Theories of Professional Ethics (PDF)

Theories of Professional Ethics Presented By: Rania Nagy Karkousha Assist Prof. of Physical Therapy Basic Science Department Cairo University Objectives; At the end of this lecture the student should be able to: 1. List the theories of ethical judgment. 2. Explain different theor...

Theories of Professional Ethics Presented By: Rania Nagy Karkousha Assist Prof. of Physical Therapy Basic Science Department Cairo University Objectives; At the end of this lecture the student should be able to: 1. List the theories of ethical judgment. 2. Explain different theories of ethical.‫ ﺍﺫﻛﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬.١ judgment. 3. Compare and contrast between.‫ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬.٢ different theories of ethics..‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻸﺧﻼﻕ‬.٣ Theories of Professional Ethics ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ‬ 1) Consequential ethics OR Consequentialism 2) Egoistic consequential ethics 3) Utilitarianism 4) Deontological ethics ‫( ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ‬١ ‫( ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬٢ ‫( ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻴﺔ‬٣ ‫( ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬٤ 1-Consequential ethics OR Consequentialism: :‫ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ‬ 1. It is a theory which assesses the morality of an action based on its consequences, rather than the means by which those consequences are achieved. 2. So, the morally right action is the action that leads to maximum balance of good over bad, OR that produces the best overall results..‫ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ‬،‫ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺒﻪ‬ ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴًﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ‬،‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬.‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ 3. The consequences of an action must be considered across time. a. There is no preference for benefits at present over the future benefits..‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬.‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ 4. Any harm or adverse consequences must be also considered in analyzing the action to do. 5. Also consider the consequences of failure to do the action..‫ﻀﺎ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺃﻱ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ‬ ً ‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻳ‬.4.‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء‬ ً ‫ﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﻳ‬5. 6. Problems of consequentialism: a. It is very difficult to accurately predict the possible consequences of an action. :‫ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ‬.6.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺟﺪًﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء‬.‫ﺃ‬ 7. Examples: a. Abortion in case of genetic mutations may avoid the problems and burdens the child and his family may suffer in their life. b. Human cloning may save many lives and should be supported..‫ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺠﻨﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺒﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻭﺃﺳﺮﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬.‫ﺃ‬.‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﻘﺬ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺩﻋﻤﻪ‬.‫ﺏ‬ 2-Egoistic consequential ethics: 1. It is also named egoism. 2. It is a type of consequential ethics that produces the best overall benefit to the therapist. a. It may cause some harm to the patient. :‫ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬.1.‫ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬.2.‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻳﺾ‬.‫ﺃ‬ 3-Utilitarianism: 1. It assesses the morality of any action based on its overall usefulness for the greatest number of persons, which means that the actions used should have the greatest utility, use, benefit, or positive outcome. 2. It describes doing the greatest good for the maximum number of people. :‫ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ‬،‫ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬..‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮ ﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ 3. This theory requires impartiality and does NOT allow the promotion of individual, family or friends interests..‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺩ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎء‬ 4. Problems of utilitarianism: a. Inability to predict the consequences of the actions taken. :‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺬﺓ‬.‫ﺃ‬ 4-Deontological ethics: :‫ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬ 1. It is a principle-based or duty-based theory. 2. The word “Deon” is Latin word means “duty” OR “obligation”..‫ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ‬.١."‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺩﻳﻮﻥ" ﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻻﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ "ﻭﺍﺟﺐ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‬.٢ 3. It analyzes our actions based on a set of principles, duties or moral rules, i.e., an action is right if it sticks to an essential moral duty, e.g., telling lie is always wrong while telling the truth is always right. 4. It focuses on our duty toward others and the rights of others. ‫ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺤﻴ ًﺤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻡ‬،‫ ﻳﺤﻠﻞ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬.3.‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺬﺏ ﺩﺍﺋ ًﻤﺎ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺋ ًﻤﺎ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬،‫ﺑﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ 4. ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﻨﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ 5. Deontological principles are usually negatively formulated, e.g., do not kill, do not lie..‫ ﻻ ﺗﻜﺬﺏ‬،‫ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﻞ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬،‫ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﻔﻲ‬.٥ 6. Consequences do NOT determine whether the action is right or wrong, because, doing the right thing may not always lead to good results..‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲء ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺋ ًﻤﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺻﺤﻴ ًﺤﺎ ﺃﻡ ﺧﺎﻁﺌًﺎ‬.٦  7. Problems of Deontology: a. Lack of flexibility, e.g., i. Abortion is wrong in all cases even if the child is having genetic mutations. ii. Human cloning is wrong and should be prohibited. It is playing God. 7. :‫ﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ‬ ،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ‬،‫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﻧﺔ‬.‫ﺃ‬.‫ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﺧﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻷﺣﻭﺍﻝ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻟﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻝ ﻣﺻﺎﺑﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻟﻁﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻧﻳﺔ‬.. ‫ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺏ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺳﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﻱ ﺧﻁﺄ ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺣﻅﺭﻩ‬.‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ‬ b. Does not take into account the consequences of an action and the emotions and needs of an individual..‫ ﻻ ﻳﺄﺧﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻭﺍﻗﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﻭﻋﻭﺍﻁﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺗﻳﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬.‫ﺏ‬ c. It is more concerned with action rather than inaction, i.e., i. It may be wrong to take life but what about not saving it? ‫ ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﻧﻘﺎﺫﻫﺎ؟‬،‫ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﻗﺗﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ‬:‫ ﺃﻱ‬،‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻳﻬﺗﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻋﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ‬