Social Studies 10 - Second Quarter PDF

SOCIAL STUDIES 10 – SECOND QUARTER Unemployment Types of Unemployment Definition of Terms 1. Frictional – Occurs when a worker 1. Employment – A relationship between moves from one job to another, or a...

SOCIAL STUDIES 10 – SECOND QUARTER Unemployment Types of Unemployment Definition of Terms 1. Frictional – Occurs when a worker 1. Employment – A relationship between moves from one job to another, or an employer and an employee, new graduates enter the workforce. usually based on a contract for paid a. Employees who leave their work. Also covers self-employed current jobs to advance their workers. careers or seek a career a. Employed Person – One who change. currently has a job. b. People who relocate or move 2. Underemployment – When a person’s to new areas and look for jobs. employment is inadequate in relation c. High school and college to his/her skills, experience & graduates who enter the availability to work. Two forms: visible workforce for the first time. and invisible. 2. Cyclical – Occurs when the number of a. Underemployed Person – One available workers is greater than the who is forced to work in low- number of job vacancies. It is job loss paying, low-skill, and/or part- due to an economic contraction or time jobs. slow period of economic growth, like 3. Unemployment – A situation when a what we are experiencing now person who is employable and is because of the COVID-19 pandemic. actively searching for a job is unable Economists use this term to recognize to find work. the rise and fall of business productivity a. Unemployed Person – One who in a cycle instead of a linear doesn’t have a job and is phenomenon. currently looking for one. a. Automotive Industry: The car industry tends to suffer during What is Unemployment? economic recessions, such as - A situation when a person who is the one we are undergoing actively searching for a job is unable now. Vehicles are big to find work. It is used to refer to the purchases so fewer people buy number of people who are available cars when the economy is and looking for work but are unable to struggling. As consumer find a job. It impacts not only demand decreases, car individuals, but also communities, manufacturers and dealerships regions, and the overall economy. experience a sharp decrease in 1. It is considered to be an revenue. They then lay off important indicator of the workers who are not health of the economy: needed/productive in order to ▪ High rates of keep the company afloat and unemployment are a to cut down on operations cost. signal of economic 3. Structural – Arises when the distress, which lowers qualifications/skills of a worker do not economic output. meet or match their new job ▪ While extremely low rates responsibilities. It is a mismatch that of unemployment may occurs between the skill that is offered signal an overheated by the workers in the economy and economy. the skills that are demanded by the 2. Classified as frictional, cyclical, employers from the workers. structural, or seasonal. a. Clothing/Garments Industry: At a clothing manufacturing plant,  SOCIAL STUDIES 10 – SECOND QUARTER product assembly workers c. Inefficient, bureaucratic became structurally business practices unemployed after the d. Corruption company installed automated e. Natural calamities production assembly 2. Overpopulation and Oversupply of equipment. Some employees Graduates – Our high population were re-trained to monitor and growth rate, coupled with the calibrate the equipment, but government policy to provide free the rest were laid off. They high school and college education, either pursued specialized meant a steady supply of fresh training to upgrade their skills or graduates every year. Their number, explored work in a completely however, far outstripped the rate at different field/industry. which our economy is able to create 4. Seasonal – Occurs when a specific job jobs, thus leaving many of our or occupation is not in demand at graduates unemployed. certain times of the year. 3. Skills Mismatch – In a study done by a. In the agricultural sector, the National Statistics Office, there workers are hired during the seemed to be little correlation harvest period, but are let go between the employee’s educational during the winter or rainy background (course completed) and months. the core competencies or skills of their b. Other industries with fluctuating jobs. For lack of choices, many demands for additional workers graduates end up underemployed: over the course of the year: they accept short-term jobs or gigs tourism and hospitality (usually that are below their skills or peaks during the summer or educational qualifications. winter seasons), and retail 4. Lack of a comprehensive, long-term (usually peaks during the plan for jobs creation – Skills mismatch holidays). may also result from poor planning. Our education system continues to Causes of Unemployment produce college graduates whose 1. Lack of Job Opportunities – Lack of skills are no longer in high demand or jobs continually forces Filipinos to seek relevant in the domestic and global