21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World PDF Course Guide

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World  21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World  21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World  Saint Louis University BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH...

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World  21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World  21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World  Saint Louis University BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH Department of Languages RF-LSH-003 COURSE GUIDE I. Course Title: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World (21CLPW) II. Course Overview A. Introduction 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World is a core subject for grade 12 senior high school students across all strands in the academic track. The subject aims to sharpen your critical and analytical skills in reading – interpreting texts using varied approaches and comparing and contrasting recurrent themes and narratives – and to refine your reading taste through exposure to the best written literature of the Philippines and of the world. These various literary works embody and integrate ideas, beliefs, values, and attitudes that cultivate or enrich human experiences and practices, thus develop in you a sense of responsibility and sensitivity towards others in becoming an agent of change and transformation. B. Course Learning Outcomes To address the impact of the current health crisis on the basic education system in the country, the Department of Education (DepEd) has released the following content and performance standards along the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs) that you must acquire. CONTENT STANDARDS PERFORMANCE STANDARDS The learner will be able to Writing a close analysis and critical understand and appreciate the interpretation of literary texts and doing an elements and contexts of 21st adaptation of these require from the learner century Philippine literature from the ability to identify: a. the geographic, the regions. linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to the contemporary b. representative texts and authors from each region (e.g. engage in oral history research with focus on key personalities from the students’ region/province/town) Comparing and contrasting the various 21st century literary genres and the ones from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures, and traditions 1  Saint Louis University BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH Department of Languages Discussing how different contexts enhance the text’s meaning and enrich the reader’s understanding Producing a creative representation of a literary text by applying multimedia and ICT skills Doing self- and/or peer-assessment of the creative adaptation of a literary text, based on rationalized criteria, prior to presentation The learner will be able to Writing a close analysis and critical understand and appreciate literary interpretation of literary texts, applying a texts in various genres across reading approach, and doing an adaptation national literature and cultures. of these, require from the learner the ability to identify representative texts and authors from Asia, North America, Europe, Latin America, and Africa Comparing and contrasting the various 21st century literary genres and their elements, structures, and traditions from across the globe Producing a creative representation of a literary text by applying multimedia and ICT skills Doing self- and/or peer-assessment of the creative adaptation of a literary text, based on rationalized criteria, prior to presentation C. Module, Unit Topics, and Study Schedule FIRST GRADING MODULE Introduction to Literature 1 Unit 1 Definition, Nature, & Division of Written Work # 1 Literature September 12-16 Illustrative Representation Unit 2 Elements of Literature Written Work #2 Comprehension Check Unit 3 Literary Criticism & Approaches September 19-23 Performance Task #1 Literary Analysis MODULE Elements and Contexts of 21st Century Philippine Literature from the 2 Regions 2  Saint Louis University BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH Department of Languages Unit 1 Historical Highlights of Philippine Literature September 26-30 Performance Task #2 Unit 2 a. Poetry – The Conversion (Neil Advocacy Infographic Garcia) b. Short Story – The Wedding Dance (Amador Daguio) October 3-7 Performance Task #3 Unit 3 c. Flash fiction – His Father’s Drabble Fiction Eyes (Zarlone) Unit 4 d. Creative non-fiction – Minsan May Isang Puta (Mike Portes) October 10- 14 Written Work #3 e. Creative non-fiction – My Own Diagram Representation Theory of Devolution (Jessica Zafra) First Grading Exam – October 19-21, 2022 SECOND GRADING MODULE Introduction to World Literature 3 Unit 1 Historical Highlights and Literary October 24-28 Written Work #1 Movements in World Literature Differentiated True/False Unit 2 Emerging Genres in World November 7-11 Performance Task #1 Literature Classifying Texts MODULE Emerging Genre in World Literature & Representative Texts around 4 the Globe Unit 1 a. Meta-fiction – The Tale of the November 14-18 Written Work #2 Three Brothers (Jk Rowling) Literary Genres b. Speculative Fiction – Harrison Bergeron (Kurt Vonnegaut) Unit 2 c. Memoir (Literary Journalism) November 21-25 Performance Task #2 – A Short Memoir of a A Critique (Digital Suspected Covid-19 Case Media) (Wu Shuangnan) d. Digital Text Written Work #3 Unit 3 e. Spoken Poetry – When Love November 28 - Poem Writing Arrives (Sarah Kay and Phil December 9 Performance Task #3 Kaye) Spoken Poetry Second Grading Exam – December 14-16, 2022 3  Saint Louis University BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH Department of Languages III. Course Study Guide 1. Manage your time. Properly schedule your reading assignments and activity accomplishments. Have your planner or calendar of activities ready. Remember that you have other modules to accomplish for this semester. Try to anticipate possible conflicts between personal and study schedules and make appropriate adjustments. Be very conscious of your study schedule. 2. Focus your attention. Make sure that you do things one at a time. Read each material over and over until you are able to get the gist of the lesson. 3. Owe it to yourself. In doing the assessment tasks, whether formative or summative, target the highest standards because you are a better learner. You have the knowledge and skills needed to finish a quality work. 4. Work independently. It is expected that you work on the modules on your own. You can ask help from others but do your best first. 5. Answer confidently. You are encouraged to dutifully follow instructions. You can answer more confidently when you know that you are following instructions. 6. Motivate yourself. Whatever knowledge, skills, or values and insights you gain from this subject will definitely be of help in your life and future plans. Enjoy what you do and everything else will follow. 7. Submit requirements on time. Be mindful of deadlines. Taking ownership of deadlines helps you to think independently and to develop problem-solving skills. 8. Be patient. I shall provide feedback on your work to facilitate the learning. While waiting for my feedback, you can continue working on other activities in order to use time more productively. 9. Contact me. If you would need further help or some clarification in any of the modules, please do not hesitate to send me message through FB Messenger within 8 a.m. – 5 p.m. on any day from Mondays to Fridays; however, kindly be considerate when you get delayed replies as I may be conducting an online class or an on-campus one. Remember I am here to ensure that we go through the completion of this subject together. 