Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Reviewer PDF

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Reviewer PHILOSOPHY: Etymologically, the word “philosophy” comes from the two Greek words. Philo = “to love” and Sophia = “wisdom”; “love of wisdom” : It is also defined as the science that by natural light of...

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Reviewer PHILOSOPHY: Etymologically, the word “philosophy” comes from the two Greek words. Philo = “to love” and Sophia = “wisdom”; “love of wisdom” : It is also defined as the science that by natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things. Different types of Philosophy: “Is the glass half full or half empty?” Optimist – half full. (positive) Pessimist – half empty. (negative) Realist – it’s a glass of water. Idealist – one day it can end war. Relativist – top is half empty, bottom is half full; both states exist at the same time. Utopist – the water is on top and the empty space below it. Skeptic – is that really water in the glass? Nihilist – neither glass nor water exist. Science: called science because investigation is systematic. It follows certain steps, or it employs certain procedures. Natural Light of Reason: Philosophy investigates things. Philosopher uses their natural capacity to think or simply, human reason alone or the so-called unaided reason: human intellect, values, preferences. Study of All Things: sets the distinction between philosophy from other sciences. All other sciences concern themselves with a particular object of investigation. A philosopher does not limit himself to a particular object of inquiry. He questions almost anything, if not everything. It is multidimensional or holistic. First Cause or Highest Principle: Principle of Identity – whatever is is; whatever is not is not; everything is what it is. Everything is its own being, and not being is not being. (A carrot is a carrot) Principle of Non-Contradiction – it is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time, and at the same respect. (A question whose answer is True cannot be False.) Principle of Excluded Middle – a thing is either is or is not; everything must be either be or not be; between being and not-being, there is no middle ground possible. (You cannot answer or in a True or False question.) Principle of Sufficient Reason – nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence. (If a person is standing, they must have enough reason to be standing rather than sitting or lying down.) THE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY: METAPHYSICS: Metaphysics is the study of reality and existence, who we are, and what our purpose is. Metaphysical definition comes from works of Aristotle gathered after the philosopher's death. Coming after works about nature (physics) they were titled, Metaphysics, "after physics." Aristotle's topics provide the beginning questions metaphysics asks-What is being? What are the first causes of things? What are the things that do not change? ETHICS: Ethics is the branch of philosophy that explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates human action. It is generally a study of nature of moral judgments. Philosophical ethics attempts to provide an account of our fundamental ethical ideas. EPISTEMOLOGY: Epistemology deals with nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge. Epistemological questions are basic to all other philosophical inquiries. Epistemology explains: (1) how we know what we claim to know; (2) how we can find out what we wish to know; and (3) how we can differentiate truth from falsehood.  INDUCTION: senses, experience ⤵ DEDUCTION: evaluation → facts vs. opinions LOGIC: The term "logic" comes from the Greek word logike, meaning treatise on matters pertaining to the human thought. Deals with correct reasoning. Its concern is the truth or the validity of our arguments regarding such subjects. AESTHETICS: Aesthetics is the science of the beautiful in its various manifestations - including the sublime, comic, tragic, pathetic, and ugly. The establishment of criteria of beauty is the function of aesthetics. Students should consider the importance of aesthetics because of the following: It vitalizes our knowledge; It helps us to live more deeply and richly; It brings us in touch with our culture DIVERSITY: The difference that makes each person unique and introduces various viewpoints of philosophy. Expanding Our Philosophical Frames (Western and Non-Western Traditions) Greek Indian and Chinese Western Eastern Greek Triumvirate Started philosophy on the world. Socrates (Teacher of Plato) Plato (Has an Academy During the first centuries, there where Aristotle studied) was more philosophical activity in Aristotle the East than in the West During Greek triumvirate, eastern philosophy diminished. In our present century, almost all the major philosophical ideas emanate from western thinkers. 