21st Century - Midterm Reviewer PDF

LESSON 1: LITERARY DEVICES - EX: “Night and Day” - EX: “Good and Evil” Figurative languages, Figures of Speech, Literary Devices - forms of expression used to convey meaning....

LESSON 1: LITERARY DEVICES - EX: “Night and Day” - EX: “Good and Evil” Figurative languages, Figures of Speech, Literary Devices - forms of expression used to convey meaning. EPIGRAPH - a short quotation or saying at the beginning of a book or chapter, intended to suggest its theme. COMMON FIGURES OF SPEECH - EX: "The only thing worse than being talked about is SIMILE not being talked about." - the comparison of one thing with another thing of a - EX: “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid ALLITERATION - EX: “As busy as a bee” - the repetition of initial consonant sounds in - EX: “As bold as brass” neighboring words within a sentence or phrase. - EX: “Menacing sounds of mashing metal machines METAPHOR emanated from the mines.” - implicitly compares two unrelated things, typically by - EX: “The snake slithered across the sandy seaside.” stating that one thing is another - EX: “The world's a stage” - EX: “A heart of gold” ASSONANCE - the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words. PERSONIFICATION - EX: “I wish there was a way to make her state similar - used to attribute human characteristics to something feelings to those of my soul.” that is not human. - EX: “Hear the lark and harken to the barking of the - EX: “Alarm clock yells” dark fox gone to ground” - EX: “The ocean was calling his name” METONYMY HYPERBOLE - a figure of speech where one word is substituted for - exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be another with which it is closely associated. taken literally. - EX: “The pen is mightier than the sword.” - EX: “I could eat a horse” - EX: “The crown announced new tax policies.” - EX: “I was dying of laughter” SYNECDOCHE IMAGERY - a part of something is used to represent the whole, or - language that appeals to all of the human senses, the whole is used to represent a part. including sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. - EX: “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your - Types of Imagery: Visual, Tactile, Auditory, Olfactory, ears!” Gustatory - EX: “A hundred sails were seen on the horizon.” - EX: “The old book had water spots across its spine. Some of the pages yellowed.” - EX: “The warden's keys clanked as he walked past OXYMORON the cells.” - combines contradictory words with opposing meanings IRONY - EX: “I let out a silent scream as the cat walked - normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous through the door carrying a dead bird.” or emphatic effect. - EX: “You are going to have to use proofreading - Types of Irony: Dramatic Irony, Situational Irony, services, it is your only choice.” Verbal Irony. - EX: “The Titanic was said to be unsinkable, but it sank ONOMATOPOEIA on its first voyage.” - words mimic the sound they represent - EX: “The name of India's biggest dog is "Tiny" - EX: “Crash!” - EX: “Bang!” EUPHEMISM - a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for ASYNDETON one considered to be too harsh or blunt when - the omission of conjunctions in a series of related referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing clauses. - EX: “She isn't sick- she's under the weather.” - EX: “I came, I saw, I conquered” - EX: “He's not poor- he's economically disadvantaged. - EX: “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle” JUXTAPOSITION ALLUSION - the fact of two things being seen or placed close - a reference to a well-known person, place, event, or together with contrasting effect. work of art.  - EX: “That was his Achilles' heel.” LESSON 2: ASIAN LITERATURE - EX: “She's a modern-day Cinderella.” East Asian Literature – China, Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, ANAPHORA Mongolia, North and South Korea, and Taiwan. - the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. South Asian Literature – Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, - EX: “Tonight, we gather to affirm the greatness of our Nepal, Pakistan, and The Maldives. nation. Tonight, we gather to affirm the greatness of our country.” Southeast Asian Literature – Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, - EX: “Get busy living or get busy dying.” The Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia. PARADOX - a statement that seems self-contradictory but actually West Asian Literature – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, reveals a deeper truth, theme, or sense of humor. Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, - EX: “If you want peace, prepare for war.” Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Yemen - EX: “I can resist anything but temptation.” ASIAN LITERATURE ANACOLUTHON - a rich collection of stories that reflects the beliefs, culture, and - involves a shift in a sentence or clause that interrupts emotions of its people. its normal structure, creating a stylistic break or - It can be classified into lyrical, dramatic, or narrative forms, surprise. often embodying the predominant cultures and philosophies of - EX: “I told her I was going to the store—wait, no, I had a particular era. to drop off the package at the post office first.” - EX: “As I was walking down the street, I saw—well, it JAPANESE LITERATURE doesn't matter, but then I—oh, never mind.” - favors ambiguity and the use of speech particles. - There is a focus on the subconscious mind. HYPOPHORA - Haiku consists of 3 lines with a metrical pattern - where a writer poses a question and then immediately - Kabuki - a Japanese classical theater. provides an answer. - Most Common 21st-Century Literary Genre in Japan: Manga - EX: “Why do we study history? Because understanding the past helps us make sense of the DIFFERENT GENRES OF MANGA present and shape the future.” Shonen - aimed at boys aged 10 to 18, focuses on - EX: “Why should we care about climate change? action-packed stories featuring adventure, sports, Because it affects every aspect of our lives, from the friendship, and overcoming challenges. Its narratives air we breathe to the food we eat” are idealized and emphasize dynamic scenes and personal growth. PROCATALEPSIS Shojo - aimed at girls under 18, emphasizes romance, - a rhetorical device wherein the speaker anticipates an friendship, and comedy. Its idealized drawing style objection from the audience and addresses it uses large, expressive eyes and symbols like flowers beforehand. to convey emotions - EX: “Now, you might be thinking that this plan is too Seinen - targets adult male audiences, generally aged expensive. However, let me assure you that the 18 and above, offering more mature themes and long-term benefits far outweigh the initial costs.” complex storytelling. - EX: “I know some of you may be skeptical about this Kodomomuke - refers to manga and anime aimed at proposal. But consider the evidence I'm about to young children, typically under the age of 10. These present, and you'll see why it's the best course of works are designed to be lighthearted, easy to action.” understand, and often educational, promoting positive values like teamwork, kindness, and perseverance. POLYSYNDETON - sees multiple conjunctions in close succession. KNOWN MANGA AUTHORS - EX: “He ran and jumped and laughed and danced Osamu Tezuka with joy.” - Often referred to as the "God of Manga" and - EX: “They built and they laughed and they loved and the father of anime, he created legendary they lived.” works such as Astro Boy, Kimba the White Lion, Black Jack, and Phoenix. Masashi Kishimoto - Best known as the creator of the Naruto series, he also gained recognition for Samurai 8 and The Tale of Hachimaru.  Eiichiro Oda KEVIN KWAN (Singapore) - Famous for his long-running manga series - the author of the New York Times bestselling One Piece novels Crazy Rich Asians, China Rich Girlfriend, Rich People Problems, and Sex & Naoki Urasawa Vanity. In 2018, Kwan was named one of - Rose to fame with his critically acclaimed Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People manga Monster. in the World. - His work “Crazy Rich Asian” a satirical Akira Toriyama exploration of wealth, culture, and family - Celebrated for creating the Dragon Ball dynamics in Singapore's ultra-rich society. series HAN KANG (South Korea) Hajime Isayama - a South Korean author renowned for her - Creator of Attack on Titan, a globally popular experimental fiction and her exploration of manga known for its intense plot and humanity's potential for violence in her complex characters. works. In 2024, she made history as the first South Korean writer to receive the Nobel INDIAN LITERATURE Prize in Literature, with the Nobel committee - There is a close connection and harmonious blend between recognizing her contributions. poetry and religion. - “ The Vegetarian” delves into themes of - Poetry and music are inseparably intertwined. trauma, violence, and the search for - Indian literature is deeply infused with themes of love. individuality -The importance