4  Saint Louis University BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH Department of Languages IV. Evaluation Evaluation is a significant facet of learning. Without evaluation there is no learning. You will expect assessments in the subject. There are three written works, two performance checks/tasks, and one culminating performance task per grading period. Each written work and performance task is 30 points; whereas, the Culminating Performance Task (CPT) is 50 points. Examination is 60 points. There also are formative assessments in the modules which will not be submitted; however, they must be accomplished for you to truly understand or appreciate the lessons. Remember that the right attitude put into completion of tasks is more valuable than the grade acquired. V. Additional Reminders/Guidelines A. Deadline of submission of Written Works and Performance Tasks 1ST GRADING 2ND GRADING within the following dates within the following dates WW1 INDIVIDUAL WW1 INDIVIDUAL Illustrative Differentiated October 24-28 Representation True/False WW2 September 12-16 Comprehension Check PT 1 INDIVIDUAL PT 1 INDIVIDUAL Literary Analysis September 19-23 Classifying November 7-11 (In collaboration with Texts EAPP) PT 2 PAIR / SMALL GROUP (3 MEMBERS) WW2 INDIVIDUAL Advocacy September 26-30 Literary November 14-18 Infographic Genres PT 3 INDIVIDUAL PT 2 INIDIVIDUAL Drabble October 3-7 A Critique November 21-25 Fiction (Digital Media) WW3 INDIVIDUAL / PAIR WW3 INDIVIDUAL / PAIR Diagram October 10-14 Poem Writing Representation PT 3 November 28-December 9 Spoken Poetry N.B. Based on class schedule where 21CLPW falls, specific due dates shall be set by the subject teacher. Regardless of learning modality, students will have THE SAME DEADLINE of submission of requirements. 5  Saint Louis University BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH Department of Languages B. Scoring Rubric for the 1st Grading CPT: Drabble Fiction Your task is to create a drabble fiction or 100-word story about our current situation in the Philippines. Incorporate the characteristics of a flash fiction and include a digital illustration or a collage of images that encapsulates the essence of your drabble fiction. Create your own digital illustration, or use at least three images from a website to form a collage (Cite your source following the APA format 7th edition). Be guided by the scoring rubric. Excellent Good Fair Needs Improvement ASPECTS 10 7.5 5 2.5 Score Story contains Story Story Story exposition, development development development rising action, follows story exists but does not exist. Plot climax, falling sequence but essential pieces Development action, and some or components resolution. components are missing. The story is could be better easy to follow. developed for the reader to easily follow. Effectively uses Less effectively Attempts to use Little to no dialogue, uses dialogue, dialogue, attempt to use description, and description, description, and dialogue, pacing to and pacing to pacing but description, and Narrative develop develop experiences and pacing. Techniques experiences, events are experiences, Experiences and events, and underdeveloped. events, and events are characters. characters. underdeveloped. Strong Organizes Attempts to Little to no organization ideas in a organize ideas, attempt at and transitional logical way. but transitional organization. Organization language used Transitional language is throughout language used. minimal. skillfully. Visuals are Visuals are Visuals are Visuals are not appealing, adequately related to the directly related to highly relevant, appealing to topic but deficient. the topic. appropriate and add support to Visual/ add support to the story. Pictures the story. 6  Saint Louis University BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH Department of Languages There are no There are few There are several There are errors in errors in errors in numerous errors grammar, grammar, grammar, in grammar, Grammar, mechanics, mechanics, mechanics, and/or mechanics, Mechanics, & and/or spelling. and/or spelling, spelling. and/or spelling. Spelling but they do not interfere with understanding. Comments: Total Score: C. Scoring Rubric for the 2nd Grading CPT: Spoken Poetry As both creative and critical/logical speakers (Role), you are tasked to deliver a spoken poetry using video recording (Product) which shall engage and bridge meaningful discussion about societal and personal experiences in and out of the academe (Goal) and would awaken the awareness and consciousness of spectators/ listeners (Audience) in the celebration of National Arts Month initiated by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) (Scenario). The spoken poetry should offer a unique perspective of the topic and a strong sense of purpose. It should also use vivid descriptive words with efficient use of time and technological tools (Standards). ASPECTS Excellent Progressing Needs more work Score: 10 7 4 Body Facial expressions and Facial expressions and There is very little use of Language body language body language facial expressions & generate a strong sometimes generate a body language does not interest & enthusiasm. strong sense & generate much interest. enthusiasm. Delivery Shows strong passion Shows sense of Shows neither passion and sense of purpose. purpose. The mood and nor sense of purpose. The mood and tone of tone of voice is The mood and tone is voice is appropriate to somewhat appropriate not appropriate to the the emotion/wish to to the emotion/wish to emotion/wish to convey. convey. convey. Productivity The video has flawless The video is somewhat The video is unfocused transitions, audible focused with fluent & without fluent sounds, and creative transitions, audible transitions, audible use of special effects. sounds, and creative sounds, and creative use The video is within the use of special effects. of special effects. time frame allowed. The video is slightly The video is far beyond over or under time. the time frame allowed. 7  Saint Louis University BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH Department of Languages Visuals Visuals are appealing, Visuals are appealing Visuals are not directly highly relevant, and and add support to the related to the topic. add support to the topic. topic. Goal/ thesis There is one goal or There is one goal or The personal opinion is thesis that strongly and thesis that states a not easily understood. clearly states a personal opinion and There is little or no personal opinion and identifies the issue. reference to the issue. identifies the issue. Comments : Total Score: VI. Technological Tools To accomplish most, if not all, of the tasks in the modules, you are encouraged to use a smart phone and a desktop or laptop. You will need the following software applications: Word Processing, Presentation, and Publication. The Internet and print and broadcast media which include television, radio, and newspapers will also be helpful in this subject. VII. Grading System Grading System for Core Subjects (21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World) First Grading Grade Written Works = 25% Performance Tasks = 50% Examination = 25% Total = 100% Second Grading Grade Written Works = 25% Performance Tasks = 50% Examination = 25% Total = 100% Final Grade (First Grading Grade + Second Grading Grade) / 2 = 100% 8  Saint Louis University BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH Department of Languages VIII. Contact Information The following are the teachers who shall handle 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World (21CLPW) for the first semester of AY 2022-2023. Please send your messages only to the assigned 21CLPW teacher for your class. Teacher Messenger Account Wilamirah Atam Wilamirah Atam Saida Guivac Saida Guivac Joselito Kitongan Joselito Kitongan Ruth Payaket Ruth Payaket Maricel Pedral Maricel Pedral Nelwyn Tejada Nelwyn Tejada Mary Grace Valenciano Mary Grace Valenciano In the event that your subject teacher’s Messenger is inaccessible, you can contact the Principal’s office at these numbers 0995 539 1234 or (074) 447 0664. Looking forward to a pleasant teaching - learning experience with you! 9  Prepared by: Sgd. Mrs. Wilamirah A. Atam, LPT Sgd. Miss Saida B. Guivac, LPT, MA ESL Sgd. Mr. Joselito T. Kitongan, LPT, MA ESL Sgd. Miss Ruth B. Payaket, LPT, MA ESL Sgd. Mrs. Maricel N. Pedral, LPT, MAED Sgd. Mr. Nelwyn L. Tejada, LPT, MALED Sgd. Mrs. Mary Grace L. Valenciano, LPT, MA ESL REVIEWED BY: Sgd. Mrs. Ria Francis A. Robles, LPT, MALED Learning Area Coordinator ENDORSED BY: Sgd. Mrs. Lorna E. Lucas, LPT, MBS Assistant to the Principal for Academics APPROVED BY: Sgd. Mr. Alejandro P. Pablico, LPT, MAEM Principal 21st Century Literature from the Philippines & the World Dear Student, This new classroom set-up is undeniably unusual and unfamiliar to all of us, unlikely though, this time allows us to recognize how we ignore things – like the skeptical look of the guard, the savory smell of the