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LESSON 1: DEFINITION, HALLMARKS FICTION OF LITERATURE AND LITERARY ➔ is a literary work of GENRE imaginative narration, either oral...

LESSON 1: DEFINITION, HALLMARKS FICTION OF LITERATURE AND LITERARY ➔ is a literary work of GENRE imaginative narration, either oral or written, fashioned to LITERATURE entertain, make the readers ➔ Literature (litera means letter) deals with a think, and, more so, feel. man's ideas, thoughts, and emotions. Thus, ➔ Imaginative creation and literature is a story of man. re-creation of life. Hallmarks of Good Literature GENRE ❖ ARTISTRY ❖ SHORT STORY ➔ A quality that appeals to our sense of ➔ often referred to as “SLICE beauty. OF LIFE”. ➔ one unit of TIME, PLACE, ❖ INTELLECTUAL VALUE and ACTION. A short story ➔ a literary work that stimulates has only one or a few events thought and enriches our mental life and passages, few characters, by making us realize fundamental and few to no chapters. truths about life and human nature. ❖ NOVEL ➔ It is a fictional narrative with ❖ SUGGESTIVENESS a complicated plot. ➔ The quality is associated with the ➔ It has a main plot and emotional power of literature. sub-plot developed from the main plot and made up of ❖ SPIRITUAL VALUE chapters. ➔ elevates the spirit by bringing out ❖ FABLES moral values that make us better. ➔ Usually featuring animals that behave and speak as ❖ PERMANENCE human beings. ➔ It can be read again and again, as ❖ LEGENDS each reading gives fresh delight and ➔ A group of stories told about new insights. a particular person or place. Legend stories are a subgenre ❖ UNIVERSALITY of folktales. ➔ Great literature is timeless and ❖ MYTH timely, forever relevant in terms of ➔ These superficially relate to its theme and conditions. reality or actual events and are especially associated with religious beliefs and LESSON 2: DIVISION OF traditions. LITERATURE/LITERARY GENRE ➔ The key figures are gods, demigods, or supernatural DIVISION OF LITERATURE humans with unrealistic PROSE powers. ➔ is a form of language that has no formal metrical structure.  ❖ ESSAY ❖ PLOT ➔ A piece of writing that lets the ➔ A casually related sequence author present his/her ideas and of events—what happens as a feelings or argument. result of the main conflict—is presented in a structured ELEMENTS OF FICTION format. ❖ CHARACTERS ➔ the representation of human beings involved in the NARRATIVE ORDER conflict. Chronological TYPES OF CHARACTERS Flashback ROUND CHARACTER - a PLOT DEVICES fully developed character with many traits—bad or Flashback- a scene that takes good—shown in the story place before a story begins. FLAT CHARACTER - the Foreshadowing- used to give stereotypical character who does an indication or hint of what not grow and fully develop. is to come later in the story. PROTAGONIST- Suspense - an uneasy feeling Hero/Heroine that a reader gets when they ANTAGONIST- A foil to the don't know what will happen protagonist next. DEUTERAGONIST- Second Surprise ending: a plot twist in importance happens near the end of a FRINGE- One who is story, especially if it changes destroyed by his inner conflict one's view of the preceding ❖ SETTINGS events. ➔ The locale (PLACE) or period of time in which the CLASSIFICATION OF POINT OF action of a short story, play, VIEW or novel takes place. First Person: The speaker is part of ❖ CONFLICT the story. Pronouns: I, Me, We, etc. ➔ The struggle or complication Third Person: Only one character involving the characters. can observe the story. Pronouns: He, TYPES OF CONFLICT Him, She, They, etc. Limited Third Person: The Internal Conflict- self vs. narrator is part of the story but self cannot read any character’s mind. Interpersonal Conflict- Pronouns: He, Him, She, They, etc. person-to-person Omniscient: The narrator/author External Conflict- character knows and sees all. against someone Pronouns: He, Him, She, They, etc.  ❖ MOOD - Creates empathy for the characters. ➔ The atmosphere or emotional - Use quotations and anecdotes. effect generated by the STYLE AND TONE- Style should words, images, or situations maintain the reader’s interest. in a literary work. ❖ TONE LESSON 3: POETRY AND DRAMA ➔ a term used to denote an attitude or feeling of the POETRY speaker or author ➔ Derived from the Greek word ❖ SYMBOLISM “POESIS” meaning making or ➔ stands for something other creating. than themselves. ➔ a kind of language that says it more ❖ IMAGES intensely than ordinary language ➔ are usually characterized by does. concrete qualities rather than ELEMENTS OF POETRY abstract ones. SENSE ➔ is revealed through the ❖ THEME meaning of words, images, ➔ It is the subject of the and symbols. selection and the central or ➔ DICTION- Denotative and dominant idea in literary Connotative meanings work. /symbols. NON-FICTION FIGURES OF SPEECH ➔ The branch of literature ➔ Simile- A comparison comprises works of narrative between two different prose dealing with or offering things using the opinions or conjectures upon words "like" or "as." facts and reality. Ex. "Her smile was as ELEMENTS OF NON-FICTION bright as the sun.“ ➔ Metaphor- A direct PURPOSE- is one of the comparison between characteristics of non-fiction. two unrelated things. -To inform Ex. “Time is a thief.” -To persuade ➔ Personification- -To entertain Giving human -To explain characteristics to LAYOUT- This should attract the non-human objects. reader and encourage reading and Ex. "The wind progression through the book. whispered through the INFORMATION- Includes facts, trees.“ little-known information, and ideas ➔ APOSTROPHE- a that spark the curiosity of the reader speaker directly and viewer to discover and learn. addresses someone or CHARACTERIZATION something that is not - Characters are well developed. present and cannot - No stereotype or bias respond.  SOUND ➔ ABAB- The first and ➔ Is the result of the third lines rhyme with combination of elements. each other, and the TONE COLOR second and fourth Alliteration- start with the lines rhyme with each same consonant sound. other. (focuses on initial sounds) ➔ ABBA- The first and Ex. She sells sea shells by the fourth lines rhyme seashore. with each other, and Assonance- the repetition of the second and third vowel sounds. lines rhyme with each Ex. Tyger Tyger, burning other. bright / In the forests of the STRUCTURE night ➔ refers to the arrangement of Consonance- the repetition words and lines fit together of consonant sounds, and the organization of the particularly at the end. parts to form a whole. Ex: “He gives his harness ➔ WORD ORDER- natural bells a shake” and unnatural arrangement of Repetition- involves words repeating words, phrases, Ex. "The cat sat on the mat.“ lines, or sounds to create "On the mat sat the cat” Rhythm. Ex: “I have a dream ➔ ELLIPSIS- omitting some that one day this nation will words for economy and effect rise up... I have a dream ➔ PUNCTUATION- today!” abundance or lack of Rhyme- the end sounds of punctuation marks words, usually at the end of ➔ SHAPE- capitalization and lines in poetry, are similar or lowercase. identical. Rhythm- ordered the CLASSIFICATIONS OF POETRY recurrent alternation of strong NARRATIVE POETRY and weak elements in the ➔ a form of poetry that tells a flow of the sound and silence. story, often using the voices Meter- stress; duration or of both a narrator and number of syllables per line, characters fixed metrical pattern. ➔ EPIC - A tale centering on a Rhyme Scheme- formal hero concerning the arrangement of rhymes in a beginning, continuance, and stanza or the whole poem. end of the events of great significance. ➔ AABB- The first two ➔ METRICAL ROMANCE- lines rhyme with each A narrative poem that tells other, and the next a story of adventure, love, two lines rhyme with and chivalry. each other. ➔ METRICAL ALLEGORY-  (Allegory is a fantastical ❖ DIALOGUE- The words written by story that symbolizes ideas or the playwright. real-life events.) An extended TYPES OF DRAMA narrative that carries a second ❖ TRAGEDY- A drama based on meaning along with the human suffering surface story. Things and ❖ COMEDY- intended to be amusing. actions are symbolic. ❖ FARCE- A comedy that seeks to ➔ METRICAL TALE- usually entertain an audience through highly consisting of a single series exaggerated situations. of connective events that are ❖ MELODRAMA- The plot is simple idylls or Home tales, typically sensationalized and for a love tales, tales of the strong emotional appeal, takes supernatural, or tales written precedence over detailed for a strong moral purpose in characterization. verse form. ❖ MUSICAL- A form of theatre ➔ BALLAD- a short narrative performance that