3012PSY Tutorial Week 4 PDF

Tutorial Week 4: 3012PSY E l i a E d w a rd s ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF COUNTRY Griffith University acknowledges the people CRICOS: 00233E | TEQSA: PRV12076 who are the Traditional Custodians of the land. We pay respect to the Elders, past and present, and...

Tutorial Week 4: 3012PSY E l i a E d w a rd s ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF COUNTRY Griffith University acknowledges the people CRICOS: 00233E | TEQSA: PRV12076 who are the Traditional Custodians of the land. We pay respect to the Elders, past and present, and extend that respect to all Aboriginal and Agenda Physical Changes Friendships Research Proposal Literature Reviews Literature Searches  Physical Changes and Psychological Implications 1. Changes in Skin, Hair, and Voice: Normative age-related changes include the appearance of wrinkles, grey hair, and a weaker voice Impacts on self-concept, can reflect cultural views on ageing, and result in cosmetic changes/procedures 2. Changes in Body Build: Midlife: Decrease in height Late life: Weight loss Source: Cavanaugh, J. C., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2023). Adult development and aging (9th ed.). Cengage.  Physical Changes and Psychological Implications 3. Changes in Mobility: Muscle mass decreases with age Loss of muscle strength Increased risk of falls Joint changes can be associated with depression and reduced independence 4. Sensory Changes: Reductions in amount of light that passes through one’s eye  requires more illumination/light for tasks like reading Presbyopia – i.e., difficulty seeing close objects in a clear manner Hearing loss and lower ability to hear high-pitched tones (presbycusis) Dizziness and vertigo are more common Vision changes can greatly impact daily life (e.g., watching TV, reading a book), and may lead to decreasing social contact, due to difficulties noticing fine facial details Source: Cavanaugh, J. C., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2023). Adult development and aging (9th ed.). Cengage. Ageing Ageing Celebrities Ageing  Friendships Major life transitions (e.g., university, getting married) can lead to: Fewer friends Loss of existing friendships Young adults tend to have more friends and acquaintances than other life stages Older adults tend to have less friendships than other life stages Source: Cavanaugh, J. C., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2023). Adult development and aging (9th ed.). Cengage. Break / Topic Change! hungry Research Proposal Check-in: Have you chosen a theme? Have you chosen a specific topic? What about potential research question(s) and key words? Themes Choose one of the three themes below: 1. Influences and outcomes of either having children later in life or on partnership later in life on social, physical, mental, and / or economic health of individuals and / or communities 2. Social, physical, mental, and / or economic barriers and facilitators to career transitions in later life and the potential outcomes of these transitions 3. The societal burden / outcomes of mental health disorders as related to ageing populations and the potential intervention and prevention efforts that can be implemented to reduce this burden Focusing in… What do you find interesting? What do you want to know more about? What elicits an emotional reaction in you? What might help you in the future? What do you think something needs to be done about? What do you think is inconsistent or conflicting?  Focusing in… Focus on… To develop a proposal that… What you find interesting Is novel and fills a gap What you want to know more about Has a strong “argumentative” voice What elicits an emotional reaction in you Has implications for the research What will help you in the future field and/or for consumers What you think something needs to be Clears up an inconsistency done about Keeps a reader’s interest What you think is inconsistent or conflicting The Research Background In a general sense, this section of a research proposal is similar to an introduction in a normal lab report. You will need to: Outline and critically review previous theory and research relevant to your proposal in order to develop an argument – which is the clearly articulated reason why you believe the research should be conducted This flows into a set of hypotheses about what you expect to find when you have conducted the research You must make sure that you do not simply provide a review of previous research The key to writing a good research proposal is to develop an argument that draws upon previous theory and research in order to justify and provide theoretical predictions for your new research Make sure you focus on one particular topic and discuss theory and research that is relevant to that particular issue Marking Criteria The Literature Review… What is a literature review? What isn’t a literature review? What is the purpose of a literature review? What is a Literature Review? To review the literature means to be able to identify: What has been established, discredited, and accepted in your research area Areas of controversy or conflict among different schools of thought Problems, issues, or questions that remain unsolved (gaps!!) Emerging trends and new approaches How your research extends, builds upon, and departs from previous research  “Not only do you need to engage with Literature a body of literature, you also need to Reviews be able to compare, contrast, MUST involve and synthesize, and make arguments demonstrate critical with that literature in ways that engagement!! indicate a readiness to contribute to the literature itself” O’Leary, 2010, p. 81 What is a Literature Review? A LITERATURE REVIEW IS… A LITERATURE REVIEW IS NOT…  A synthesis of a range of sources × Simply a collection of texts that you think are interesting, or every text you have ever  A place to make explicit connections read between previous research and your × A descriptive summary of each and every own text A place to present an argument, a × Presented as a list in which you discuss clear articulation of your own position each text in turn in relation to relevant literature × A compilation of all material related to your A critical evaluation of sources related research field, regardless of its relevance to to your topic your project Example Zimmer-Gembeck et al. