2Q Science 10 PDF

SCIENCE 10 – SECOND QUARTER Force Types of Force Motion 1. Balanced – Forces that make objects - The change in position of an object sit still. with respect to its surroundings in a...

SCIENCE 10 – SECOND QUARTER Force Types of Force Motion 1. Balanced – Forces that make objects - The change in position of an object sit still. with respect to its surroundings in a 2. Unbalanced – Forces that make given interval of time. objects move. 3. Friction – Resists the sliding or rolling of Types of Motion one solid object over another. 1. Rotary Motion – Rotary motion is 4. Gravity – Force that pulls things down anything that moves in a circle. This to Earth. type of motion was among the first discovered in ancient times. Equilibrium 2. Linear Motion – Anything that moves in - A balance between opposing forces a straight line. or actions as static with zero resultant 3. Oscillating Motion – Something that net force. oscillates moves back and forth. - Forces acting on an object does not Anything that repeats the motion imply that the object is in motion. If Net cycle after a certain period is Force ≠ 0, it will move. considered to be oscillating. What can Force do? 4. Vibratory Motion – Any object - A force can make the object move. moving/swinging back and forth, - A force can change the direction of a moving up and down, pulsating. moving direction. Energy - A force can make a moving object - Ability to do work, which is the ability speed up. to exert a force causing displacement - A force can make a moving object of an object. stop. - A force can change the property of a Types of Energy material. 1. Kinetic Energy – The energy of motion, observable as the movement of an Two Categories of Forces object or subatomic particle. 1. Contact Forces – Result from two 2. Potential Energy – Stored energy held objects touching each other. by an object because of relative a. Dribbling a basketball position, electric charge or internal b. Kicking a soccer ball stress. c. Hitting a shuttlecock 3. Other types of energy: 2. Non-contact Forces – Act on an a. Mechanical Energy object without coming into contact b. Thermal Energy with another object. c. Nuclear Energy a. Gravitational Force – d. Chemical Energy Gravitational force is the force e. Electromagnetic Energy by which an object attracts f. Sonic Energy another object towards itself. g. Gravitational Energy The Earth pulls objects towards h. Kinetic Energy itself due to its gravitational i. Potential Energy force. j. Ionization Energy b. Magnetic Force – Magnetic force is a force that attracts or Force repels magnetic objects. It is the - A force is a push or pull in a particular push or pull exerted by a direction. It results from an object' s magnet. interaction with another object.  SCIENCE 10 – SECOND QUARTER c. Electrostatic Force – that they can transmit energy and Electrostatic force is the force travel through a vacuum. that exists between electrically o Vacuum – There is no matter or charged particles. in which the pressure is so low – complete lack of matter, Sir Isaac Newton sometimes called 'free-space' - “Vertical force directed towards the i.e., Outer Space center of an object is called gravity.” - The standard International (SI) unit of force is newton (𝑁) to pay tribute to Sir Isaac Newton who was able to conceptualize the effect of forces on motion. - In the English system, however, the standard unit of force is called pound (𝑙𝑏), which is defined in terms of - Produced by a charge that changes Newton as: its direction or speed. 𝟏𝒍𝒃 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟓𝑵, 𝟏𝑵 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝒍𝒃 - Electrons are charged particles that Combining Forces can produce electric and magnetic - The force of gravity (𝑭𝒈) and normal field. force (𝑭𝒏) are assigned opposite signs. Electromagnetic Spectrum - 𝑭𝒏 is given a positive (+) sign while 𝑭𝒈 - Refers to the range of all possible is given a negative (-) sign. frequencies of electromagnetic o If both 𝑭𝒈 and 𝑭𝒏 are given a radiation. magnitude value of 3 units, - When these waves are arranged in a then the net force along this certain pattern or range e.g., in the line (vertical) will be: order of increasing frequency or ▪ 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑛 + 𝐹𝑔 wavelength. ▪ 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 3 units + (-3 units) ▪ 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0 Electromagnetic Waves & Electromagnetic Spectrum What is a Wave? Electromagnetic Waves - Disturbance that propagates energy - They travel as vibrations in electric and from one place to another without magnetic fields. transporting any matter. - - Electromagnetic waves travel very fast o Longitudinal waves are those – around 300,000,000 metres per waves in which the particles of second (the speed of light). the medium move parallel to - Form of energy waves that have both the propagation of the wave. an electric and magnetic field. ▪ For example, sound Different from mechanical waves in waves are longitudinal waves.  