of family is a central theme in Indian literature and drama. LESSON 2.1: RAMAYANA - Tragedy is absent in Indian literature. - Indian literature reflects a diverse and inclusive nature. FIRST WORK: RAMAYANA - Written by Valmiki KNOWN WORKS IN INDIAN LITERATURE - Composed in the 5th Century Ramayana (Valmiki) - A literary work well known in India Mahabharata (Ved Vyasa) - RAMAYANA is a compilation of 8 works detailing the Shakuntala (Kalidasa) life of a prince named Rama - Rama is actually the reincarnation of a God named CHINESE LITERATURE Vishnu - Chinese literature, especially poetry, has traditionally been recorded in handwriting or print, aiming to appeal both visually THE WORKS IN RAMAYANA and aurally Bala Kanda: “The Book of the Youth,” - All major forms of Chinese poetry were originally sung with Ayodhya Kanda: “The Book of Ayodhya,” musical accompaniment. Aranya Kanda: “The Book of the Forest ,” - Chinese poetry is characterized by the use of end rhyme and Kishkindhya Kanda: “The Book of The Empire of Holy tonal meter for rhythm. Monkeys,” - It is also known for its compactness and brevity. Sundara Kanda: “The Book of the Beautiful - It is predominantly subjective, with an emotional tone rather (Hanuman),” than an intellectual or moralistic one. Yuddha Kanda: “The Book of War,” - Themes exhibit a universal quality, largely unaffected by time. Uttara Kanda: “The Book Beyond,” 21ST CENTURY REPRESENTATIVE TEXTS AND AUTHORS CHARACTERS FROM ASIA - Rama - Sita SAYAKA MURATA (Japan) - Bharata - the author of several books, including - Lakshmana Convenience Store Woman, which won the - Queen Kaikeyi Akutagawa Prize, as well as Earthlings and - Ravana Life Ceremony. She has been recognized as - Bali one of Freeman's "Future of New Writing" authors and was named a Vogue Japan PLACES IN RAMAYANA Woman of the Year. - Lanka - Her novel “The Convenience Store Woman” - Ayodhya tackles societal expectations and the pressures of conformity in modern Japanese life. LESSON 2.2: TALE OF GENJI - An-mei Hsu - Lindo Jong SECOND WORK: TALE OF GENJI - Ying-ying St. Clair - Written by Murasaki Shikibu - Composed in between 1000 - 1012 (11th century) DAUGHTERS - Finished somewhere in 1008 - Jing-mei "June" Woo - Rose Hsu Jordan The story follows the life of the protagonist, Genji, a handsome - Waverly Jong and talented nobleman who lives during the Heian period in - Lena St. Clair. Japan. The novel explores themes such as love, loss, desire, and the human condition. It is also known for its detailed The narrative explores the intertwined lives of the mothers and descriptions of court life, culture, and society during this period. their American-born daughters, focusing on cultural identity and generational conflict. Heian Period (794 - 1185), a time marked by refined court culture, where aesthetics, poetry, and relationships played The Joy Luck Club begins with four Chinese immigrant central roles in society. mothers in San Francisco forming a mahjong club to share their stories from China. Founded by Suyuan Woo, this club CHARACTERS IN TALE OF GENJI connects them and reflects their hopes for their daughters. - Hikaru Genji - Fujitsubo As the story unfolds, the backstories of each mother-daughter - Reizei pair are revealed. The mothers recount their struggles and - Lady Murasaki sacrifices in China, while the daughters face their own - “The Jealous Rokujo Lady” challenges in contemporary America - Kaoru - Niou the characters work toward reconciliation. The daughters develop a deeper appreciation for their mothers' struggles, A central theme of the novel is mono no aware, or the while the mothers learn to accept their daughters' awareness of the impermanence of things. This reflects the independence. Buddhist influences of the time, as Genji’s romantic relationships, marked by passion and loss, embody the fleeting The story concludes with a sense of hope and renewal. The nature of beauty and love. The rigid social hierarchy of the daughters embrace their cultural heritage, while the mothers Heian court is also evident, with characters’ fates shaped by find solace in knowing their sacrifices have paved the way for their rank and family connections. Genji’s lowly status due to their daughters' successes. his mother's position demonstrates how lineage influenced personal relationships. LESSON 2.4: THE SCARLET LETTER the novel offers a unique perspective on women’s lives in the Heian era. Written by a woman, it highlights the emotional FOURTH WORK: THE SCARLET LETTER depth and intelligence of female characters, who