224 Final Exam PDF

1) What is it called when the stimulation of an axon makes the membrane potential more negative? hyperpolarization 2) When an action potential is initiated, which ion channels open first? sodium 3) What brain region contains cells that produce dopamine? substantia nigra...

1) What is it called when the stimulation of an axon makes the membrane potential more negative? hyperpolarization 2) When an action potential is initiated, which ion channels open first? sodium 3) What brain region contains cells that produce dopamine? substantia nigra 4) The influx of which ions leads to hyperpolarization? chloride 5) What is true of postsynaptic potentials (PSPs)? Their size is directly proportional to the amount of neurotransmitter released. They will degrade with time. a&b 6) Which statement is true? A drug that blocks reuptake of a neurotransmitter is an agonist A drug that blocks postsynaptic receptors is an agonist A drug that inhibits the release of a neurotransmitter is an agonist A drug that prevents the storage of neurotransmitters in vesicles is an agonist None of the above 7) What is NOT true of the sodium-potassium pump? It pumps sodium into the cell and potassium out. 8) What determines the threshold of excitation? The voltage sensitivity of sodium ion channels 9) Where does neural integration take place? axon hillock 10) What brain region contains cholinergic cell bodies? dorsolateral pons medial septum basal forebrain a&b All of the above 11) What is it called when the stimulation of an axon makes the membrane potential more positive? depolarization 12) What part of the neuron is covered in myelin? axon 13) What neurotransmitter binds to AMPA receptors? glutamate 14) If the binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor causes positively charged ions to pass into the cell, what is this change called? EPSP 15) What part of the neuron usually receives incoming signals from other neurons? dendrite 16) When the neuron is at rest, why isn't there a higher concentration of sodium inside the cell? The force of diffusion keeps it out. It is pumped out by the sodium-potassium pump. b&c 17) If a drug binds to the neurotransmitter binding site and inhibits the opening of the ion channel, what is it called? direct antagonist 18) When GABA binds to its receptor, what are the effects on the postsynaptic membrane? IPSPS 19) When a neuron is at rest, which ion(s) are more concentrated inside the cell than outside the cell? potassium (K*) 20) What is NOT true of an action potential? it degrades with time 21) What is the function of the choroid plexus? make cerebrospinal fluid 22) Which is NOT a monoamine?  acetylcholine 23) Which brain region has neurons that make serotonin? raphe nuclei 24) What is true of the somatosensory cortex? Different regions of the cortex receive information from different regions of the body More cortex is allocated to some body parts than others. a&b 25) When conducting an experiment involving stereotaxic surgery, what happens to animals in the sham group? They experience surgery. 26) What brain region controls the endocrine system of the body? pituitary 27) What is the name of the large bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres? corpus callosum 28) What is inside the ventricles? cerebrospinal fluid For questions #29 - #32, please refer to the picture of the cow and identify each direction of the nervous system 29) What best describes the direction relative to the neuraxis in #3? rostral 30) What best describes this direction relative to the neuraxis in #4? dorsal 31) What best describes this direction relative to the neuraxis in #5? caudal 32) What best describes this direction relative to the neuraxis in #6? Ventral 33) Tryptophan is the precursor of what neurotransmitter? serotonin 34) Which brain region has neurons that make norepinephrine? locus coeruleus 35) What brain region has been implicated in the symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease? basal gangla 36) What part of the neuron is stained with a Nissi stain? cell bodies 37) Why are lateralization effects difficult to observe in healthy people? The two hemispheres are connected and share information. 38) If you injected current into the raphe nuclei, what would happen? levels of serotonin in the synapse would increase 39) The human brain is highly convoluted with parts that are raised and parts that are depressed. What is the name for the parts that are raised? gyrus 40) What is the function of cerebral spinal fluid? reduces the net weight of the brain provides shock absorption a&c 41) What is true of conditional knockout mice? mutated genes prevent the production of specific proteins it gives you control over when genes will be expressed it is likely that compensatory mechanisms will limit interpretation of the results a&b All of the above 42) What part of the retina contains the most cones? fovea 43) The ossicles need to___sound because the inner ear____ amplify; consists of fluid-filled chambers 44) What comprises the optic nerve? dendrites from the retinal ganglion cells 45) Where in the visual system does sensory transduction take place? retina 46) What is true of photoreceptors in the dark? They are depolarized. They are continuously releasing neurotransmitter. b& c 47) What happens when hair cells move toward the tallest cilium and tension is increased on the tip links? Cal ions flow into the cell K* ions flow into the cell glutamate is released onto auditory nerve dendrites a&b All of the above 48) The axons of which cells bring information from the inner ear to the brain? ganglion cells 49) Which is a major part of the Organ of Corti? hair cells basilar membrane tectorial membrane a&b All of the above 50) When cells that have been infected with a virus containing channelrhodopsin (ChR2) are illuminated with blue light, how will they respond? They will become excited. They will open sodium channels. a&b 51) What types of cells in the retina produce action potentials? ganglion cells 52) When cells that have been infected with a virus containing halorhodopsin (NpHR) are illuminated with yellow light, how will they respond? They will become inhibited. 