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2021.07.003 “COS-P is very popular with providers of support programs for parents and is being implemented in numerous countries around the world. However, additional efficacy or effectiveness studies of COS-P are needed, especially given mixed findings in the 10 published previous evaluations of COS-P we located” (p. 210). Then goes onto synthesise these papers… Example Rohde et al. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2017.1392653 “The purpose of this study is to explore the presence of IBD-related stigma in college students. While existing research has surveyed IBD patients regarding their perceptions of IBD-related stigma, there has been less investigation into the perceptions of non-IBD populations toward people diagnosed with IBD,” (p. 91-92). “The lack of existing research on both disclosure and severity of one’s disease positions this paper as one of the first to examine these factors in the context of enacted stigma,” (p. 93). “Given this conflicting body of evidence, it is important to explore how familiarity with a stigmatized disease and one’s previous exposures to a stigmatized chronic illness(es) may have a relationship to IBD-related enacted stigma,” (p. 94).  Example Scott et al. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211029384 Both social anxiety and loneliness have been found to be associated with higher levels of online communication for the purposes of meeting new people, building friendships, and reducing feelings of loneliness (Bonetti et al., 2010; Sheldon, 2008). Valkenburg and Peter (2007) demonstrated that … Further, research suggests that … (Indian & Grieve, 2014). Taken together, these findings indicate that the internet may provide socially vulnerable youth with important opportunities for social connection beyond what they can achieve offline. Despite this possibility, research has not yet examined whether associations between social vulnerabilities, friendship behaviors, and perceptions of friendship quality are evident for youth who interact primarily with friends online as compared to offline. The Purpose of a Literature Review 1. To establish a theoretical framework for your topic/subject area 2. To define key terms, definitions and terminology 3. To identify studies, models, case studies, etc., supporting your topic 4. To define/establish your area of study – i.e., your research topic  To narrow into your specific research question/s and hypotheses  Structure 1. Introductory paragraph defining what the proposal concerns (including key definitions and the importance of research in the area). It can also be helpful to end this section by describing the overall aim of the proposal 2. Each paragraph that follows will build into a cohesive argument 3. The final paragraph(s) narrows in on the study that you are proposing. It typically summarises the ways in which the proposed research will fill a gap in the literature/how the research extends prior literature. It normally states the aims of the proposal, research question(s), and ends with the hypotheses Use of headings throughout can assist the reader Use future tense (e.g., ‘will’ ‘is’ - ‘the proposed study will…’) Start each paragraph with a topic sentence before providing further explanation or research evidence Use linking sentences in between sections and paragraphs – consider the flow of writing and narrative building (one point / idea per paragraph) Helpful tip – plan out your headings and dot points that fall under each heading before writing Writing the Literature Review 1. Narrow your topic and search for literature 2. Read selected articles thoroughly and evaluate them (be strategic!) 3. Organise the selected papers by looking for patterns and by developing subtopics 4. Develop a thesis or purpose statement 5. Write the paper 6. Review your work Searching for Literature 1. Start with textbook and related chapters – but do not rely on secondary sources Use references from textbook 2. Develop search strategy and key words / search term Also consider your selection criteria 3. Google Scholar or other databases (Griffith Library, Web of Science, etc.) Reference lists, “cited by” lists, “Related to” lists… 4. Select critical sources by skim reading  deep read critical sources Also look for names frequently cited, common methodologies, measures, etc. We’re in the literature… now what? TAKE NOTES!! Activity Group activity or individual activity Students will be provided with a topic Find three research papers that relate to the topic and report back to the group on why you chose them Group discussion: How did you find the articles, what strategies did you use? What sections of the article did you read? Why do you feel your articles are relevant to the topic?  3. Search for primary sources 1. Identify your 2. Identify search in the literature topic of interest terms (reviews and meta- analyses are golden) 6. Use evidence to 5. Refine search develop your 4. Problem / gap / terms and review argument and RQs more specific refine problem / literature gap / RQs  Traps to Avoid 1. Writing without reading – i.e., leaving it until the last minute 2. Reading without writing – make detailed & critical notes and summarise as you go, including full reference details for your reference list 3. Writing based only on reading abstracts of papers or secondary sources – work will be superficial & lacking in critique (obvious to the marker) 4. Not deleting reference from reference list if you choose to delete study from essay (cross-check before you submit, or use a reference manager) 5. Trying to include everything that has ever been written – don’t go off on tangents (lose words – avoid going over word count), include recent material along with classic studies/theory 6. Running out of time – need time to draft, re-draft before it’s ready to submit 7. Grammar and spell check 8. APA formatting – APA 7th edition! Questions? Next Steps and Week 6 Tutorials Keep working on your assignment! Start/continue your literature search Keep an eye out for method ideas and gaps Continue Weekly content & Discussions Week 6 Tutorials: Content: Mental Health & Ageing Proposal: Methods & Implications