canteen, the irksome noise of your seatmate, the smile and frown of teachers, and the most anticipated ringing of bell. All these seemingly mundane activities are surely missed by now. Nevertheless, may we meet with the same understanding that we are all in this together. While you do what you do, be reminded that learning is a continuous process. There were countless of people who thrived despite the lack, conflict, and problems. These served as the training ground for them to develop the tenacity and endurance to carry through. Similarly, the same avenue this module intends to provide. This module primarily aims to sharpen and widen your range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate, and appreciate literary texts. All literary texts and comprehension activities, regardless of length, long or short, are opportunities for you to read and write better. Numerous research studies have shown that students gain greater understanding of what they read when they are given frequent opportunities to respond, especially through writing. The writing response in turn, helps to develop the critical reading and thinking skills. Thus, when you read, you write better; when you write, you read more. This reading-writing link and process is the very heart of this module. As your teacher, I appeal that you may be more patient with very long literary texts for they mean no harm. Let’s be reminded that all worthwhile virtues and qualities are products of great work and needless to say – a product of pain. I hope you choose to sweat out your own effort so that the purpose of developing the skills or talents would serve the One who made them. Also, I hope that you don’t just endure to cope, but also choose to enjoy it. This is a personal choice only YOU can make. I wish you all the best. 1 21st Century Literature from the Philippines & the World TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgment and Promissory Note 3 MODULE 1 Introduction to Literature 4 Unit 1 Definition, Nature & Division of Literature 5 Unit 2 Elements of Literature 16 Unit 3 Literary Criticism & Approaches 28 MODULE 2 Elements and Contexts of 21st Century Philippine 39 Literature from the Regions Unit 1 Historical Highlights of Philippine Literature 40 Unit 2 a. Poetry -The Conversion (Neil Garcia) 47 Unit 3 b. Short Story – The Wedding Dance (Amador Daguio) 52 c. Flash fiction – His Father’s Eyes (Zarlone) d. Creative non-fiction- Minsan May Isang Puta (Mike Portes) Unit 4 e. Creative non-fiction- My Own Theory of Devolution 65 (Jessica Zafra) MODULE 3 Introduction to World Literature 74 Unit 1 Historical Highlights and Literary Movements in World Literature 75 Unit 2 Emerging Genres in World Literature 85 MODULE 4 Emerging Genre in World Literature & Representative Texts around the Globe 93 Unit 1 a. Meta-fiction- The Tale of the Three Brothers (Jk Rowling) b. Speculative Fiction- Harrison Bergeron (Kurt Vonnegaut) 94 c. Memoir (Literary Journalism)- A Short Memoir of a Unit 2 Suspected Covid-19 Case (Wu Shuangnan) 110 d. Digital Text Unit 3 e. Spoken Poetry- When Love Arrives (Sarah Kay and Phil 124 Kaye) 2 21st Century Literature from the Philippines & the World SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND PROMISSORY NOTE I, of Grade Section , acknowledge that I am fully aware of the school’s policy on plagiarism of scholarly works and observance of academic honesty. I fully understand that in submitting requirements in all my subjects, I follow the basic rules on crediting sources and obtaining permission when using materials for academic purposes. Hence, if I fail to do citation and acknowledgment of sources, it would merit an automatic WARNING/REPRIMAND and because of which I shall get a Conduct Grade of Needs Improvement (NI) or Unsatisfactory (U) in that particular grading period when the offense was committed. Therefore, I promise in the presence of my parent/guardian that: 1. I will constantly observe proper citation and acknowledgment when using resources for all my academic requirements for this AY 2022-2023; and 2. I will abide by the school’s rules and regulations. Signed: Conformed: Signature over printed name of student Signature over printed name of parent/guardian Noted: MR. ALEJANDRO P. PABLICO, LPT, MAEM Principal 3 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World FIRST GRADING PERIOD MODULE 1 Literature is not just printed texts nor movies or stories people encounter. It is not just limited to entertainment and education because it is a mirror of life. It is a reflection of human activity, flawed but is persistent to perfection. In this module, you will be taken to a INTRODUCTION more academic aspect of literature where you will understand its nature, elements, TO LITERATURE and divisions by chunks. 4 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World UNIT 1 TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. describe the nature of literature; 2. categorize the main and sub-divisions of literature; and 3. exhibit appreciation of the 21st Century literature literary pieces in varied divisions and genres of literature. 5 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World ENGAGE Through the picture below, list down the best six words that you can associate with literature. _ 6 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World EXPLORE Read the short selections below. Reflect on the similar points given, in view of Literature. “Blue Pills: A Positive Love Story” is a Paul Kalanithi’s battle with his graphic memoir by Swiss artist cancer in [his memoir] “When Frederick Peeters. It traces Peeters’ Breath Becomes Air” is a testimony relationship with Cati, a single mother to the harsh fact that sometimes, who is HIV-positive. In a pandemic or life is a dark tunnel that stretches epidemic, it is all too easy to focus on on endlessly. Every step seems to numbers — death rates, statistical only lead to a new wave of models and rates of resource uncertainty and fear. However, depletion. It’s harder to hear the stories Kalanithi’s unfaltering drive for a behind those numbers — stories of meaningful life in the face of death grandparents waving to their carries an encouraging message to grandchildren through a window or of be steadfast in the midst of today’s doctors having to choose which pandemic-struck society. He patients get to live. Literature, like inspires me to continue to Peeters’ memoir, reminds us that demonstrate love and empathy people are not numbers. We must towards one another in such always choose to listen to their stories. unpredictable and difficult times. After all, at the end of every dark Leah Linfield, Class of 2021 tunnel, there’s light. English concentrator, pre-med; Dorset, Vermont Daniel Kwak, Class of 2021 Psychology concentrator, pre-med; North Hollywood, California 7 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World EXPLAIN Check the notes below and prepare for the Explore part. Literature as defined by various scholars:  Literature is any written work. Etymologically, the term is derived from Latin litaritura/litteratura, “writing formed with letters.”  Literature is the best of what has been thought and written (Preface to the Poem by Arnold).  Literature is an imitation of a sequence of events. Literature can be categorized and thereby understood according to the method of operation and execution of each category. Viewing or reading literature facilitates the expression of undesirable emotions (Poetics by Aristotle).  It is a faithful reproduction of man’s manifold experiences blended into one harmonious expression(anonymous).  Literature expresses the feelings of people to the society, to the government, to his surroundings, to his fellowmen and to his Divine creator (Brother Azurin).  Literature is a body of written works: the body of written works of a culture, language, people, or a period of time (Hancock, 2006).  Literature is beauty (anonymous).  It is the best way of telling the truth; it’s a process of producing grand, beautiful, well-ordered lies that tell more truth than any assemblage of facts (Barnes, 2000).  Literature is life. If you want to know what, deep down, people feel and experience, you can do no better than read the stories and poems of the human race. Writers of literature have the gift of observing and then expressing in words the essential experiences of people (Wipf & Stock, 2000).  