53) Where in the ear does sensory transduction take place? organ of Corti 54) When light hits the photoreceptors, what is the response of the bipolar cells? the membrane potential becomes more positive 55) When using optogenetics to manipulate neurons, how does light reach the neurons? fiber optics implanted into the brain 56) Why is it that we don't see color under low light conditions? We are primarily using our rods, which only provide monochromatic information. 57) What statement is TRUE? The right hemisphere receives input from both eyes 58) What part of the retina is responsible for the blind spot? optic disk 59) Which of the following is true of the process of sensory transduction? An external stimulus is converted into changes in receptor membrane potential. 60) What is true of photoreceptors in the light? They are hyperpolarized. 61) How does the auditory system encode the amplitude of sound, leading to the perception of loudness? firing rate of the auditory nerve 62) What is the name of the process by which immediate memories are transformed into long-term memories? consolidation 63) What stage of auditory fear conditioning involves pairing a CS with a US? conditioning 64) What is true of people who lack an amygdala?  they fail to show a conditioned response following fear conditioning they never realize that the CS+ predicts a shock b&c 65) How is LTP measured? change in the size of the EPSP 66) Which of the following was a memory ability that was spared in patient H.M.? recall of memories for events before his surgery 67) What is an example of social fear learning? learning that a stimulus predicts an aversive event by watching someone else experience the event 68) When subjects are shown an emotional face for 30 milliseconds followed by a neutral face for 167 milliseconds, what happens? subjects report only seeing the neutral face viewing a fearful face for 30 milliseconds leads to amygdala activation a&d 69) Where in the brain is LTP primarily studied? hippocampus 70) How does the auditory system encode frequency? cochlear place code 71) What is an example of instructed fear learning? learning that a stimulus predicts an aversive event by being told about the event 72) During auditory fear conditioning in rats, what serves as the conditioned stimulus? tone 73) What is TRUE about the response of the amygdala to faces in humans? the amygdala is more responsive to fearful than happy faces 74) What states that cells that fire together wire together? Hebb's rule 75) What happened when patient S.M. was fear conditioned in the lab? Her skin conductance increased when shown the conditioned stimulus 76) What is TRUE of a tetanus protocol? It involves high-frequency stimulation of a single pathway It leads to LTP c&d 77) What subregion receives most of the input to the amygdala? lateral nucleus (LA) 78) What protocol is NOT used to induce LTP? artificially depolarize a neuron and then sometime later stimulate the axons forming 79) During instructed fear, what is the unconditioned stimulus? shock 80) What was the result of the experiment in which subjects were only shown masked presentations of the eyes? the more white there was around the eyes (sclera), the more the amygdala was activated 81) Which of the following molecules acts as a "retrograde messenger" to promote presynaptic changes after LTP? nitric oxide 82) What is the relationship between the hippocampus and depression? The hippocampus is smaller in depressed individuals. 83) During the stress response, what part of the brain secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)? paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) 84) What secretes glucocorticoids? adrenal cortex 85) What effect does chronic stress have on the hippocampus? decreases hippocampal volume decreases the length of the dendrites a&b 86) During the stress response, what part of the brain secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)? anterior pituitary 87) In rats, what kind of maternal behavior is associated with lower stress reactivity in offspring?  high licking-grooming 88) What effect does maternal care have on GABAergic tone in the amygdala? Good maternal care increases GABAergic tone. 89) Prolonged elevation of glucocorticoids during chronic stress may result in impaired function on a spatial task 90) If a high licking-grooming mom raises the pup of a low licking-grooming mom, what is the outcome? The brain will develop in a way that is similar to other pups raised by a high licking-grooming mom 91) What effect does chronic stress have on the amygdala? increases the length of dendrites 92) What does NOT happen after calcium activates CaMKII in spines? CamKIl removes the magnesium block, promoting an increase in EPSPs to subsequent stimulation 93) How does the growth of new spines promote LTP? New spines provide new synapses, leading to enhanced EPSPs the next time glutamate is released. 94) What is necessary for the induction of LTP? Activation of NMDA receptors. Enhanced neurotransmitter release. a&c 95) What is thought to happen after nitric oxide activates protein kinase G? the amount of neurotransmitter that is released increases 96) Why are both glutamate and strong depolarization necessary for the induction of LTP? glutamate binds to the NMDA receptor and strong depolarization removes the magnesium block 97) What is a harmful effect of chronic (long-term) glucocorticoid release? damage to muscle tissue damage to the brain inhibition of immune responses a&c All of the above 98) Based on Robert Sapolsky's work, how is the hippocampus of a dominant babo different from a subordinate baboon? The dominant baboon has more cells 99) In the monkey experiment conducted by Coplan et al., (1996), what were the long-term effects of being reared by mothers confronted by unpredictable foraging demands? Higher stress response than monkeys whose mothers had to work for predictable food delivery. Higher stress response than monkeys who mothers did not have to work for food. a&C 100) How could a decrease in the reuptake of glutamate lead to the death of neurons? excessive glutamate increases cell excitability, which is toxic in large amounts