work opportunities outside the country. job markets. Thus, even if job We don’t have enough jobs because opportunities do arise, many of our we don't attract as many investors. graduates are ill-prepared so only a (Note: Our 2019 total investments few of them are employed. totaled $4.5 billion only, compared to Vietnam’s $8 billion and Indonesia’s Effects of Unemployment $13 billion.) This lack of investor - High and long-term unemployment confidence in the Philippines is due to can cause significant stress on 3 many reasons, such as the global different levels: the individual, the economic recession, our complicated family, and the larger community and and bureaucratic procedures of society. setting up a new business, and corrupt 1. Society government practices. a. Systemic and widespread a. Economic recession (i.e., poverty, homelessness, pandemic, housing crisis) malnutrition b. Lack of investments b. General sense of despair, anxiety, and dissatisfaction,  SOCIAL STUDIES 10 – SECOND QUARTER which can lead to serious social 2. Life skills, character development and problems like civil unrest and mental health support programs for higher incidence of crimes & the youth. maladaptive behavior. a. Provide additional support to c. Loss of human capital: “brain our graduates and help them drain”; the under/unemployed become more productive do not reach their full potential. members of society by offering d. Weak economy: decrease in services on mental wellness and disposable income of families → life skills and character decrease in consumer spending development. These include → negative or slow economic training on financial literacy, growth. career planning, stress 2. Family management and other a. Higher incidence of school interventions that will help the dropouts, which impairs unemployed deal with child/youth development and problems like depression, low harms their employment futures. motivation, and addiction. b. Strained family relationships and 3. Subsidies for companies to encourage loss of support systems, esp. the reintegration of unemployed when parents are OFWs. persons. 3. Individual 4. Fiscal and monetary measures to a. Poverty and financial hardship: boost job creation & labor demand, inability to fulfill financial especially during a recession. obligations and meet daily a. Other solutions target the needs like food, shelter, companies and businesses by transportation, etc. providing them financial b. Decline in physical health and supports and incentives that will mental, emotional, and help them create more jobs psychological wellness: high and absorb or reintegrate the levels of stress & anxiety, unemployed, especially during depression, low morale, feelings economic recessions – just like of social isolation. what we are experiencing c. Reduced employability from today. depreciation of skills. 5. Promote programs that foster entrepreneurship. Solutions to Reduce Unemployment a. Another important measure is to 1. Improve and update our formal foster and actively promote education and vocational training entrepreneurship so that more courses so that our graduates are local jobs are created. better prepared for the job market. a. Make sure that the most Conclusion relevant and in-demand Unemployment is a complex problem, courses are offered by DepEd, especially in structurally weak regions CHED and TESDA. By retooling where businesses lack the proper fiscal and upskilling our workforce, support and incentives in order to they become more competitive operate optimally and provide more and have better chances to jobs. land a job. There are different types of unemployment (frictional, cyclical, structural, seasonal) and it’s possible  SOCIAL STUDIES 10 – SECOND QUARTER for a person to experience all of these East Asia, mainly by sea. This also led in their lifetime. to the spread of Islam. There are many causes that contribute 4. Age of Discovery (15th to 18th to unemployment – some are personal centuries) – Explorers from Spain, in nature while others are the result of Portugal, England and Holland economic, political, and social factors. “discovered”, colonized, and Its effects are likewise broad, intricate, integrated new lands into their and interconnected. economies. As expected, a complex problem like 5. Globalization 1.0 (Industrial Revolution) unemployment also demands a multi- (19th century to 1914) – The invention of system response. The government steamships, trains, industrial weaving needs to involve different sectors machines, etc. increased the (public and private groups) and production of goods and hastened employ multilayered measures (e.g., the trading of goods across countries. fiscal support, subsidies for companies 6. Globalization 2.0 (Post WW2 to 1989) – and entrepreneurs, retooling of the Marked the creation of the UN, ASEAN, education/training programs, etc.) IMF & WB. Manufacturing, technology, transportation & communication Globalization flourished, increasing human What is Globalization? interactions. The collapse of the Iron - Refers to the free and comprehensive Curtain further cemented interaction of countries in the world in globalization. the areas of politics, economics, 7. Globalization 3.0 (Information Age) society, technology, and culture. (1989 to around 2008) – Founding of - Is the growing interdependence of the the WTO expanded free trade. The PC world's economies, cultures, and & the internet liberalized the flow of populations, brought about by cross- information/ideas, opened borders, border trade in goods and services, and integrated global production. technology, and flows of investment, 8. Globalization 4.0 (Digital Age) (Around people, and information. 