navigate a - Written by Nathaniel Hawthorne patriarchal society with limited autonomy. Their experiences - Published in 1850 reflect the complexities of court life and the importance of beauty and skill in their social interactions. The Scarlet Letter tells a powerful story about Hester Prynne, who faces shame and judgment after having a child out of TRANSLATIONS OF THE TALE OF GENJI wedlock. Through her struggles, the novel explores important - Kencho Suematzu (1882) - First Version themes like sin, guilt, and the search for identity. Ultimately, it - Arthur Waley (1925 - 1933) - Romanticized Version shows how Hester grows stronger despite the challenges she - Edward Seidensticker (1963) - Direct Version faces, making it a significant and thought-provoking work in - Royall Tyler (2001) - Appreciative to Japanese American literature Culture - David Washburn (2015) - Modern & Readable Version CHARACTERS - Hester Prynne - Pearl LESSON 2.3: JOY LUCK CLUB - Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale - Roger Chillingworth THIRD WORK: JOY LUCK CLUB - Written by Amy Tan REFECTION - Published on September 1, 1989 - Romanticism vs Rationalism - Moral Complexity MOTHERS - Critique in Puritanism - Suyuan Woo - Symbolism and Allegory  - Focus on the INdividual PERIODS OF ANGLO-AMERICAN LITERATURE In summary, The Scarlet Letter is a story about Hester MEDIEVAL LITERATURE (c. 500 - 1500) Prynne's struggle with sin, guilt, and society's judgment. It - This period is marked by works such as raises questions about morality and identity, making it a "Beowulf" and Geoffrey Chaucer's "The powerful and enduring work of literature. Canterbury Tales." Literature often focused on religious themes, chivalry, and morality. LESSON 2.5: PRIDE AND PREJUDICE RENAISSANCE (c. 1500 - 1600) - The Renaissance was a time of revival in art FIFTH WORK: PRIDE AND PREJUDICE and literature. It saw the emergence of - Written by Jane Austen humanism, exploration of individualism, and - Published in January 28 1813 (Georgian or a focus on classical texts. - Hanoverian) Era) ENLIGHTENMENT (c. 1660-1800) CHARACTERS - This era emphasized reason, science, and - Elizabeth Bennet intellectual exchange - FitzWilliam Darcy - Jane Bennet ROMANTICISM (c. 1798-1837) - Charles Bingely - Romantic literature focused on emotion, - Lydia Bennet nature, and the individual. - Charlotte Lucas - George Wickham VICTORIAN ERA (c. 1837-1901) - Mr. Collins - Characterized by industrialization and social - Lady Catherine de Bourgh reform, Victorian literature often addressed - Georgiana Darcy themes of morality, class, and gender. - Mary Bennet - Catherine (Catty) Bennet MODERNISM (c. 1900-1945) - This period embraced experimental forms Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen and explored themes of disillusionment and follows Elizabeth Bennet, a sharp -minded alienation young women, and Mr. Darcy, a wealthy but a proud man. At first, Elizabeth thinks POSTMODERNISM (c. 1945 - present) Darcy is arrogant, while Mr. Darcy looks - Postmodern literature is characterized by down on her lower social status. However, metafiction, irony, and a questioning of as they spend more time together, they narratives. realize that their judgments were wrong. Overcoming their pride and prejudice, NOTABLE ANGLO-AMERICAN LITERATURE AUTHORS AND they eventually fall in love. The story THEIR WORKS focuses on themes of love, class, and self- Discovery. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (Bard of Avon or Poet) - Shakespeare's plays explore complex REFLECTION human emotions, moral dilemmas, and the - Class Oriented Society consequences of ambition and love. - Marriage Pressure - Works: "Hamlet," "Romeo and Juliet," - Limited Rights of Women "Macbeth" - Social Status Impact - Social Expectations JOHN MILTON - Milton's epic poems delve into themes of free will, redemption, and the nature of good and LESSON 3: ANGLO-AMERICAN LITERATURE evil. - Works: "Paradise Lost," "Paradise Regained" ANGLO-AMERICAN LITERATURE - refers to the body of literary works produced in England and GEOFFREY CHAUCER (Father of English Literature) the United States. - Chaucer's collection of stories provides a - This literary tradition spans centuries, showcasing a wide vivid portrayal of medieval society through range of themes, styles, and forms. From the medieval period the eyes of various characters on a to contemporary writing, Anglo-American literature reflects the pilgrimage. cultural, social, and historical contexts of its time - Work: "The Canterbury Tales”  JANE