2024 Louisiana thru Completion of MD.pdf

What does it mean to MANIFEST YOUR DESTINY?  Westward Expansion: Completing Manifest Destiny  The United States: The Teenage Years 1776 – Declaration of Independence 1783 – Treaty of Paris 1787 – US Constitution 1803 – Louisiana Purchase 1812 – “Second War for American In...

What does it mean to MANIFEST YOUR DESTINY?  Westward Expansion: Completing Manifest Destiny  The United States: The Teenage Years 1776 – Declaration of Independence 1783 – Treaty of Paris 1787 – US Constitution 1803 – Louisiana Purchase 1812 – “Second War for American Independence 1815-1825 – Era of Good Feelings 1820 – Missouri Compromise 1823 – Monroe Doctrine 1845 – Annexation of Texas 1846 – Oregon Territory 1848 – Mexican Cession America After the War of 1812: President James Monroe & the “Era of Good Feelings”  The United States: The Teenage Years 1776 – Declaration of Independence 1777 - Articles of Confederation 1783 – Treaty of Paris 1787 – US Constitution 1803 – Louisiana Purchase 1812 – “Second War for American Independence” 1815-1825 – Era of Good Feelings 1820 – Missouri Compromise 1823 – Monroe Doctrine 1845 – Annexation of Texas 1846 – Oregon Territory 1848 – Mexican Cession 1850 - Compromise of 1850  The Northwest Territory The United States won the land around the Great Lakes from Britain in the American Revolution. Congress quickly created a plan to get that area SETTLED and ECONOMICALLY PRODUCTIVE. Once 60,000 voter-eligible citizens moved to a territory, they could vote to become a STATE. Slavery was PROHIBITED to encourage white settlement. Once a NEW STATE was added, that state had the same rights and importance as the older states. The Jefferson Presidency Jefferson Buys Louisiana The Mighty Mississippi The Mississippi River flows from Minnesota in the north and empties out into the Gulf of Mexico in Louisiana. As America moved westward, the MISSISSIPPI RIVER became more important. The Mississippi DIVIDES AND CONNECTS the American EAST AND WEST Jefferson & “western” farmers wanted to control trade on the Mississippi River and the PORT city of New Orleans  Negotiations with France Jefferson sent representatives to France to negotiate the purchase the port of NEW ORLEANS. Emperor Napoleon surprised them by offering to sell the entire Louisiana Territory Napoleon (France) was at war (England & Haiti) and in debt = sold New Orleans & Louisiana Territory for $15 million (3 cents an acre)  Jefferson’s “Constitutional Gamble” The Constitution DOES NOT give the President the power to make land purchases Jefferson used the Necessary AND Proper Clause to buy the land from France The purchase DOUBLED the size of the US & provided resources for economic growth It also increased the power of the President and the Federal government This purchase also set the PRECEDENT for the government to BUY land in the future  Lewis & Clark Expedition(1804-1806) 1803 – Purchase of Louisiana Territory = “Yay, land!” But where are our borders? And what’s out there? 1804 – Jefferson sent Lewis & Clark to find a water route to the Pacific & establish good relations with the Native Americans living in the territory 1805 – Lewis & Clark reached the Oregon Territory and made it to the Pacific Ocean, but NOT BY A DIRECT WATER ROUTE 1806 – Lewis & Clark returned to St. Louis, Missouri New information about LAND, RESOURCES, and BORDERS led to migration of settlers to Pacific Northwest = MORE PEOPLE WANTED TO MOVE WEST  America After the War of 1812 The War of 1812 is referred to as “America’s Second War for Independence” because we fought and beat Britain for a second time. Americans were PROUD with a new confidence. = They started to call themselves Americans. The U.S. had firm control of the Mississippi and New Orleans. = Moving WEST became the goal. Britain and other foreign countries started treating the U.S. as a “real country.”  Land is Freedom Cheap LAND provided ECONOMIC SECURITY (provide for family, make money off resources) Land also allowed people to have POLITICAL ACCESS (in early America, owning land was a requirement for voting) America After the War of 1812: President James Monroe & the “Era of Good Feelings”  America During the Era of Good Feelings (1815-1825) After the War of 1812 Inspired by SECOND VICTORY over Britain Rise of American NATIONALISM and INCREASED DESIRE TO MOVE WEST Manufacturing led to a STRONG ECONOMY Democratic-Republicans in POWER (Federalist Party “died’) Mostly associated with things that happened during Monroe’s presidency  The Adams-Onis Treaty The Adams-Onís Treaty was an 1819 agreement between the U.S. and Spain that transferred ownership of Florida to the U.S. and settled the border of the Texas territory. The U.S. got Florida from Spain. Spain agreed to give up its claim to Oregon. The U.S. agreed to recognize the border between American and Spanish land.  