3 Attitudinal Imperatives (Considerations in understanding Eastern Philosophy) 1. West: Linear Oriental: Cyclical No definite beginning and end. Beginning/Life SAMSARA (rebirth): plants, animals, humans End/Death 2. Religion and Philosophy (Eastern): Basic philosophical concepts are shrouded in religious beliefs and myths. In eastern philosophy, philosophy is religion and religion is philosophy. “Life must be the Extension of thought, its fruit, and its application” 3. Validity of Intuition and Mysticism: Knower Known Knower Known Eastern Version Western Version See things as a whole. Mind Different entities. Mind and and body are whole. body are separate entities. FILIPINO Thinking: From Local to Global LOOB: Holistic and Interior Dimensions Kagandahang loob, Kabutihang loob, and Kalooban are terms that show sharing one’s self to others. Loob puts one in touch with his fellow beings. (Interpersonal) Filipino generally believes in the innate goodness of the human being. Filipino Philosophy of Time Ilokano – Ti tao kasla kulistaba, no agtayab, ngumato, bumaba. English – A human being is like a bird who flies up and down. Gulong ng palad or “Wheel of Fortune” Karma Filipino Time/Siesta Time Bahala Na Pre-Spanish Filipino people believed in a supreme being, Batula or Bathala. Bathala is not impersonal entity but rather a personal being that keeps the balance in the universe. The Filipino subconsciously accepts the bahala na attitude as a part of life. Bahala Na literally means to leave everything to God who is Bathala in vernacular. “Come What May” Filipino Thoughts and Values: Positive and Negative aspects Utang na Loob Positive: People have utang na loob subconsciously because a person did something good to them. Negative: People use utang na loob to oblige other people that they did good to. Bayanihan Positive: People offer help towards other people. Negative: People might take advantage and will wait for your help, thus becoming dependent on bayanihan. METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING: Philosophizing is to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. It considers or discusses a matter from a philosophical standpoint. PHENOMENOLOGY (experience): EDMUND HUSSERL founded phenomenology. This focuses on careful inspection and description of phenomena or appearances, defined as any object of conscious experience. The word "phenomenon" comes directly from the Greek, "phainomenon", meaning "appearance.” Phenomenology is the scientific study of the essential structures of consciousness. EPOCHE OR “SUSPENSION”: The phenomenologists "brackets" all questions of truth or reality and simply describes the contents of consciousness. The second reduction eliminates the merely empirical contents of consciousness and focuses instead on the essential features, the meanings of consciousness. "one's immediate experience.” EXISTENTIALISM (freedom): Our search for truth by means of critical thinking is a rational choice. Existentialism emphasizes the importance of free individual choice. Søren Kierkegaard. A conscious individual is always free to choose and free to "negate" the given features of the world. To be human, to be conscious, is to be free to imagine, free to choose, and responsible for one's life. POSTMODERNISM (culture): As a philosophy, postmodernism rejects concepts of rationality, objectivity, and universal truth. Instead, it emphasizes the diversity of human experience and multiplicity of perspectives. Postmodernists believe that humanity should come at truth beyond the rational to the non-rational elements of human nature, including spiritual. Postmodernists adhere to a relational, holistic approach.  ANALYTIC (can language objectively describe truth?”: Analytic philosophy is the conviction that to some significant degree, philosophical problems, puzzles, and errors are rooted in language and can be solved or avoided by a sound understanding of language and careful attention to its workings. LOGICAL AND CRITICAL THINKING: Logic and critical thinking serve as paths to freedom from half-truths and deceptions. Critical thinking is distinguishing facts and opinions or personal feelings. INDUCTIVE REASONING – specific to general Is based from observations in order to make generalizations. DEDUCTIVE REASONING – general to specific Draws conclusions from usually one broad judgment or definition and one more specific assertion, often an inference. VALIDITY AND SOUNDNESS OF AN ARGUMENT Premises and conclusion should be logically constructed. FALLACIES: APPEAL TO PITY Argumentum and misericordiam: A specific kind of appeal to emotion in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent's feelings of pity or guilt. EXAMPLE: "Could you please change my grade from D to C? I worked really hard for this assignment. I even pulled an all-nighter to finish on time, and my parents will be so disappointed!" APPEAL TO