combines songs, poem telling a single incident spoken dialogue, acting, and dance. in simple meter or stanzas. ❖ TRAGICOMEDY- a literary genre that blends aspects of both tragic and LYRIC POETRY comic forms. ➔ is generally short and expresses deep personal feelings. Lyric poems may be sung or intended to LESSON 4: LITERARY PERIODS be sung. ➔ ODE- It is the most majestic of the lyric poem. It is written in the spirit of praise of some person or thing. ➔ ELEGY- It typically laments or mourns the death of the individual. ➔ SONG- A lyric poem in a regular metrical pattern set to music. ➔ SONNET- follows a strict rhyme scheme and a specific structure of fourteen lines. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ➔ It is the body of works, both oral and DRAMA written, that Filipinos whether ➔ intended to be acted out on stage. native; naturalized, or foreign-born, have created about the experience of ELEMENTS OF DRAMA people living in or relating to ❖ PLOT- the basic storyline of the Philippine Society. play. ❖ THEME- refers to the meaning of the play. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (-BC-1564) ❖ CHARACTER- The ones who are portrayed by the actors in the play. CHARACTERISTICS Based on oral traditions  Crude on ideology and SPANISH COLONIZATION (1565-1863) phraseology LITERARY FORMS CHARACTERISTICS ORAL LITERATURE It has two distinct classifications: ➔ Riddle (bugtong)- battle of religious and secular. wits among participants It introduced Spanish as the medium ➔ Proverbs (salawikain)- wise of communication. sayings that contain a LITERARY FORMS metaphor used to teach as RELIGIOUS LITERATURE food for thought. used to teach Filipinos the ➔ Tanaga- a mono-rhyming Spanish language. heptasyllabic quatrain PASYON- a long narrative expressing insights and poem about the passion and lessons on life death of Christ. FOLK SONGS SENAKULO- a ➔ expresses the hopes and dramatization of the pasyon, aspirations, the people's it shows the passion and lifestyles, as well as their death of Christ loves. These are often SECULAR LITERATURE repetitive and sonorous, (non-religious) didactic and naïve. AWIT - colorful tales of ➔ LULLABY- hele or oyayi chivalry made for singing and ➔ AMBAHAN- 7-syllable per chanting line poem that are about CORIDO – the metrical tale human relationships and is written in octosyllabic social entertainment. quatrains ➔ KALUSAN- work songs that NATIONALISTIC/REVOLUTIONARY depict the livelihood of the (1864-1896) people. ➔ TAGAY- drinking song CHARACTERISTICS ➔ KANOGAN- song of Planted seeds of nationalism in lamentation for the dead Filipinos FOLK TALES The language shifted from Spanish ➔ MYTHS- a story of gods and to Tagalog goddesses LITERARY FORMS ➔ LEGENDS- explain the Propaganda Literature - origin of things. Reformatory in objective ➔ FABLES- used animal POLITICAL ESSAYS – characters and allegory. were written to attack and ➔ FANTASTIC STORIES- expose the evils of Spanish deal with underworld rule. characters such as “tiyanak”, REVOLUTIONARY “aswang”, “kapre” and LITERATURE- more violent and others. demanded complete independence ➔ EPICS- supernatural events for the country. or heroic deeds  POLITICAL ESSAYS – JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942-1960) helped inflame the spirit of WAR YEARS (1942-19 revolution POLITICAL NOVELS- PERIOD OF MATURITY AND Noli Me Tangere and El ORIGINALITY (1945-1960) Filibusterismo – Jose Rizal’s masterpieces that paved the CONTEMPORARY PERIOD way to the revolution (1960-PRESENT) POETRY- True Decalogue –Apolinario ➔ Martial law repressed and curtailed Mabini, Katapusang Hibik ng human rights including freedom of Pilipinas – Andres Bonifacio, the press Liwanag at Dilim – Emilio ➔ Writers used allegories and Jacinto symbolism to drive home their message in the face of heavy AMERICAN REGIME (1910-1945) censorship. PERIOD OF APPRENTICESHIP (1910-1930) Filipino writers imitated English and American Models SHORT STORIES Example: Dead Stars – Paz Marquez Benitez The Small Key - Paz Latorena NOVELS Child of Sorrow - first novel written in English language by Zoilo Galang PERIOD OF EMERGENCE (1945-1960) ➔ Highly influenced by Western Literary trends like romanticism and realism ➔ A short story is the most prevalent literary form. ➔ Jose Garcia Villa earned the international title “ Poet of the Century”.