The United States: The Teenage Years 1776 – Declaration of Independence 1783 – Treaty of Paris 1787 – US Constitution 1803 – Louisiana Purchase 1812 – “Second War for American Independence 1815-1825 – Era of Good Feelings 1820 – Missouri Compromise 1823 – Monroe Doctrine 1845 – Annexation of Texas 1846 – Oregon Territory 1848 – Mexican Cession  Westward Expansion: Completing Manifest Destiny  The Cotton Gin It took a long time and a lot of effort to raise, pick, and prepare cotton for market. One day of work might produce a pound of cotton per person, enough to make a single dress. In 1794, Eli WHITNEY invented the cotton gin making it much easier and faster to remove the seeds from cotton. – One person could produce 50 pounds of usable cotton in one day = THE DEMAND FOR SLAVES SAW A DRAMATIC INCREASE  “King Cotton” In the early 1800s, three things happened that made COTTON the #1 cash crop in America and led to an INCREASED DEMAND FOR SLAVE LABOR: Invention of the COTTON GIN = easier to process cotton from the fields Increased demand for COTTON TEXTILES = Northern factories needed more cotton from the South Westward Expansion = More settlers looking to make money farming = more cotton COTTON & the Southern Economy Over half the slaves in the U.S worked on cotton plantations. Cotton production allowed no rest between harvest and planting season. Harvest seasons lasted months and slaves who did not meet their assigned QUOTAS (required amounts) were often whipped or punished some other way.  Henry Clay’s American System (1824) The American System was an ECONOMIC PLAN designed to unite and benefit ALL 3 regions of the United States. Clay’s plan had 3 main parts that ALL included a strong role for the central government: “I know no South, no North, Protective Tariffs no East, no West, to which I Infrastructure Projects owe any allegiance." Start a Second National Bank What is INFRASTRUCTURE?  Henry Clay’s American System 1. PROTECTIVE TARIFFS to help protect America’s growing industry from foreign competition ○ The Northern economy would grow and then northern manufacturers would buy more goods from farmers in the West ○ The government could use the money from the tariffs to pay for internal improvements (INFRASTRUCTURE) 2. INFRASTRUCTURE projects would be designed to better connect the country ○ Build CANALS, bridges, roads, and other transportation improvements would aid trade, industry, and agriculture 3. SECOND NATIONAL BANK would be established to organize and manage monies collected by the federal government and provide cheap loans to “improve the lives of Americans”  Pros & Cons of the American System Tariffs HELPED the NORTH by protecting American industries Tariffs HELPED the WEST because the generated tax money that could be used to build INFRASTRUCTURE connecting the Northern industries & Western markets Tariffs HURT the SOUTH because they still relied on a lot of trade with Europe (Remember the Tariff of Abominations & SC Nullification Crisis) Infrastructure like CANALS and RAILROADS helped improve transportation and trade between the North and the West, but the South didn’t want to spend money on building more roads and canals because they mainly used rivers to transport goods. Independence & The Monroe Doctrine  What is the Western Hemisphere? The western hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is west of the Prime Meridian. Pretend that the earth is cut in half, from the North Pole (through England) to the South Pole. The Western Hemisphere is the half to the west. The other half is called the Eastern Hemisphere.  Where is Latin America? Latin America is a region made up of Mexico, Central America, and South America. Some of the islands of the West Indies, in the Caribbean Sea, also are included. The area is known as Latin America because most people speak languages that came from Latin (the language of the ancient Romans). Many Latin Americans have a mixture of American Indian, European, and African ancestry. Most people speak Spanish or Portuguese. People in French Guiana and parts of the West Indies speak French. Millions of American Indians speak their native languages. Most Latin Americans are Roman Catholic.  The Monroe Doctrine Monroe was 5th president of the United States In the 1820s, a lot of South American countries were fighting for INDEPENDENCE Monroe wanted European countries to LEAVE THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE ALONE because that would give them more power = We want to PROTECT OUR NEIGHBORHOOD Monroe said that if any European country tried to take land in South America, the United States would see it as an ACT OF WAR Why did the threat work? Great Britain agreed to support the Monroe Doctrine and offered the help of their NAVY Why did Britain help the U.S.? Britain wanted to make sure they could trade in South America = $$$$$$ Monroe Doctrine Political Cartoons  What is Manifest Destiny? Westward expansion continued after the Louisiana Purchase and throughout the mid 1800’s Manifest Destiny was the idea that the United States had a God-given right to take over every part of North America. Manifest Destiny was later used to justify the addition of Oregon, Remember, the FRONTIER got New Mexico, California, Alaska, smaller and smaller as and Hawaii to the United States. Americans moved West. And, conflicts with Native Americans increased.  Missouri Compromise (1820) The Missouri Compromise was an attempt to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave states and free states. Why????? Missouri admitted as a SLAVE STATE Maine admitted as a FREE STATE Banned slavery from any future territories or states north of Missouri's southern border - the 36°30′ north parallel = Everything above the line should be FREE TERRITORY and everything below the line would be SLAVE TERRITORY.  