IGNORANCE Argumentum and ignorantiam: Whatever has not been proved false must be true, and vice versa. EXAMPLE: "There's no way to prove the lost city of Atlantis didn't exist, which is a reason to believe it could have existed." EQUIVOCATION: This is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times, but giving the particular word a different meaning each time. EXAMPLE: Sure philosophy helps you argue better, but do we really need to encourage people to argue? There's enough hostility in this world. COMPOSITION: This infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true to some part of the whole. The reverse of this is fallacy of division. EXAMPLE: This house is made of bricks. A brick is light in weight. Therefore, this house is also light in weight. DIVISION: One reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts. EXAMPLE: "Given Google's track record of groundbreaking technology, it's safe to assume that any new product from Google is destined to become a fundamental part of our daily lives." AGAINST THE PERSON Argumentum and hominem: This fallacy attempts to link the validity of a premise to a characteristic or belief of the person advocating the premise. However, in some instances, questions of personal conduct, character, motives, etc., are legitimate if relevant to the issue. EXAMPLE: Person 1: I think it is important to enforce minimum-wage legislation so that workers are not exploited. Person 2: Nonsense. You only say that because you just can't get a good job! APPEAL TO FORCE Argumentum and baculum: An argument where force, coercion or the threat of force, is given as a justification for a conclusion. EXAMPLE: If you don't join our demonstration against the expansion of the park, we will evict you from your apartment; So, you should join our demonstration against the expansion of the park. APPEAL TO PEOPLE  Argumentum and populum: An argument that appeals or exploits people's vanities, desire for esteem, and anchoring on popularity. EXAMPLE: You're at a bookstore browsing for books with a friend. Although you are an avid sci-fi reader, your friend picks up a memoir and tells you that you should read the book because it's a bestseller. FALSE CAUSE Post hoc: This fallacy is also referred to as coincidental correlation, or correlation not causation. EXAMPLE: "Every time I bring my umbrella with me, it rains. Clearly, if I leave it at home, there will be sunshine!" HASTY GENERALIZATION This fallacy is commonly based on a broad conclusion upon the statistics of a survey of a small groups that fails to sufficiently represent the whole population. EXAMPLE: You have a transit flight via Frankfurt Airport, Germany. On the way to your gate, several passengers hastily bump into you without even apologizing. You conclude that "Germans are so rude!" BEGGING THE QUESTION Peticio principii: This is a type of fallacy in which the proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise. EXAMPLE: The belief in God is universal. After all, everyone believes in God. INTELLECTUAL: This is a choice which is deliberately selected based on a moral standpoint. PRACTICAL: A choice which is borne out of psychological and emotional considerations. Transcendence: convey basic ground concept from the world’s literal meaning of climbing or going beyond. Appreciating Art Knowledge and Law Scientific Knowledge We have a soul that is capable of coming to life and experiencing profound and hidden values. Hinduism: major world religion originating on the Indian subcontinent and comprising several and varied systems of philosophy, belief, and ritual. Brahman is Self-Hood : Absolute Truth Brahman or Atman: Absolute Soul AUM (OM): : Most sacred sound : root of the universe and everything that exists and it comes to hold everything together. Soul (Spiritual and Immortal Essence): Ultimately Real Body (Empirical Life and Character): An illusion and even an obstacle to an individual’s realization of one self. Soul is eternal but is bound to the law of KARMA (actions) MOKSHA: liberation JIVA: spirit Buddhism: contained the teachings of its founder Siddhartha, Gautama, or the Buddha. “Dharma” (Law of Salvation): a simple presentation of the gospel of inner cultivation of right spiritual beings. FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS: 1. Life is full of suffering. 2. Suffering is caused by passionate desires, lusts, cravings. 3. Only as these are obliterated, will suffering cease. 4. Such of eradication of these desires may be accomplished only by following the Eightfold Path of earnest endeavor.  EIGHTFOLD PATH 1. Right belief in and acceptance of the Fourhold Truth. 2. Right aspiration for one’s self and for others. 3. Right speech that harms no one. 4. Right conduct, motivated by goodwill toward al human beings. 5. Right means of livelihood, or earning one’s living by honorable means. 