2008 to Present) – New frontier: cyber - Is driven by the convergence of world. Digital technology has cultural and economic systems which transformed every industry and fabric promotes increased interaction, of society. integration, and interdependence a. Example: artificial intelligence, among nations. robotics, digital economy (e- How did Globalization start? Historical commerce, digital services), developments that advanced Globalization social media, online education, 1. Silk Road (1st Century BC to 5th century virtual weddings & burols. AD; 13th & 14th centuries AD) – Products Conclusion: Globalization has periods were hauled for thousands of miles of expansion and retrenchment from China to Europe along the Silk throughout history due to different Road trade route. Trade went beyond factors. local or regional borders. Summary: Historical developments that 2. Invasions by Alexander the Great advanced Globalization spread Hellenistic culture to Asia, 1. The existence of a world market Europe, and Africa. 2. Expansion of trade through 3. Spice Trade (7th to 15th centuries) – transnational corporations Muslim merchants traded spices & 3. Growth of international financial other goods from the Middle East to institutions  SOCIAL STUDIES 10 – SECOND QUARTER 4. Increase of foreign direct investments i. E.g., Trading in European in different countries Union, special 5. Development of modern agreement in the Soviet transportation & communication bloc, SAARC systems 6. Industrial Organization 6. Promotion of innovative ideas and a. Technological development in modern technology the areas of production, product mix and firms are Factors that influenced Globalization helping organizations to 1. Historical expand their operations. The a. The trade routes were made hiring of services and over the years so that goods procurement of sub-assemblies from one kingdom or country and components have a strong moved to another. influence in the globalization i. E.g., silk-route from east process. to west 7. Technologies 2. Economic a. The stage of technology gives a. The cost of goods and values to rise to import/export of the end user determine the products/services. European movement of goods and value countries like England & addition. The overall economics Germany exported their of a particular industry or trade chemical, electrical, is an important factor in mechanical plants in 50s and globalization. 60s and exports high tech 3. Resources & Markets (then) goods to a. The natural resources like underdeveloped countries. minerals, coal, oil, gas, human Today India is exporting resources, water, etc. make an computer / software related important contribution in services to advanced counties globalization. like UK, USA, etc. Factors influencing Globalization What are the Features & Effects of 4. Production Issues Globalization? a. Utilization of built-up capacities 1. Aspects of production, sluggishness in a. Communication – Rapid domestic market & advances in IT and digital overproduction makes a technology increased manufacturing company look connectivity. Global, 24-hr news outward and go global. programs. i. E.g., development of b. Economy & Politics – Rise of overseas markets, multinational companies & int’l manufacturing plant in finance organizations. Trade & autos economic liberalization policies 5. Political (i.e., labor outsourcing, hiring of a. A country’s political issues make foreign workers). More int’l globalization channelized as political-social-economic per political bosses. Regional alliances (UN, ASEAN, EU, APEC, trade understandings or etc.) agreements determine the c. Travel – Increase in scope of globalization. international/domestic tourists  SOCIAL STUDIES 10 – SECOND QUARTER and overseas workers. Faster & countries, thus, improving better transportation options. their standard of living. Easing of border restrictions iii. Provides poorer countries d. Popular Culture – Elements of with more access to mass culture like media, capital, investments, entertainment, leisure, fashion, technology, and trends, and colloquial language information. spread faster around the globe iv. Global, ready access to (affecting the culture and news brings international beliefs of other countries) attention to social & 2. Types of Globalization political issues (like a. Economic human rights and i. International financial environmental abuses) markets & financial v. Promotes shared cultural exchange understanding and ii. Free trade agreements international iii. Multinational cooperation. corporations b. Negative