Literature is life. It presents human experience. It presents life and experience not by telling you what they are but by showing them to you through a medium called language (Tan, 1991). 8 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World Significance of Literature  Literature explains human values; it helps to humanize us.  It expands our range of experiences.  It fosters awareness of ourselves and the world.  It enlarges our compassion for people.  It awakens our imaginations.  It expresses our feelings and insights about God, nature, and life.  It enlivens our sense of beauty.  It constructively entertains us.  Literature does not always lead us to the City of God, but it makes our sojourn on earth much more a thing of beauty and joy and insight and humanity.  Literature serves as an instrument of revolution. Political turmoil, societal injustice, and genocidal conquest can all be ended and resolved in the form of literature.  It connects human beings and mirrors reality in an artistic way, in a profound value. As long as our world lives, so does literature flourish. Nature of Literature  According to form, it may be oral or written. The first was handed down originally through word of mouth, like songs, proverbs, folk tales, and riddles; and later preserved in writing. The second has been formally documented from the start.  According to appeal, it may be universal or transient. Universal in point of time refers to writings long ago but continue to exist. Others last only for a brief period of time.  According to genre, literature has two main divisions: prose and poetry. Each division may be sub-divided into different types Functions of Literature 1. Entertainment Literary works are consumed for the sake of one’s enjoyment. 2. Social and Political Literature helps the reader see the social and political constructs around him or her and shows the state of the people around him or her. 3. Ideological Literature shapes our way of thinking based on the ideas of other people. Literature also displays a person’s ideology placed on the text consciously and unconsciously. 9 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World 4. Moral Literature may impart values to its readers. The morals contained in a literary text, whether, good or bad are absorbed by whoever reads it; thus, helps in shaping their personality. 5. Linguistic Literature preserves the language of every civilization from where it originated. They are also evidence that a certain civilization existed by recording the language and preserving it through wide spans of time. 6. Cultural Literature orients us to the traditions, folklore, and the arts of our ethnic’s group heritage. Literature preserves the entire culture and creates an imprint of the people’s way of living for others to read, hear, and learn. 7. Historical Ancient texts, illuminated scripts, stone tablets and others keep a record of events that happened in the place where they originate. Thus, they serve as time capsules of letters that are studied by scholars and researchers of today. 8. Educational Literature teaches us of many things about human experience. Literature is used to portray the facets of life that we see and those we would never dream of seeing. Thus, it is a conduit for the chance to experience and feel the things where we can learn things about life. Divisions of Literature I. Prose: It is regarded as the language of the mind. : It is derived from Latin word prosa which means straightforward. : It is expressed in paragraph form. : It is intellectual. : It aims to convince, inform, and instruct. II. Poetry: It is regarded as the language of the heart. : It is derived from the Greek word poiesis which means creating. : It is expressed in verse or stanza form. : It is emotional. : It aims to stir the reader’s imagination and to present life. 10 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World PROSE A. Fiction refers to literature created from the imagination. 1. Legend is a prose fiction which attempts to explain the origin of things, places, and objects that we see around us. Example: The Legend of Makahiya, Why the Sea is Salty 2. Short story is a short prose fiction narrative depicting a simple characterization and plot conveying a moral which can be read in one sitting. Example: The Diamond Necklace by Guy de Maupassant, Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia-Villa 3. Novel is a very long prose narrative depicting complex characterization and plot which is usually divided into chapters. Example: Les Miserables by Victor Hugo, War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy 4. Novella is a long prose narrative similar to but shorter than a novel but longer than a short story. It is also known as novelette. Example: Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, The Call of the Wild by Jack London 5. Fable is a short prose fiction narrative depicting animal characters which espouses a lesson in life. Example: The Lion and the Mouse, The Monkey and the Turtle 6. Parable is a short prose allegorical narrative which presents a philosophical outlook in life. Example: The Parable of the Sower, The Prodigal Son B. Non-fiction refers to literature based on facts. 1. Biography / Autobiography are stories about one’s life. Biography is a prose non-fiction detailing with the life of a person written by another person. Example: The Great Malayan about the Life of Jose Rizal written by Carlos Quirino. Autobiography is written by the same person. Example: Memoirs written by Juan Ponce Enrile was a lengthy narrative about his own life. 2. History is a prose non-fiction record of events that transpired in the past. Example: The History of Filipino People written by Gregorio Zaide 3. Journal/News is a prose non-fiction narrative of events that happen every day. Newspapers are written for this purpose. Example: Philippine Daily Inquirer 4. Diary is a personal account of significant events that happen in the life of a person. Anecdote is a prose non-fiction narrative that depicts a single incident in a person’s life. Example: The Moth and the Lamp 5. Essay is prose non-fiction which is a formal treatment of an issue written from the writer’s personal point of view. Example: On the Indolence of the Filipinos written by Jose Rizal 11 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World POETRY A. Narrative Poetry is a sub-division of poetry which tells or narrates a story. It may be lengthy as an epic, or short as a ballad and typically measured as a metrical tale. 1. Epic is a narrative poem which accounts the heroic exploits of a community’s hero, usually involving superhuman abilities. Example: Hudhod hi Aliguyon is an Ifugao epic 2. Ballad is a narrative poem which depicts a single incident that transpired in a person’s life. It is usually recited during gatherings in the past but it may be sung in the present days. Example: Forevermore by Side A Band 3. Metrical Tale is a narrative poem which narrates a story in a “metered” or “measured” number of syllables hence it was called metrical. There are two popular variations in Philippine Literature, the Awit and Corrido. 4. Awit is a romance metrical tale of dodecasyllabic measure which is recited during formal Baltazar. 5. Corrido is a martial or adventure metrical tale of octosyllabic measure which is recited for recreational purposes. Example: Ibong Adarna by Jose Corazon dela Cruz B. Lyric Poetry is a sub-division of poetry which features poems intended to be sung with the accompaniment of the musical instrument called “lyre” hence, lyric poetry. The following are the types of lyric poems. 