6. Right endeavor, or effort to directs one’s energies toward wise ends. 7. Right mindfulness in choosing topics for thought. 8. Right meditation, or concentration to the point of complete absorption in mystic ecstasy. THREE AXIOMS Cease to do all evil Learn to do good Purify your own mind NIRVANA (enlightened wisdom) LAW of CAUSE and EFFECT (KARMA): overcome CYCLE of BIRTH: broken The Biblical God and Humanity: faith is to believe what you do not see, the reward of this faith is to see what you believe. (Saint Augustine) St. Augustine: his writing is considered to be the most influential in the early medieval period. “God Exists” (Theistic Hypothesis): means we shall ask whether or not the existence of God provides the best explanation of the existence of the world as we know it. Old Testament: Polytheism: not the denial of God but the worship of too many gods. New Testament: Reality of God is unquestioned due to the conviction in Jesus of Nazareth the eternal God became flesh and dwelt among human beings. For Augustine: philosophy is amor sapiental, the love of wisdom; its aim is to provide happiness. Philosophy is the love of God, it is then, religious. FAITH: all knowledge leads to God, so that faith supplements and enlightens reason that it may proceed to over richer and fuller understanding. 3 Grades or Levels of Existence Mere Being Living Being Rational Being St. Thomas Aquinas: human beings have the unique power to change themselves and things for the better. Forgiveness: when we forgive, we are freed from our anger and bitterness because of the actions and/or words of another. The Beauty of Nature: there is perfection in every single flower; this is what the three philosophies believed. For a hug, for every sunrise and sunset, to eat together as a family, are our miracles. Vulnerability: to be invulnerable is to be inhuman. To be vulnerable is to be human. Superman and other superheroes are hiding from their true humanity. Failure: forces us to confront our weaknesses and limitations. Such acceptance of our failures make us hope and trust that all can be brought into good. Loneliness: can be rooted from our sense of vulnerability and fear of death. However, it is our choice to live in an impossible world where we are always ‘happy’ or to accept a life where solitude and companionship have a part. Love: to love is to experience richness, positivity, and transcendence. Whether in times of ecstatic moments or struggles, the love for a friends, between family members or a significant person, can open in us something in the other which takes us beyond ourselves. Reincarnation: metempsychosis. Everything in this life, say the Hindus, a consequence of actions performed in previous existence.  For Saint Augustine: physically, we are free, yet morally bound to obey the law. The eternal law is God himself. According to this law, humanity must do well and avoid all evil, hence, existence of moral obligation in every human being. Buddhism: NIRVANA : one is absolutely free from all forms of bandage and attachment. To overcome and remove the cause of suffering. ST. AUGUSTINE AND THOMAS AQUINAS: Will and Love Anthropocentrism and Ecocentrism: Anthropocentrism: focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and considers nature as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and survive. Ecocentrism: places great value on ecosystems and biological communities. This view believes that humankind is apart of a greater biological system and that we have a significant role as stewards or guardians of nature. Anthropocentrism Ecocentrism Human Nature Culture Wild Individualism Holism Mind Nature/Cosmos Calculative Body Human over/against environments Relational Earth/Wisdom Global/technological Ecology over/against humans 8 Categories of Carbon Footprint 1. Construction 2. Shelter 3. Food 4. Clothing 5. Mobility 6. Manufactured Goods 7. Services 8. Trade 9. Ancient Thinkers: early Greek philosophers, the Milesians, regarded nature as spatially without boundaries, that is infinite or indefinite in extent. One ancient thinker, Anaximander, employed that the term ‘boundless’ to convey the further thought that nature is indeterminate. Pythagoras, described the universe as living embodiment of nature’s order, harmony, and beauty. He sees or relationship with the universe involving biophilia (the love of other living things) and osmophilia (the love of other living beings). All events in the universe follow a transitional process due to the Yang and Yin. Human being’s happiness lies in his conformity with nature or tao; the wiser, therefore, conforms with tao and is happy. Modern Thinkers: Immanuel Kant expresses that beauty is ultimately a symbol of morality. The beautiful encourage us to believe that nature and humanity are part of an even bigger design. For Herbert Marcuse, humanity had dominated nature. There can only be change if we will change our attitudes towards our perception of the environment. For George Herbert Mead, as human beings, we do not have only rights but duties. We are not only citizens of the community but how we react to this community and in our reaction to it, change it. DEEP ECOLOGY: ecological crisis is an outcome of anthropocentrism. The controlling attitude of humankind is extended to nature, when in fact, humanity is part of nature. Deep ecologists encourage humanity to shift away from anthropocentrism to ecocentrism.  