iv. WTO, NAFTA, APEC, i. Destabilizes local markets World Bank, Asian and cultures by Development Bank, IMF, undermining national etc. policies (e.g., ‘brain b. Political drain’ due to higher- i. National/international paying jobs abroad) policies that bring ii. Damages the countries together environment because of politically, economically the constant transport of & culturally. goods and people which ii. UN, NATO, ASEAN, generate greenhouse European Union gases. c. Cultural iii. Increases risks of global i. Technological and recessions because of societal factors that the tightly integrated cause cultures to global financial systems converge or integrate. and markets (small ii. Ex: ease of economies are communication, dependent on the pervasiveness of social economic powerhouses) media, access to faster iv. Increases the likelihood and better transportation of pandemics. 3. Effects of Globalization v. Erodes cultural and a. Positive national identities. i. Spurs economic growth Who regulates Globalization? by making companies 1. United Nations (UN): Largest more competitive, and intergovernmental organization aiming by lowering the prices for to maintain international peace and consumers due to lower security, develop friendly relations production costs. among nations, achieve international ii. Creates more jobs especially for poorer  SOCIAL STUDIES 10 – SECOND QUARTER cooperation, and be a center for - This means that living standards that harmonizing the actions of nations. go beyond the basic minimum are 2. Association of Southeast Asian Nations sustainable only if consumption (ASEAN): Promotes intergovernmental standards everywhere have regard for cooperation, economic growth, social long-term sustainability. progress, cultural development, United Elements or Aspects of Sustainable Nations Educational, Scientific Development 3. and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): A - For sustainable development to be UN agency that promotes world achieved, it is crucial to harmonize 3 peace and security through core elements or aspects: international cooperation in 1. Economic Growth education, the arts, the sciences, and a. Inclusive and equitable culture. regional peace and stability economic growth, 4. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation production of adequate (APEC): Promotes free trade among goods and services, the 21 member economies in the Asia- avoiding destructive Pacific region. sectoral imbalances, 5. World Trade Organization (WTO): etc. Intergovernmental organization that 2. Environmental Protection establishes and enforces rules in order a. Maintenance of a to regulate and facilitate international stable resource base trade. (no exploitation or 6. International Monetary Fund (IMF): depletion of non- International financial organization renewable resources), working to foster global monetary maintenance of cooperation, secure financial stability, biodiversity, facilitate international trade, promote atmospheric stability & sustainable economic growth and other ecosystem reduce world poverty. functions, etc. 7. World Bank (WB): International 3. Social Inclusion financial institution that provides loans a. Distribution equity, & grants to developing countries to adequate provision of improve their standards of living. social services including Sustainable Development health and education, - It is development that meets the gender equity, political needs of the present without accountability, and compromising the ability of future participation, etc. generations to meet their own needs. - These elements or aspects are - This classic definition of SD adopted by interconnected, and all are crucial for the United Nations embraces 2 key the well-being of individuals and notions: societies. 1. The concept of needs, in Key Events Toward Sustainable Development particular those of the world’s 1962: “Silent Spring” by Rachel Carson poor, to which overriding – Research on toxicology, ecology priority should be given. and epidemiology which suggested 2. The recognition that there are that agricultural pesticides are building limits to the environment’s to catastrophic levels, linked to ability to meet present and future needs.  SOCIAL STUDIES 10 – SECOND QUARTER damage to animal species and offshoot of the Earth Summit, the human health. Philippine Council for Sustainable 1969: NEPA (National Environmental Development (PCSD) was created in Policy Act – The US passed the NEPA, 1992. Composed of government, making it one of the first countries to business & civil society representatives, establish a national legislative the PCSD is tasked to implement and framework to protect the monitor the Philippine Agenda 21. environment. The law sets the basis for 1995: World Summit for Social environmental impact assessment. Development in Copenhagen – First 1970: First Earth Day – Held as a time that the international community national teach-in on the environment. expressed a clear commitment to Nearly 20 million people participated eradicating absolute poverty. in peaceful demonstrations across the 2000: UN Millenium Development US. We