Applications of Plant Tissue Culture PDF

Applications of plant tissue culture  For years, the plant tissue culture technique has been an advantageous technique for plant propagation at a commercial scale. It has been used for the following purposes: To conserve endangered or critically endangered species. To achieve rapid prod...

Applications of plant tissue culture  For years, the plant tissue culture technique has been an advantageous technique for plant propagation at a commercial scale. It has been used for the following purposes: To conserve endangered or critically endangered species. To achieve rapid production of plants irrespective of their seasons. For haploid production. To produce disease-free plants. To shorten the dormancy period of seeds. To conserve the germplasm of several plants. For genetic transformation. To produce varieties that are tolerant to several abiotic factors viz. salinity, drought, and heat stresses. Application of different Tissue Culture Technique in Crop Improvement Wide Hybridization The process of gene transfer between two plants that lead to the formation of the embryo can be blocked at any stage due to multiple factors. These functional barriers are categorized into two groups: pre-zygotic barriers, such as the failure of pollen to germinate or poor pollen-tube growth and post-zygotic barriers to hybridization, such as lack of endosperm development. These barriers can be overcome using in vitro fertilization techniques, embryo or ovule culture, or protoplast fusion. In-vitro Fertilization: In vitro fertilization is a useful technique that facilitates both interspecific or intraspecific genetic crosses. This helps in overcoming the physiological incompatibility that occurs during hybrid formation. The crops that have been already tested using the technique include agricultural crops, such as Embryo Culture Embryo culture is a useful technique to overcome embryo abortion, low seed set, seed dormancy, slow seed germination, inducing embryo growth in the absence of a symbiotic partner, and the production of monoploids of barley. Some of the case studies for the application of this technique are: The embryo rescue technique was used to reduce the breeding cycle of Iris from 2 to 3 years to a few months. The technique was used to introduce interspecific and intergeneric hybrids of many crops including, cotton, barley, tomato, rice, jute, Hordeum X Secale, Triticum X Secale, Tripsacm x Zea, and some Brassicas. This technique is useful in producing hybrid wheat. Protoplast Fusion Protoplast fusion is the best technique to produce hybrids of plants, which simply can not be produced by using conventional techniques. Some of the cases mentioning the use of the techniques are given below: In tobacco plants, the technique was used to modify the alkaloid and disease-resistant traits of commercial tobacco cultivars. The hybrids of tobacco produced using the technique have also been found to be resistant to root-knot nematodes and spider mites. The technique has also been found to be useful in producing somatic hybrids of plants like Brassicas, citrus, rice, carrot, canola, tomato, and the forage legumes alfalfa and clover. Haploid Production in vitro-produced haploids save both time and cost when it comes to producing homozygous breeding lines with high efficiency, compared with other methods The three methods used to produce haploids are: Culture of excised ovaries and ovules. The bulbosum technique of embryo culture. Culture of excised anthers and pollen. Pollen, microspore, and anther culture have been used to produce haploids of at least 171 species of plants. It includes cereals (barley, maize, rice, rye, triticale, and wheat), forage crops (alfalfa and clover), fruits (grape and strawberry), medicinal plants (Digitalis and Hyoscyamus), ornamentals (Gerbera and sunflower), oilseeds (canola and rape), trees (apple, lit&, poplar and rubber), plantation crops (cotton, sugar cane and tobacco), and vegetable crops (asparagus, brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrot, pepper, potato, sugar beet, sweet potato, tomato, and wing bean).  bulbosum technique Kasha and Kao (1970) have developed a technique to produce barley monoploids. Interspecific crosses are made with Hordeum bulbosum as the pollen parent and H. vulgare as the female parent The resulting hybrid embryos are cultured, but they exhibit H. bulbosum chromosome elimination resulting in the monoploids of the female parent H. vulgare.