SOCIAL ECOLOGY: results from authoritarian social structures. Destroying nature is a reflection wherein few people overpower others while exploiting the environment for profit or self-interest. ECOFEMINISM: a consequence of male dominance. In this view, whatever is ‘superior’ is entailed to whatever is ‘inferior.’ Male traits as in the anthropocentrism model are superior as opposed to female in the ecocentrism model. Domination works by forcing the other to conform to what is superior. PRUDENCE: capacity to direct and discipline one’s activities and behavior using reason. The behavior that is cautious, and as much as possible, keeps away from risks. FRUGALITY: quality of being thrifty. Careful supervision of one’s resources. Aside from prudence, it is another fundamental value that can help us develop a sense of right and wrong and attain whatever we want in life. Freedom: quality/state of being free, such as the absence of necessity, coercion, or constraint in choice or action. Liberation from slavery of from the power of another. To be free is a part of humanity’s authenticity. In one way, understanding freedom is part of our transcendence consists of going beyond situations such as physical or economic. Aristotle: The Power of Volition (deciding on own accord) The will of humanity is an instrument of free choice. It is within the power of everyone to be good/bad, worthy of worthless. Borne out by: Inner awareness of an aptitude to do right/wrong. The common testimony of all human beings. The rewards & punishments. The general employment of praise and blame. Intellectual Freedom (Aristotle) For Aristotle, human beings are rational. Reason is a divine characteristic. Humans have the spark of the divine. If there were no intellect there would be no will. St. Thomas Aquinas: Love is freedom All creatures of God, human beings have the unique power to change themselves and the thing around them for the better. He considers that the human as moral agent. A human being, therefore, has a supernatural, transcendental destiny. This means that he can rise above his ordinary being of self. This is in line with the idea of St. Thomas that in the plan of God, a human being has to develop and perfect himself by doing his daily tasks. Hence, if a human being perseveringly lives a righteous and virtuous life, he transcends his mortal state of life and soars to an immortal state of life. Fourfold Classification of Law by Thomas Aquinas 1. Eternal Law 2. Natural Law 3. Human law 4. Divine Laws  Aquinas emphasizes the freedom of humanity but chooses love on governing humanity's life. Since God is love, then Love is the guiding principle of humanity toward his self-perception and happiness-his ultimate destiny. Spiritual Freedom (Thomas Aquinas) Jean Paul Sartre: Individual freedom Sartre's Philosophy is considered to be representative of existentialism. For him the human person is the desire to be God; the desire to exist as a being has its sufficient ground in itself (en sui causa). There are no guideposts along the road of life. The human person builds the road to the destiny of his/her choosing; he/she is the creator (Srathern 1998). Sartre's existentialism stems from this principle: Existence precedes essence The person, first, exists, encounters himself and surges up in the world then defines himself afterward. The person is nothing else but that what he makes of himself. The person is provided with supreme opportunity to give meaning to one's life Freedom is therefore, the very core and the door to authentic existence. Authentic existence is realized only in deeds that are committed alone, in absolute freedom and responsibility and which, therefore the character of true creation. The person is what one has done and is doing. On the other hand, the human person who tries to escape obligations and strives to be en-soi (i.e., excuses, such as "I was born this way" or "grew up in a bad environment") is acting on bad faith (mauvais foi) Sartre emphasizes the importance of free individual choice, regardless of the power of other people to influence and coerce our desires, beliefs, and decisions. To be human, to be conscious, is to be free to imagine, free to choose, and be responsible for one's life. Thomas Hobbes: Theory of Social Contract A Law of nature (lex naturalis) is a precept or general rule established by reason, by which a person is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life or takes away the