1. Song is a lyric poem of various theme which is meant to be sung in its entirety. Example: Bayan Ko written by Jose De Jesus, arranged by Constancio De Guzman, and sung by Freddie Aguilar 2. Ode is a lyric poem of noble and exalted emotion which has dignified countenance. It praises something or someone. Example: Ode to the West Wind by Percy Bysshe Shelley 3. Elegy is a lyric poem of sad theme such lamentation for the dead, longing for a missing love, and a grief for things beyond one’s control. Example: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray 4. Sonnet is a lyric poem of 14 iambic pentameter lines usually about love and beautiful themes. Example: Sonnet to Laura by Francesco Petrarch 5. Idyll is a lyric poem celebrating the tranquil and beautiful landscapes of rural and country settings. Example: Beside the Pasig River by Jose Rizal 12 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World C. Dramatic Poetry is a sub-division of poetry which features poems meant to be performed on stage. Theater plays and dramatic presentations belong to this type. 1. Tragedy is a dramatic poetry which features a hero whose hubris or shortcoming eventually causes his downfall or defeat often ending in a very sad conclusion. Example: Hamlet by William Shakespeare and The Three Rats by Wilfrido Ma. Guerero 2. Comedy is a dramatic poetry which is similar with tragedy except that the hero triumphs and overcomes the odds towards the end and emerges victoriously. Example: The Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare 3. Melodrama is a dramatic poetry which is a combination of the elements of tragedy and comedy yet ends in a happy note. Example: A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare 4. Farce is a short dramatic poetry which is an exaggerated comedy that aims to elicit laughter hence, relaxation. Examples: Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde 5. Social play is a dramatic poetry which tackles social issues and problems such as poverty, corruption, discrimination, racism, sexism among others, with an aim to bring awareness and bring about positive change. Example: Zsazsa Zaturnah by Carlo Vergara ELABORATE Research and read for other five definitions of literature which may have not been mentioned in the Explain part. 13 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World EVALUATE – (refer to Genyo/ teacher’s instructions) 1st Semester; 1st Grading WRITTEN WORK #1 (30 Points) Based on the information you read in the Explain part and your supplemental readings, define literature of the present time through a sketch or drawing. Include a 2-3 sentence explanation. Criteria: Relevance/ Content-10 pts. Creativity/ Originality-15 pts. Explanation-5 pts. Name: Date: Grade Strand Section: 14 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World REFERENCES Andres (2017). Divisions of literature. https://salirickandres.altervista.org/divisions-of-literature/ ArtRachen01(n.d.) Measuring plant growth with sunlight. https://www.clearwaycommunitysolar.com/blog/science-center-home-experiments- for-kids/measuring-plant-growth-with-sunlight/ Austin (2019). The importance of literature in modern society. https://www.findcourses.co.uk/inspiration/hobby-fun-leisure-articles/the-importance- of-literature-in-modern-society-17411 Brown, C.(n.d).The nature and essence of literature. https://www.english-culture.com/the-nature-and-essence-of-literature/ Introduction to Literature (n.d.). https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introliterature/chapter/defining-literature/ Mata. Et.al (2016). 21st century literature. pp. 6-10, 14-194. {Reading under the Lamp} (n.d). https://pixabay.com/images/search/books/ Olitoquit (n.d.). Functions of literature. https://www.slideshare.net/Bluefireofdamnation/functions-of-literature Rexroth (n.d). Literature. https://www.britannica.com/art/literature Samuel (2019). How I’m using AI to write my next novel. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/8/30/20840194/ai-art-fiction-writing-language-gpt- 2 Saxon (2020). Making meaning of the pandemic ‘through the lens of literature. https://www.princeton.edu/news/2020/05/15/making- meaning-pandemic-through-lens-literature Sitwe (2011). Why literature has many definitions. https://sitwe.wordpress.com/2011/10/30/why-literature-has-many-definitions/ Tan (1991). Introduction to literature. pp. 2-4. Thorp, Nichola (2020). Anxiety stopped me from reading a book for over a decade. https://metro.co.uk/2020/03/06/anxiety-stopped-reading-book-decade-12358109/ 15 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World UNIT 2 TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. develop critical thinking in recalling the different elements of literature; 2. develop creativity in analyzing the different elements of literature; and 3. relate the significance of the literary works to oneself, to the community, and to the society. 16 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World ENGAGE Read the literary piece and compare it to the present situation of our country. My Father Goes To Court (by Carlos Bulusan) When I was four, I lived with my mother and brothers and sisters in a small town on the island of Luzon. Father’s farm had been destroyed in 1918 by one of our sudden Philippine floods, so several years afterwards we all lived in the town though he preferred living in the country. We had as a next door neighbour a very rich man, whose sons and daughters seldom came out of the house. While we boys and girls played and sang in the sun, his children stayed inside and kept the windows closed. His house was so tall that his children could look in the window of our house and watched us played, or slept, or ate, when there was any food in the house to eat. Now, this rich man’s servants were always frying and cooking something good, and the aroma of the food was wafted down to us form the windows of the big house. We hung about and took all the wonderful smells of the food into our beings. Sometimes, in the morning, our whole family stood outside the windows of the rich man’s house and listened to the musical sizzling of thick strips of bacon or ham. I can remember one afternoon when our neighbour’s servants roasted three chickens. The chickens were young and tender and the fat that dripped into the burning coals gave off an enchanting odour. We watched the servants turn the beautiful birds and inhaled the heavenly spirit that drifted out to us. Some days the rich man appeared at a window and glowered down at us. He looked at us one by one, as though he were condemning us. We were all healthy because we went out in the sun and bathed in the cool water of the river that flowed from the mountains into the sea. Sometimes we wrestled with one another in the house before we went to play. We were always in the best of spirits and our laughter was contagious. Other neighbours who passed by our house often stopped in our yard and joined us in laughter. As time went on, the rich man’s children became thin and anaemic, while we grew even more robust and full of life. Our faces were bright and rosy, but theirs were pale and sad. The rich man started to cough at night; then he coughed day and night. His wife began coughing too. Then the children started to cough, one after the other. At night their coughing sounded like the barking of a herd of seals. We hung outside their windows and listened to them. We wondered what happened. We knew that they were not sick from the lack of nourishment because they were still always frying something delicious to eat. One day the rich man appeared at a window and stood there a long time. He looked at my sisters, who had grown fat in laughing, then at my brothers, whose arms and legs were like the molave, which is the sturdiest tree in the Philippines. He banged down the window and 17 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World ran through his house, shutting all the windows. From that day on, the windows of our neighbour’s house were always closed. The children did not come out anymore. We could still hear the servants cooking in the kitchen, and no matter how tight the windows were shut, the aroma of the food came to us in the wind and drifted gratuitously into our house. One morning a policeman from the presidencia came to our house with a sealed paper. The rich man had filed a complaint against us. Father took me with him when he went to the town clerk and asked him what it was about. He told Father the man claimed that for years we had been stealing the spirit of his wealth and food. When the day came for us to appear in court, father brushed his old Army uniform and borrowed a pair of shoes from one of my brothers. We were the first to arrive. Father sat on a chair in the centre of the courtroom. Mother occupied a chair by the door. We children sat on a long bench by the wall. Father kept jumping up from his chair and stabbing the air with his arms, as though we were defending himself before an imaginary jury. The rich man arrived. He had grown old and feeble; his face was scarred with deep lines. With him was his young lawyer. Spectators came in and almost filled the chairs. The judge entered the room and sat on a high chair. We stood in a hurry and then sat down again. After the courtroom preliminaries, the judge looked at the Father. “Do you have a lawyer?” he asked. “I