celebrate it on the 22nd day of Goals (MDGs) – 189 UN member states April. agreed to a set of 8 time-bound and 1972: UN Stockholm Conference on measurable goals for combating the Human Environment – Focused on poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, the effects of economic development environmental degradation, and on the environment (e.g., pollution & discrimination against women, to be acid rain). Led to the establishment of achieved by 2015. many national environmental 2002: World Summit on Sustainable protection agencies and the United Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg Nations Environment Programme – 10 years after UNCED & the Earth (UNEP). Summit: In a climate of frustration at 1985: Climate Change – Meeting in the lack of government progress, the Austria of the World Meteorological summit reaffirmed commitments to Society & UNEP reported on the Agenda 21 and the MDGS and buildup of carbon dioxide and other promoted “partnerships” as a non- “greenhouse gases” in the negotiated approach to sustainability. atmosphere. Sounded the alarm on 2005: Kyoto Protocol – (Adapted in global warming. 1997) entered into force, legally 1987: Our Common Future (Brundtland binding developed countries to goals Report) – A report of the World for greenhouse gas emission Commission on Environment and reductions and establishing the Clean Development (WCED) weaved Development Mechanism for together social, economic, cultural, developing countries. and environmental issues and global 2012: Rio+20 (UN Conference on SD) – solutions. It popularized the term Forty years after Stockholm and 20 “sustainable development.” years after the Earth Summit, the 1992: Earth Summit – UN Conference global community reconvened in an on Environment and Development effort to secure an agreement on (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro. 178 “greening” world economies through countries adopted Agenda 21 (a a range of smart measures for clean comprehensive plan of action to build energy, decent jobs and more a global partnership to improve sustainable and fair use of resources. human lives & protect the The Global Green Growth Institute environment) and signed the (GGGI) was created, focusing on Convention on Biological Diversity and building a green economy, the Framework Convention on Climate preservation of the environment and Change. In the PHILIPPINES: As an poverty reduction.  SOCIAL STUDIES 10 – SECOND QUARTER 2015: Paris Agreement (COP21 or 21st Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) – A landmark legally binding agreement adopted by 196 countries in Paris to combat climate change and adapt to its effects. Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2 - degrees Celsius. Sustainable o Each goal has specific targets, Development Goals (SDGs). Also which total to 169 in all. known as the Global Goals and the o These goals also address 5 2030 Agenda for SD – Adopted by the challenges or areas of critical UN as a universal call to action to end importance for humanity and poverty, protect the environment, and the planet. ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy - The SDGs address five areas of critical peace and prosperity. importance for humanity and the 2021: Glasgow Conference on Climate planet. Change (COP26) – UN Summit to review progress made on the Paris Agreement. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - The SDGs are part of UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 1. They seek to build on the Millennium Development Goals and complete what these did not achieve. 2. They are integrated and - indivisible goals that seek to: o These sustainable development END extreme poverty, FIGHT challenges or areas can be inequality and injustice and FIX summarized as the 5Ps: People, climate change by end of 2030. Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and 3. They balance the 3 dimensions Partnership of sustainable development: o This shows that the 17 goals are the economic, social, and interlinked and integrated, and environmental. in order for us to achieve a - 17 goals to achieve 3 extraordinary sustainable future, our actions things by the year 2030: must cover all these 5 critical o End extreme poverty. areas. o Fight inequality and injustice. o Fix climate change. 17 Sustainable Development Goals - 17 goals designed for everyone, 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere everywhere to work towards a better, 2. End hunger, achieve food security fairer world. and improved nutrition, and promote - These are the 17 goals that are found sustainable agriculture. in our global to-do list. 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well- being for all at all ages.  SOCIAL STUDIES 10 – SECOND QUARTER 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. 8. Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries. 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. 15. Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and half and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels. 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.