means of preserving the same; and to omit that by which he thinks it may be best preserved. Given our desire to get out of the state of nature, and thereby preserve our lives, Hobbes concludes that we should seek peace. This becomes his first law of nature. Jean - Jacques Rosseau: Is one of the most influential philosophers of the French Enlightenment in the 18th century. In his book The Social Contract, the state owes it origin to a social contract freely entered into by its member (ex. EDSA Revolution) The two Philosophers differed in their interpretations. Hobbes developed his idea in favor of absolute monarchy, while Rousseau interpreted the idea in terms of absolute democracy and individualism. Both have one thing in common, that is, human beings have to form a community er civil community to protect themselves from one another. Social Contract: The term Social Contract is not an actual historical event. It is a philosophical fiction, a metaphor, and a certain way of looking at a society of voluntary collection of agreeable individuals.  BF SKINNER: The environment selects which similar with natural selection. We must take into account what the environment does to an organism not only before, but also after it responds. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior. Through operant conditioning, behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, while behavior that is punished is prone to happen less. The theory of freedom has negative and positive tasks. Our lives should not be merely controlled by rewards and punishments. As human beings, we are capable of reaching different levels of heights and ideals. For Ayn Rand (1996), individual mind is the tool for economic progress vis-a-vis lasses faire capitalism. Since the mind is important, the sector that molds it should not be controlled by the government. Filipino’s Loob: In Filipino's loob, for instance, the individual is the captain of his own ship on a sea that is not entirely devoid of uncertainties. Loob touches the daily human aspect of the Filipino’s. Filipinos loob is the basis of Christian value of sensitivity to the needs of others and gratitude. If encompassed "give-and-take" relationship among Filipinos. Utang na loob - repaying those who have helped us (debt of gratitude). Kagandahang loob, kabutihang loob, and kalooban are terms that show sharing of one's self to others. Filipino’s Sakop: The Filipino "sakop" or harmony can be a helping value to the full development of the Fitipino if it opens up to embrace the whole Philippine society. KASARILLHAN: Individualism reinforces kasarilihan (self-sufficiency), as such, it discourages subservience from external control higher than itself. "Kasarilhan" promotes entrepreneurship, which minimize foreign control of Filipinos. Individualism should be tied with social responsibility and should not just be just "tayo-tayo"or “kami-kami” INTERSUBJECTIVITY: refers to the shared understanding and connection between individuals in social context, where meaning is created through interaction and communication. Martin Buber (I-You Relation): For Buber, we have to treat another person as a subject (a being different from things or obJects). Persons are not inanimate objects to be used. They have their own mind and free will; thus, we have to respect others as we respect ourselves. Karol Wojtyla (‘We relation' Participation): In the theory of participation, man has the capacity to share himself to others. This affirms the reality that man acts and exists with others. INTERSUBJECTVITY: The human persons as subjects have direct and mutual sharing of selves. This signifies a person-to-person, sucject-to-subject relation or acceptance, sincerity, concern, respect, dialog, and care. The human person is not just being-in-the-world but being- with-others, or being-in-relation. ON PWDS (PARENTS DURING THE DIAGNOSIS) Shock, bewildermer.t, sorrow, anger, and guilt. "Why me?" Parents whose children were diagnosed with disability have to let go of their dream child. CATEGORIES OF PWD Hearing impaired Diabetic Asthmatic Cystic fibrotic ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) Negative attitudes of the family and community toward PWDs may add to their poor academic and vocational outcomes. Community sensitivity, through positive and supportive attitudes toward PWDs, is an important component. DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY  The notion of poverty is not one-dimensional; rather it is multidimensional. Income Health Education Empowerment Working condition INCOME POVERTY The World Bank categorizes poverty in two levels: poor and extremely poor; Poor Extremely Poor Living Below US 2.00/day Living Below US 1.25/day If you spend more than P64 for three meals a day, you're no longer considered "food poor." In 1712, Jean Jacques Rousseau said that women should be educated to please men. Moreover, he believes that