don’t need any lawyer, Judge,” he said. “Proceed,” said the judge. The rich man’s lawyer jumped up and pointed his finger at Father. “Do you or you do not agree that you have been stealing the spirit of the complaint’s wealth and food?” “I do not!” Father said. “Do you or do you not agree that while the complaint’s servants cooked and fried fat legs of lamb or young chicken breast you and your family hung outside his windows and inhaled the heavenly spirit of the food?” “I agree.” Father said. “Do you or do you not agree that while the complaint and his children grew sickly and tubercular you and your family became strong of limb and fair in complexion?” “I agree.” Father said. “How do you account for that?” Father got up and paced around, scratching his head thoughtfully. Then he said, “I would like to see the children of complaint, Judge.” “Bring in the children of the complaint.” They came in shyly. The spectators covered their mouths with their hands, they were so amazed to see the children so thin and pale. The children walked silently to a bench and sat down without looking up. They stared at the floor and moved their hands uneasily. Father could not say anything at first. He just stood by his chair and looked at them. Finally he said, “I should like to cross – examine the complaint.” 18 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World “Proceed.” “Do you claim that we stole the spirit of your wealth and became a laughing family while yours became morose and sad?” Father said. “Yes.” “Do you claim that we stole the spirit of your food by hanging outside your windows when your servants cooked it?” Father said. “Yes.” “Then we are going to pay you right now,” Father said. He walked over to where we children were sitting on the bench and took my straw hat off my lap and began filling it up with centavo pieces that he took out of his pockets. He went to Mother, who added a fistful of silver coins. My brothers threw in their small change. “May I walk to the room across the hall and stay there for a few minutes, Judge?” Father said. “As you wish.” “Thank you,” father said. He strode into the other room with the hat in his hands. It was almost full of coins. The doors of both rooms were wide open. “Are you ready?” Father called. “Proceed.” The judge said. The sweet tinkle of the coins carried beautifully in the courtroom. The spectators turned their faces toward the sound with wonder. Father came back and stood before the complaint. “Did you hear it?” he asked. “Hear what?” the man asked. “The spirit of the money when I shook this hat?” he asked. “Yes.” “Then you are paid,” Father said. The rich man opened his mouth to speak and fell to the floor without a sound. The lawyer rushed to his aid. The judge pounded his gravel. “Case dismissed.” He said. Father strutted around the courtroom the judge even came down from his high chair to shake hands with him. “By the way,” he whispered, “I had an uncle who died laughing.” “You like to hear my family laugh, Judge?” Father asked? “Why not?” “Did you hear that children?” father said. My sisters started it. The rest of us followed them soon the spectators were laughing with us, holding their bellies and bending over the chairs. And the laughter of the judge was the loudest of all. 19 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World EXPLORE Based on the literary piece you’ve read on the Engage part, reflect on the following questions: 1. What emotions are lifted from the piece? 2. What unique style of writing is observed in the literary piece? EXPLAIN To further process the literary piece, read the following notes on elements of literature. Elements of Literature Elements of literature denote the things that are used to make up a work of literature. There are different types and forms of literature. All these types of literature have some elements. Elements of Fiction, Drama, and Short Story I. Characters: These are people or sometimes animals who participate in the action of a literary work Methods of Characterization 1. Direct or Expository Method: the author or another character describes a character with straightforward enumeration of his traits 2. Indirect or Dramatic Method: the character acts out his personality by his physical appearance, speech, action; and recorded thoughts 20 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World Kinds of Characters that can be portrayed 1. According to roles played a. Major Characters: those that make important decisions a1. Protagonist: central character in the story. He is called the hero when he embodies certain noble ideas of man. a2. Antagonist: the character or force against which the protagonist is pitted. An antagonist may be another character, society, nature, or one side of the character that battles another side in an internal conflict. b. Minor/ Supporting Characters b1. Confidant: a character to whom the protagonist or another character reveals his reflections or hopes b2. Foil: a character who provides a striking contrast to another character b3. Stock/ Type: a character who shows qualities of a national, social, or occupational group to which he belongs 2. According to Fullness of Development a. Flat: a character who is simply depicted; stock; characterized by one or two traits; can be summed up in one sentence; sketched in the briefest outlines b. Round: a character who is three-dimensional; complex; many-sided, with a fully developed personality (with more than one characteristic) 3. According to Changes Undergone a. Static: a character who does not change; the same sort of person from beginning to end of the story b. Developing/ dynamic: a character who undergoes a permanent change in some aspects of his personality. Any development will be shown in decisions involving moral choices the character makes. II. The Plot: It is a sequence of interrelated actions and events in the story. It is considered the framework of a story. Parts of a Plot 1. Exposition/ Introduction a. gives the setting of the story; b. introduces the main characters; c. gives background information on what took place before the actual start of the story; and d. gives the situation out of which the conflict develops. 21 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World 2. Complication/ Rising Action These are series of events that are related to the conflict or problem to be solved. Conflict: clash of opposing forces in the story External: the clash of character with the forces outside him, natural, social or both Internal: the clash of forces within the character 3. Climax/ Turning Point It is the highest point of interest in the story. The conflict reaches a height and may turn for better or for worse. 4. Resolution/ Falling Action The conflict is solved. 5. Conclusion/ End/ Denouement Action ends in either success or failure for the main character III. Point of View: It refers to the narrative method used in a short story, novel, or non- fiction selection. Types of Narrators A. First – Person 1. The Protagonist Relatively straightforward, this is a story the hero narrates. He’ll narrate the same way he talks, but with more description and perhaps better grammar. The reader is privy to all his thoughts and opinions, which means we get to know the hero faster, and often relate to him more easily. 2. The Secondary Character He/she is someone close to the protagonist, but not the main hero. The same things in the above type apply to this type, but the focus of the story moves away from the narrator. 3. First Person Peripheral: This is when the narrator is a supporting character in the story, not the main character. It still uses the "I" narrator but since the narrator is not the protagonist, there are events and scenes that will happen to the protagonist that the narrator will not have access to. A. Second Person It makes use of the pronoun “you”. It commonly wants the reader to be directly involved in the story. B. Third Person 1. Third Person Limited: Limited means that the POV is limited to only one character. Which means that the narrator only knows what that character knows. With third person limited you can choose to view the action from right inside the character's head, or from further away, where the narrator has more access to information outside the protagonist's viewpoint. 