SCIENCE 10 – SECOND QUARTER o Transverse waves are those o Noticed that electric field and waves in which the particles of magnetic field can couple the medium move together to form EM waves. perpendicular to the direction o Discovered that in changing of the propagation of the magnetic field will induce wave. changing electric field and vice ▪ For example, ripples versa. formed on the surface of Types of Electromagnetic Waves the water are transverse 1. Radio Waves – These are the waves waves. that allow us to listen to the radio. They - Electromagnetic waves are have long wavelengths and low considered as Transverse Waves. frequencies. Radio waves are used for broadcasting music, news, and other Properties of Electromagnetic Waves information. 1. Can travel in a vacuum with a speed 2. Microwaves – Microwaves have of 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠. shorter wavelengths and higher 2. Do not require material medium for frequencies than radio waves. They their propagation. are used in microwave ovens to cook 3. Transverse in nature. and heat food. They are also used for 4. Can be emitted, transmitted and communication, such as cell phones absorbed by matter. and Wi-Fi. Features of Electromagnetic Waves 3. Infrared Radiation – Infrared radiation 1. Amplitude – Maximum field strength of is sometimes called "heat radiation" electric and magnetic fields. because we feel it as warmth. It has 2. Wavelength – Measures the length of longer wavelengths than visible light. an individual wave in meters. Infrared radiation is used in devices like 3. Frequency – How many waves per TV remote controls and thermal second a wavelength produces. cameras. 4. Visible Light – This is the type of electromagnetic radiation that allows us to see the world around us. Visible light comes in different colors, like red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Each color has a different wavelength. 5. Ultraviolet Radiation – UV radiation has Electromagnetic Wave Theory shorter wavelengths and higher - "When an electrically charged particle frequencies than visible light. It comes moves under acceleration; alternating from the sun and is responsible for electrical and magnetic fields are causing sunburns. We can't see UV produced and transmitted. These radiation, but it can be harmful to our fields are transmitted in the form of skin and eyes. waves." 6. X-Radiation – X-rays have even shorter - James Clerk Maxwell wavelengths and higher frequencies o Proponent and developed a than UV radiation. They can pass scientific theory to explain the through our bodies and are used in EM waves. medical imaging, like X-ray machines, o Assumed that light was an EM to see our bones and organs. wave. 7. Gamma Radiation – Gamma rays have the shortest wavelengths and  SCIENCE 10 – SECOND QUARTER highest frequencies of all the also used in sterilizing water from radiations. They are produced during drinking fountains. Ultraviolet radiation nuclear reactions and can be very in sunlight produces vitamin D in the harmful. Scientists use gamma rays to skin and gives us a tanning effect. But treat cancer. since UV rays have high energy, it could be harmful to some extent. It Examples of Applications could burn the skin and hurt our eyes. 1. Applications of Radio Waves: Satellite Overexposure to UV radiation may communication –Microwaves can cause skin cancer. penetrate the atmosphere of the 6. Applications of X-Ray – Long earth. This is the reason why they are wavelength X-rays can penetrate the used for satellite communications. flesh but not the bones. They are used Microwaves signals are transmitted by to help doctors look inside the body in an antenna to a satellite which diagnosing bone fractures and tumors. amplifies and retransmits the signal to Short wavelength X-rays can an antenna in other parts of the world. penetrate even through metal. They This is how we communicate with the are used in industry to inspect welded rest of the world. joints for faults. 2. Applications of Microwaves: Radar – 7. Applications of Gamma Rays – Ever wonder how the police radar gun Gamma rays are sometimes used in works to calculate the speed of a treating cancer and in taking detailed vehicle? The answer to this lies in images for diagnostic medicine. microwaves. The device sends out Gamma rays are produced in high short bursts of microwaves. When this energy nuclear explosions and outgoing wave hits the vehicle, they supernovas. Can cause and also treat get reflected and are detected by the cancers. High dose of gamma ray kills gun receiver. This is what ultimately the normal cells causing cancer while computes the speed of the vehicle a proper amount can kill mutated based on the distance traveled by the cells. microwaves and the time it took to receive the reflected signal. 3. Applications of Infrared: Thermogram – People give off infrared rays. It’s a process where a thermal camera captures and creates an image of an object by using infrared radiation emitted from the object in a process. 4. Applications of Visible Light – In the visible spectrum of light, the color of the light depends on the frequency. The visible spectrum is always the same for a rainbow or the separated light from a prism. The order of colors is red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. A fun way to remember this is by using the first letter in each color in order to spell out the name ROY G. BIV. 5. Applications of UV Radiation: Sterilization – Ultraviolet radiation is