women should be useful to men, should take care, advise, console men, and to render men's lives easy and agreeable. Mary Wollstonecraft, in Vindication on the Rights of Women (1782), argued that such education would produce women who were mere propagators of fools. She believes that women must be united to men in wisdom and rationality. In the Philippines, women are subjected to oppression, among others, of class and sex. "Babae," sung usually during women's month, is a song that problematizes the gender role assigned by the social order to women since their childhood. The human person exists to relate with others. It is by nature a social being; form bonds and relationships with others. Society - group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture. - consists of the people and institutions. Societies: 1. Pre-industrial Societies 2. Industrial Society 3. Post-Industrial Society Pre - Industrial society Tribal society - the term ‘tribal society’ associates it to other meaning such as "primitive society" or "preliterate society". - small in scale, bound to their spatial and temporal range of relations in terms of society, law, and politics; possesses a moral code, cult, and wide range of belief system. Feudal Society - feudalism refers to the economic, political, and social system that prevailed in Europe from about the 9th to 15th century. Industrial Society: USA (first country industrialized) - Industrial Society is the one which uses advance technology to drive a massive production industry that will support a large population. - objective is the fast and efficient manufacturing of standardized products. Post - Industrial Society (USA, Europe, Japan) - progress from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. - most evident in countries that first experienced the Industrial Revolution. Characteristics of Post-Industrial Society 1. Shift from the production of goods to the production of services 2. The replacement of manual laborers with technical and professional workers (comp. eng., dr., banker) as the direct production of goods is moved elsewhere. 3. Replacement of practical knowledge with theoretical knowledge. 4. Focusing to theoretical and ethical implications of new technologies which helps society avoid some of the negative features of introducing new technologies, concerning environment and energy. 5. Development of recent scientific disciplines-that involve new forms 1. of information tech, cybernetics, or ai - to evaluate the theoretical and ethical implications of new technologies. 6. Emphasis on the universities and polyethnic institutes which produce graduates who innovate and lead the new technologies contributing to a postindustrial society. 7. Changing values and norms which reflects the influences on the society. Information Society Using technologies Distribution (of info) Manipulation (of info.) Characteristics of Information Society Ubiquitous access to information Digital communication Knowledge-based economy Technological innovation Global interconnectedness Digital Citizenship Digital Citizen is a person who is knowledgeable and responsible enough to effectively use different social platforms in the internet. Often engage in useful topics and issues that help build better society, politics and government. Disembodied Spirit in a manner of speaking/ interacting, people are slowly putting aside their bodies in relating with others because the technological society offers an alternative which apparently resolves human of an embodied subject. Death: action or fact of dying or being killed; the end of the life of a person /organism - Oxford Languages : total cessation of life processes that eventually occurs in all living organisms. - Britannica; C.A. Pallis : death is evil and most painful for the virtuous and happy, as they have the most to lose. - Aristotle : could not be evil, because to free the soul by guiding it to the eternal truths was the entire point of life - Socrates : separation of soul from body - Plato Reasons why people fear Death 1. Pain and loneliness of dying 2. Fear of non- existence 3. Fear of the unknown after death. Phenomenological Notion of Death 1. Death is Certain: as part of humanness, we are all born in the world. The world is governed by time. 2. Death is Indefinite: while death is sure to come, it is however indefinite as to when it will come. Death is impending. 3. Death is one's property: The death of the person belongs to him. Nobody can experience his death except himself. 4. Death is Non-Relational: When we die, we die alone. We have no choice but to face it on our own. It also removes all our relations to others. 5. Death is not to be outstripped: Death cannot be taken away from a person. Even the person himself cannot remove the possibility of death in his life. Death and Authenticity An idea mostly used in existentialism which means having true and meaningful existence.