22 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World 2. Third Person Multiple: This type is still in the "he/she/it" category, but now the narrator can follow multiple characters in the story. The challenge is making sure that the reader knows when you are switching from one character to another. Make the switch obvious with chapter or section breaks. 3. Person Omniscient: This point of view still uses the "he/she/it" narration but now the narrator knows EVERYTHING. The narrator isn't limited by what one character knows, sort of like the narrator is God. The narrator can know things that others don't, can make comments about what's happening, and can see inside the minds of other characters. IV. Other Elements of Story 1. Allusion: It is a reference to a historical or literary person, place, or event with which the character is assumed familiar. Example: Waterloo, Open Sesame 2. Flashbacking: The entire scene is shifted to an earlier time by means of recollections of a character, the narrator’s commentary, or a dream episode. 3. Foreshadowing: It is the writer’s use of his hints or clues to indicate events that will occur later in the narrative. 4. Imagery: These are words and phrases that create vivid sensory experiences for the reader. 5. Mood: It is the feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for a reader. Connotative words, sensory images, and figurative language contribute to the mood of a selection as do the sound and rhythm of the language. 6. Moral: It is an exhortation to good behavior; some rule of conduct regarded as applicable to one’s life; may take the form of a maxim, a proverbial formula that tells us how to get along in life. 7. Symbol: It could be a person, place, or object that represents something beyond itself. 8. Theme: It refers to the main idea or message in a work of literature. It is a writer’s perception about life or humanity shared with a reader. It is a generalization about life or human character that a story explicitly or implicitly embodies. A theme should always be in the form of proposition with a subject and a predicate. Example: Poverty degrades. 9. Tone: It refers to the attitude a writer takes towards a subject. All the elements in a work of literature together create its tone, which might be humorous, serious, bitter, angry, or detached, among other possibilities. 23 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World Elements of Poetry I. Form: It is the way the words are laid out on the page. II. Speaker/ Persona: It is the voice that “talks” to the reader, analogous to the narrator in a work of fiction. III. Stanza: It refers to a group of lines that form a unit of poetry. IV. Verse: It is a line of poetry. V. Refrain: This is a part of stanza, consisting of one or more lines that are repeated regularly. VI. Meter: It is the rhythm or beat established by the poem. VII. Rhythm: It is the regular repetition of accented and unaccented syllables in a line of poetry. VIII. Rhyme: It is the corresponding of end words as to sound. IX. Mood: It refers to the reader’s feelings. X. Tone: It is the author’s feeling towards the poem subject. XI. Theme: It refers to the central idea of the poem. XII. Imagery: These are words and phrases that create vivid sensory experiences for the reader. These are commonly evident through figures of speech like simile, metaphor, personification, and the like. 24 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World ELABORATE To further understand Poetry, read and examine the poem and answer the questions that would lead to your analysis on the Evaluation part. Kung Ibig Mo Akong Makilala By Ruth Elynia Mabanglo Kung ibig mo akong makilala, lampasan mo ang guhit ng mahugis na balat, walang takda–ialay mo lahat ito sa akin ang titig kong dagat– kung mahal mo ako’t ibig kilalanin. yumayapos nang mahigpit sa bawat saglit Kung ibig mo akong kilalanin, ng kahapon ko’t bukas. sisirin mo ako hanggang buto, Kung ibig mo akong makilala liparin mo ako hanggang utak, sunduin mo ako sa himlayang dilim umilanlang ka hanggang kaluluwa– at sa madlang pagsukol ng inunang hilahil, hubad ako roon: mula ulo hanggang paa. ibangon ako at saka palayain. Isang pag-ibig na lipos ng lingap, tahanang malaya sa pangamba at sumbat EVALUATE- (refer to Genyo/ teacher’s instructions) 1st Semester; 1st Grading WRITTTEN WORK #2 (30 Points) Answer each of the following questions in a paragraph form consisting of 4-5 sentences only. 1. Describe the structure of the poem. Relate this to the content of the poem. (5 pts.) 2. Identify 2 different poetic devices and how they convey the poem’s message. (5 pts.) 3. Mention 5 images or symbols used in the poem and explain their relevance and meaning. (5 pts) 4. Give 2 points the poet emphasizes in urging someone to let the reader know of the persona. Explain. (10 pts.) 25 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World 5. Explain the lines, “Kung ibig mo akong makilala, lampasan mo ang guhit ng mahugis na balat, ang titig kong dagat – yumayapos nang mahigpit sa bawatsaglit ng kahapon ko’t bukas.” ( 5 pts.) Name: Date: Grade Strand Section: _ 26 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World REFERENCES Bhattacharyya (n.d.). Elements of literature. https://whatsfordinner.net/articles/article-Elements-of-Literature.html Dreamers Magazine. (n.d.). Elements of short story explained. https://www.dreamerswriting.com/elements-of-a-story/ Elements of Poetry (n.d.). http://learn.lexiconic.net/elementsofpoetry.htm Medioda (2011). Kung ibig mo akong makilala. https://myegotism.wordpress.com/2011/06/28/kung-ibig-mo-akong-makilala-by- ruth-elynia-s-mabanglo/ Reid. (n.d.) What is plot? https://thewritepractice.com/plot/ Types of Narrators (n.d.). https://www.literautas.com/en/blog/post-tag/types-of-narrators/ 27 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World UNIT 3 TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. explain the literary approaches in text analysis; 2. apply the literary approaches in analyzing a text; and 3. uphold the values integrated in the literary piece. 28 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World ENGAGE Read the poem, From Saudi with Love, and do the activity on the Explore part. From Saudi with Love English Translation by Meredith Talusan By Ariel Borlongan Kumusta na minamahal kong kabiyak, Good day my love, my dear, my other half Okey ba ang grades ng ating mga anak? I hope our children get good grades and laugh. Ang aking Junior, nagba-basketball pa ba? My Junior’s still the king of basketball? Si Anna, tiyak na siya ang Reyna Elena And Anna? She must be the queen of all, At hinangaan noong Flores de Mayo, the one admired at Flower Festival. Kumusta na si Kumpareng Serapio? And how is Sir Serapio, poor old pal? Kumagat siya sa kumalat na tsismis He bought the wildly spreading rumor Na kumaliwa ang kanyang misis His wife had found another suitor Kaya nagkunwari siyang tinotoyo So he pretended to go off the rails Sa araw-gabing pagsubo ng pako. And day and night he spent just eating nails. Ako tuloy ang napilitang tumanggap I then was forced to be the one to take Ng extension sa kanyang pagtuwad, His own extension when he couldn’t wake. Ayos ba ang padala kong colored TV? And how was that colored TV I sent? Nadale ko iyon sa raffle. Ano’ng sabi I won that at a raffle. Hope it went Ni bayaw sa collection ni Springsteen? Well with your brother’s gift of Springsteen? Akala ko, makabayan siya, ba’t humiling Claims he’s a patriot, but why so keen Ng imported? Teka nga muna, mahal, On foreign things? But wait a bit my love Ano’t dumalang ang iyong liham? Why have your letters lately been so rare? Hindi ako bilib sa voice tape ni Inang I don’t believe the tape of Grandma’s voice Na naloloko ka sa bagets na kapitbahay, That says you’ve snatched the teenage Alam mo naman ang hirap ng buhay dito…. neighbor. Nakasosora na ang manok na elado, I’m sure you know how hard life here can be… Oo, may ubas, kahel, at mansanas. I hate the frozen chicken they feed me. Pero iba talaga ang Pilipinas. Yes, there’s orange, and grape, and apple too Mula nang ilipat ako dito sa Riyadh But nothing like the Philippines with you. At wala nang balitang natanggap Since I was transferred lately to Riyadh Mula sa iyo at sa ating mga anak, And I have not received any letters Laging alboroto ang aking utak. From you, my dear, or even just one child Sa homesick, natukso ako sa beauty My brain was fried, I think that I went wild, Ng misis ng aking among Arabe. Was homesick, so was tempted by the lure Patawad. Huling liham ko na ito. Of beauty from my boss’s wife so pure. Sa Biyernes, pupugutan ako ng ulo. Forgive me. But this message is my last. I know on Friday they’ll behead me fast. 29 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World EXPLORE Imagine or assume that you are the wife, what possible response could you write back to your husband? EXPLAIN Read the notes on literary approaches or criticism. Literary Criticism “A disinterested endeavor to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in the world.” - Matthew Arnold Literary Critic Krino: to judge Krites: a judge or a jury person a judge of literature Who are the critics? Practical Critic defines the standards of taste and explains, evaluates, or justifies a particular piece of literature. Absolutist and Relativistic Critic uses various and even contradictory theories in critiquing a text. A Historical Survey of Literary Criticism A. Plato (427-347 B.C.E) : All arts are forms of imitation. : ton Crito, The Republic (pivotal issues of philosophy and literature including concepts of truth, beauty, and goodness) : idealism B.. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) : Realism : Poetics (his accusations against poetry in a series of lecture) : “Not all imitations by poets are the same because writers of greater dignity imitated the noble actions of noble heroes; the less dignified sort of writers imitated the actions of inferior men….” 30 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World C. Horace (65-8 B.C.E) : Ars Poetica (The Art of Poetry) art should sweet and useful : “Poets must imitate other poets, particularly those of the past and especially the Greeks.” : One should write about a traditional subject in a unique way. D. Longinus (First Century C.E) : One cannot accurately judge a literary work unless one is exceedingly well read. : On the Sublime (When our intellects, emotions, and the wills harmoniously respond to a given work of art, we know we have been touched by the sublime.) E. Plotinus (204-270 C.E.) : The Enreads (54 treatises collected, edited by his student Pophyry) : Unity of The One is the goal of humanity. F.. Dante Alighieri (1265- 1321) : He emphasized the proper language for poetry. : He asserts that the vernacular is an excellent vehicle for works of literature. : The Divine Comedy (contemporary world and concept of Christian God) G.. Giovanni Boccaccio (1313- 1375) : He defends poetry and classical myth arguing that the purpose of poetry is to improve life by revealing both truth and God. : Poetry comes from the bosom of God. H.. Sir Philip Sidney (1554- 1586) : He proclaims poetry excels all because poetry is the noblest of all works of humankind. : An Apology for Poetry (poetry is akin to religion because both guide and accomplish their purpose by stirring the emotions of the reader) I. John Dryden (1631 0 1700) : the completion of our meter, the refinement of our language, and mush of the correctness of our sentiments J.. Alexander Pope (1688- 1744 : asserts that the chief requirement of a good poet is natural genius, coupled with knowledge of the classics and an understanding of the rules of poetry. K.. William Wordsworth (1770- 1850) : “choose incidents and situations from common life and … describe them in a language really used by the people in situations…” : common men and women people his poetry rather than kings, queens and Aristocrats 31 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World Modern Literary Criticism/ New Criticism A. Biographical: It sees works as the reflection of an author's life and times (or of the characters' life and times). Author/Poet/Writer + Text = Meaning B. Formalism/New Criticism: all information essential to the interpretation of a work must be found within the work itself. There is no need to bring in outside information about the history, politics, or society of the time, or about the author's life. Terms used in formalism: 1. Tension- the integral unity of the work and often involves irony or paradox 2. Intentional fallacy - Formalistic critics refer to the belief that the meaning of a work may be determined by the author's intention as "the intentional fallacy" 3. Affective fallacy- the belief that the meaning or value of a work may be determined by its effect on the reader 4. External form- the outer trappings of a work. For example, in a poem, the external form would include the rhyme scheme, meter, and stanza form 5. Objective correlative (Originated by T.S. Eliot) - a collection of objects, situations, or events that immediately evoke a specific emotion C. Historical Old Historicism: History serves as a background to literature. It is an accurate view of what really occurred. The historical context serves only to shed light on the object of primary concern, the text. New Historicism: Highlights the interrelatedness of all human activities. Gives a more complete understanding of a text than does the old historicism and other interpretative approaches. It declares that all history is subjective, written by people whose personal biases affect their interpretation of the past. D. Marxism Society shapes our consciousness. Social and economic conditions directly influence how and what we believe and value. Marxism details a plan for changing the world from a place of bigotry, hatred and conflict because of class struggle to a classless society in which wealth, opportunity, and education are accessible for everyone. E. Reader- Oriented/ Reader-Response Readers bring their individual personalities, their memories of past events, their present concerns, their particular physical condition, and all of their personhood to the reading of a text (Rosenblatt, 1930) The reader and the text participate in or share a transactional experience. What does the text have to do with you, personally, and with your life (past, present or future)? How much does the text agree or clash with your view of the world, and what you consider right and wrong? 32 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World F. Structuralism It maximizes Saussure’s ideologies. It finds meaning in the relationship among the various components of a system. It looks for specific codes within a text that allow meaning to occur. These codes or signs embedded in the text are part of a larger system that allows meaning to occur in all facets of society, including literature. G. Deconstruction Recognize the existence and the operation of binary oppositions (the existence of truth and falsehood, reason and insanity, good and bad) in our thinking. Examples: SNOW WHITE "from the moment that there is meaning there are nothing but signs. For example, the word "house" derives its meaning more as a function of how it differs from "shed", "mansion", "hotel", "building. “ H. Archetypal It assumes that there is a collection of symbols, images, characters, and motifs. (i.e. archetypes) that evokes basically the same response in all people. archetypal women - the Good Mother, the Terrible Mother, and the Soul Mate (such as the Virgin Mary) water - creation, birth-death-resurrection, purification, redemption, fertility, growth garden - paradise (Eden), innocence, fertility desert - spiritual emptiness, death, hopelessness red - blood, sacrifice, passion, disorder green - growth, fertility black - chaos, death, evil serpent - evil, sensuality, mystery, wisdom, destruction seven - perfection 33 21St Century Literature from the Philippines & the World hero archetype - The hero is involved in a quest (in which he overcomes obstacles). He experiences initiation (involving a separation, transformation, and return), and finally he serves as a scapegoat, that is, he dies to atone. I. Mimetic Theory This can be closely related to the moral / philosophical approach, but is somewhat broader. Mimetic critics ask how well the work of literature accords with the real world. Is it accurate? Is it correct? Is it moral? Does it show how people really act? Mimetic criticism can include some forms of moral / philosophical criticism, psychological criticism, and feminist criticism. Mimetic theory: judge a literary work of art in terms of imitation. This is the earliest way of judging any work of art in relation to reality whether the representation is accurate (verisimilitude) or not. For this purpose, all these theories treat a work of art as photographic reproduction i.e. art’s truth to life, poetic truth and so forth. J. Philosophical It believes that the larger purpose of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues. It does not