Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells PDF

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells The Archea & Bacteria  Without prokaryotes, life as we know it would not exist!  The good…… ⚫ Enrich ________/recycle soil nutrients -nitrogen fixation...

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells The Archea & Bacteria  Without prokaryotes, life as we know it would not exist!  The good…… ⚫ Enrich ________/recycle soil nutrients -nitrogen fixation ⚫ Help plants fix nitrogen into the form they need for survival ⚫ Aid in digestion of certain foods be ⚫ Production of drugs, antibiotics, vitamins, food additives could natural ⚫ Used in food production  yogurt, cheese, vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, etc ⚫ Sewage processing - decompose organic wastes ⚫ Genetic engineering and biotechnology -  vaccines, therapeutics, industrial applications ⚫ Keep us healthy - normal flora - takes up space a  The bad……. toeliminat ⚫ Cause infectious disease - make us sick! ⚫ Cause food _________________ spoilage Bacteria and Archea  Prokaryotes (akaryotes) are the most _______________________ widely distributed and adaptive forms of life!  Bacteria  Archaea ⚫ Distinct from bacteria:  Cell walls  Cell membranes  Ribosomal RNA  DNA with histone proteins  Biochemical differences structure - Bacteria Are Single-Celled Organisms  Bacterial cells are capable of carrying out all necessary life activities: __________________ Reproduction __________________ Metabolism Nutrient processing  Bacteria can also act as a __________: group Colonies - several cells originated from one all Biofilms - resistant , every surface that's exposed to bacteria  Biofilms Biofilm in a contact lens case why are biofilms important ? in infectious disease ↳ bacteria in biofilms are from antibiotics often protected X most microbes cannot cause disease wo other microbes present X secreted extracellular "gunk" to tissues Dental is highly damaging plaque https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHLP5CZMnL4 Characteristics of Bacteria  No ________________________ membrane-bound structures ⚫ no nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, etc. prokaryotes  DNA located in ____________ nucleoid region ⚫ no nucleus  Cellular respiration and photosynthesis accomplished through the cell membrane  Divide ____________________ asexually  Prokaryote Size & Structure  _________ simple structure & _________ small size make them to rapidly flourish in an environment! Large surface area to volume ratio eX : ⚫ > - rods  more surface area for the absorption of nutrients  less physical distance for nutrients/wastes to travel in/out of the cell ⚫ No membrane-bound organelles  allows metabolic reactions to take place directly in cytoplasm and/or cell membrane  high metabolic rate = ______________________ rapid growth ⚫ some bacteria replicate in 20 min ⚫ rapidly adapt to environmental changes  Bacterial Shapes  3 Main Shapes most ⚫ _____________ coccus – spherical common [⚫ _____________ – rod (aw bacillus ⚫ Spiral  Vibrio – comma shaped  Spirillum – flexible, wavy-shaped  Spirochete – cork-screw shaped  coccobacillus: oval-shaped  *bacteria may also be pleiomorphic don't have particular shape ⚫ vary widely in form ⚫ in an aging culture, cells are smaller & have unusual shapes  ** majority of bacteria are SPHERES and RODS  Bacterial Arrangements  Groups of bacteria  Cocci ⚫ 1. _______________ diplo - pairs ⚫ 2. _______________ Strepto - chains ⚫ 3. tetrads - four cocci in a cube ⚫ 4. sarcinae - cube of eight cocci ⚫ 5. staphylo - grape like clusters  Bacillus ⚫ diplobacilli - end-to-end ⚫ streptobacilli – chains  _____ Spiral -not generally found in multicellular arrangements Practice diplococcus streptobacilli diplobacilli spirillum  Bacillus _______________ anthracis  Single or streptobacilli  Lives in soil  Forms ____________ spores by inhaling  Secretes anthrax toxin  Causes anthrax in herbivores > - usually > - infected when washed plants aren't in farm working > - Day 7 Day 15  ANTHRAX  Mainly a disease of herbivores ⚫ Can be passed from animal to human  Three types of anthrax: ⚫ ________________ cutaneous – enters through the skin  95% of anthrax cases  20% mortality if untreated; survival Germination agent stimulates the formation of hydrolytic enzymes that break down the cortex Core rehydrates and takes up nutrients and bacterium grows out of the endospore coats Once initiated, proceeds to completion in ___ 1.5 hours Medical Significance of Endospores  Endospores are constant intruders where sterility and cleanliness are important: Resist ordinary cleaning methods: boiling water, soaps, and disinfectants Frequently ______________ contaminate cultures and media Hospitals must protect against endospores in wounds Destruction of endospores important in the food- canning industry Diseases Related to Spore Persistence  Some diseases are related to the persistence and resistance of their spores: Bacillus anthracis: Anthrax Clostridium tetani: Tetanus (lockjaw) C. perfringens: gas gangrene C. botulinum: botulism