The Texas Revolution, the Annexation of Texas, and the Mexican-American War are NOT the same event! But, they are ALL RELATED.  Annex vs. Cede Annexation is unilateral. Territorial control is declared by the occupying power; the other party gets no say. If a territory gives up control to another, that is called cession.  Texas Revolution: Oct. 1835 - April 1836  Texas Revolution 1821- Mexico gained independence from Spain and kept control of the Texas region After independence, Mexico “invited” American farmers to move to Texas (1824) – WHY? Mexico needed Texas settled so it could be developed = $$$$$ – Americans who moved to Texas were expected to become Mexican citizens, convert to Catholicism, and learn Spanish. (Most Americans didn’t mind because Mexico wasn’t really paying much attention to them. = Salutary neglect) It didn’t take long before there were more Americans in Texas than Mexicans so the Mexican government stopped immigration from the U.S. (1830)  Texas Revolution A new government took power in Mexico in 1834 under Santa Anna and started enforcing stricter control over Texas = SLAVERY became illegal in Texas = a lot of ANGRY AMERICAN settlers “Texans” declared Texas an independent Republic in 1836 Santa Anna defeated the Texas rebels at the Alamo = the Texans lost but the event motivated them to UNITE against Mexico Eventually, Santa Anna was forced to surrender = Mexico “recognized” Texas independence The Republic of Texas 1836 - 1845 Heck, yeah! We’re free!  Annexation of Texas Debate In 1836, the Republic of Texas voted to be ANNEXED by the United States Presidents Jackson, Van Buren, and Tyler had all wanted Texas admitted into the US BUT, there were TWO BIG ISSUES: 1. Congress wasn’t ready to start a war with Mexico 2. Congress didn’t want to create more problems between the North and the South over the issue of SLAVERY = congressional balance stopped the annexation of Texas under Jackson Northern states were afraid that since Texas was so large, it would be divided up into several slaves states James Polk was elected President in 1844 with the mission to expand the US to include Texas and Oregon – In February of 1845, Texas was formally annexed by the U.S.  Mexican-American War (1846-1848) Mexico saw the Annexation of Texas an act of aggression (still considered Mexican territory) President Polk offered Mexico 30 million for Texas (to the Rio Grande), the New Mexico Territory, and California. = Mexico was highly insulted by the offer. Pres. Polk ordered US troops to cross the Nueces River into the “disputed territory” – Mexico saw the move as an act of aggression and defended itself = President Polk used the event as an excuse to ASK CONGRESS to DECLARE WAR “Mexico has shed American blood on American soil!”  Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) Sept. 1847, US troops took control of Mexico City The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War Produced a HUGE WIN FOR THE US = the Mexican Cession Mexico agreed to give up claims to Texas, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah – covered 525,000 sq. miles – the U.S. paid Mexico $15,000,000  Admission of California In the early 1840s thousands of American settlers moved to California, which was still part of Mexico California became a territory of the U.S. in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Gold was discovered in California in 1848 and led to the 1849 “GOLD RUSH” (‘49er’s) As population increased, people started calling for STATEHOOD and they didn’t want to wait years, like Texas Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a FREE state  Compromise of 1850 The new California territory caused a lot of tension between the North and the South. The South wanted slavery to be allowed there, and the North did not. To please Free States = California admitted as a FREE state To please the Slave States = Allowed for the Utah and New Mexico Territories POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY – The people of the territory vote and decide the slave issue themselves A stricter version of the federal FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT was added to get Southern states to agree. Southern states didn’t trust the North to return their PROPERTY, so they wanted the Federal government to take on the responsibility. = RUNAWAY SLAVES HAD TO BE RETUNED  Completion of Manifest Destiny Gadsden Purchase acquired southern parts of New Mexico & Arizona from Mexico (1853) – Originally bought because the U.S. planned to build a railroad there. It never happened. This was the “last little bit” of land the U.S. would buy to fully complete Manifest Destiny STOP FOR TODAY  US Territorial Expansion Summary 1.) Northwest Ordinance , 1783 - (treaty with Britain; land around Great Lakes) 2.) Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (New Orleans to Northwest border with Canada; included the Mississippi) 3.) Texas, 1845 – (annexed (taken) from Mexico) 4.) Oregon Territory, 1846 – (treaty with Britain) 5.) Mexican Cession, 1848 – (treaty with Mexico; included New Mexico and California) 6.) Gadsden Purchase, 1853 – (small southern piece of New Mexico and Arizona) Most US expansion took place between 1800 and 1850. Manifest Destiny started with the Louisiana Purchase and was considered complete with the Gadsden Purchase.