AUSTEN - Austen's novels critique social norms and GEORGE R.R. MARTIN explore themes of love, marriage, and class. - Works: "A Song of Ice and Fire Series" - Works: "Pride and Prejudice," "Sense and - Summary: This series features a complex Sensibility" world of political intrigue, power struggles, and moral ambiguity. CHARLES DICKENS - Dickens's works often depict the struggles of MARGARET ATWOOD the poor and critique social injustices. - Works: "The Handmaid's Tale" - Works: "A Tale of Two Cities," "Great - Summary: Atwood's novel presents a chilling Expectations” vision of a totalitarian society, exploring themes of gender and power. EMILY BRONTË - Brontë's novel explores themes of passion, JOHN GREEN revenge, and the complexities of human - Works: "The Fault in Our Stars" relationships. - Summary: This novel tells the poignant love - Work: "Wuthering Heights" story of two teenagers with cancer, addressing themes of mortality and hope. MARK TWAIN DAN BROWN - Twain's works address themes of race, - Works: "The Da Vinci Code" identity and the American experience - Summary: Brown's novel combines art, through humor and satire. history, and conspiracy in an exhilarating - Works: "The Adventures of Huckleberry quest for truth. Finn," "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” NICHOLAS SPARKS F. SCOTT FITZGERALD - Works: The Notebook, A Walk to Remember, - Fitzgerald's novel critiques the American Dear John Dream and explores themes of wealth, love, - Summary: Sparks’ novels often explore and disillusionment. emotional, heart-wrenching love stories set - Work: "The Great Gatsby" in small-town America, addressing themes of love, fate, and personal sacrifice. T.S ELIOT - Eliot's poetry reflects post-World War I SUZANNE COLLINS disillusionment and fragmentation in modern - Work:The Hunger Games life. - Summary: A dystopian novel in which a girl - Works: "The Waste Land," "The Love Song must fight for her life in a televised death of J. Alfred Prufrock" match, highlighting themes of survival and rebellion. VIRGINIA WOOLF - Woolf's novels explore consciousness and the inner lives of her characters, often using LESSON 4: CONTEXTUAL READING APPROACHES AND stream-of-consciousness. CRITICAL APPROACHES - Works: "Mrs. Dalloway," "To the Lighthouse" BIOGRAPHY 21ST CENTURY INFLUENTIAL AUTHORS AND THEIR - It involves more than just the basic facts like WORKS education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events J.K ROWLING - Works: "Harry Potter Series" SOCIETY - Summary: The series follows a young - A group of individuals involved in persistent social wizard's journey, exploring themes of interaction, or a large social group sharing the same friendship, courage, and the battle between spatial or social territory, typically subject to the good and evil same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. STEPHENIE MEYER - Works: “Twilight Series” CULTURE - Summary: Meyer’s novels depict the love - An umbrella term which encompasses the social story between a human and a vampire, behavior and norms found in human societies, as exploring themes of love, choice, and well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, identity.  capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these group AUTOBIOGRAPHY - Self-written account of the life of oneself. CONTEXTUALITY - It depends on the preceding or following parts of a text to clarify meaning. LINGUISTICS - The scientific study of language that involves the analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. ANALYSIS - detailed examination of the elements or structure of something. TIMELINE - A display of a list of events in chronological order CRITICAL READING STRATEGIES TO ENCOURAGE AND DEVELOP CRITICAL READING ABILITY 1. PREVIEWING - Review headnotes or introductions. Skim for main ideas and structure. Identify the rhetorical situation. 2. CONTEXTUALIZING - Placing a text in its historical, biographical, and cultural contexts. - Recognizing differences between your values and those represented in the text. 3. QUESTIONING TO UNDERSTAND AND REMEMBER - Asking questions about the content. 4. OUTLINING AND SUMMARIZING - Outlining reveals the basic structure of the text. - Summarizing synopsizes the main argument. 5. EVALUATING AN ARGUMENT - Testing the logic, credibility, and emotional impact of a text. - Claim and Support 6. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING RELATED READINGS - Exploring similarities and differences between texts. - Fitting a text into ongoing discussions enhances understanding.