 real town community chest, 3 reales of sanctorum tax for church support. Bandala- annual enforce sale or requisitioning of goods particularly rice or coconut oil The word” encomienda” comes from the Spanish “encomendar” which means to entrust. Another colonial system that is intimately connected with the tribute. It is given by the King of Spain as gesture of gratitude to those who assisted him in colonizing the Indies. The Encomienda The Encomienda during the Spanish period were of 2 kinds; -The royal; and - Private The Royal Encomiendas which consisted of big cities, seaports, and inhabitants of regions rich in natural resources were owned by the king. The Private Encomiendas were owned by the private individuals or charitable institutions such as the College of Santa Potenciana and the hospital of San Juan de Dios. (31 royal encomienda and 236 private) Like tribute, the encomienda system is one of the major of discontent of the natives against the Spanish rule. The encomienda system lasted a little longer and finally ended in the first decade of the 19th century. The word “Polo” is actually a corruption of the Tagalog pulong, originally meaning “meeting” of persons and things” or “community Labor”. Drafted laborers were either Filipino or Chinese male mestizos who were obligated to give personal service to community projects like construction and repair of infrastructure, church construction, or cutting logs in forests, for 40 days. The Polo or Forced Labor There were laws that regulated too. For instance, the polista will be paid a daily wage of ¼ real plus rice. The polista was not supposed to be brought from a distant place nor required to work during planting and harvesting seasons. But the promise wage was not given exactly as promised that led to starvation or even death to same polistas and their families King Ferdinand VII Violently opposed the liberal reforms granted by the French Provincial government. He disobeyed the constitution and the Cortes put up by the Spanish liberal in 1812 that allowed the Philippines to send his representative to the lawmaking body. Died in 1833 The 35-year reign by the queen Isabel II produced 5 military politicians Baldomero Espartero- moderate Ramon Ma. Narvaez- cruel and vindictive reactionary Leopoldo O. Donnell- moderate and reactionary tendencies Francisco Serrano Juan Prim King Alfonso XII Died in 1885 leaving behind on infant to the throne that created grave situation in Spanish. Canovas del Castillo Famous conservative minister, he wants to strengthen the monarchy and overthrew the Carlist movement. New Cortes convoked with a new constitution in 1876 that embodied some democratic features, only in the theory. Governor general Dela Torre The Democratic Rule The firsthand experience of what it is to be liberal governor general in the Philippines Bourbon Reform Also known in Castilian as Reform as Bourbon as were a series of economic and political changes that the Spanish crown order the House of Bourbon made during the 18 centuries. The new king of Spain known as Philip V of Spain and the First King from the House of Bourbon wanted to take steps to rescue the waning decline of Spanish power around the globe. The Bourbon Reform reforms have been terraced “a revolution in government” for their sweeping charges in the structures of administration that sought to strengthen the power of Spanish state Charles III The “Decree of Free Trade “which allowed Spanish American ports to trade directly with one another and most ports in Spain. Therefore, “commerce would no longer be restricted to 4 colonial ports (Veracruz, Cartagena, Lima, and Panama Spanish Cortes 1812 Promulgating the Cadiz Constitution In the year 1812, the first Philippines delegates were Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose Manuel Coretto who took their oath of office in Madrid. Cadiz Constitution establish the principles of: Universal male suffrage Rational Sovereignty Constitutional monarchy Freedom of the Press Land Reform Free Enterprise One of the more important creeds embodied in this constitution was exemption of the natives from paying tributes and rendering public services based on its equality clause.