2024 Exam 2 Review PDF

EXAM 2 REVIEW EXAM: Thu DEC 5, 2024 IN CLASS! LOOKING FORWARD Th Dec 5: Exam 2 Presentation work log due Mon Dec 9, 11:59pm Presentations start Th Dec 12 Presentations continue T Dec 17, 12:40-2:30 Presentation Summary Due Fri Dec 20 REMEMBER, YOU HAVE THE TOOLS TO OVERCOME THIS CHALLENGE. E...

EXAM 2 REVIEW EXAM: Thu DEC 5, 2024 IN CLASS! LOOKING FORWARD Th Dec 5: Exam 2 Presentation work log due Mon Dec 9, 11:59pm Presentations start Th Dec 12 Presentations continue T Dec 17, 12:40-2:30 Presentation Summary Due Fri Dec 20 REMEMBER, YOU HAVE THE TOOLS TO OVERCOME THIS CHALLENGE. EXAM 2 BREAKDOWN (15% OF GRADE) Approximately 42-46 Multiple Choice Questions, FITB, Matching questions (weighted at 1pt each) 4-6 short answer, integration style questions (think prompts, but more straight forward)  SOCIAL COMPARISON: 4-5 QUESTIONS ◼ Festinger, 1954 – KNOW HIS DAMN NAME (lateral comparisons) ◼ Motivation = self-evaluation, reduce uncertainty ◼ Comparison source = similar others ◼ Downward ◼ Motive = self-enhancement ◼ See it in people with low self-esteem ◼ Upward ◼ Motive = self-improvement ◼ BUT, if it is chronic or the comparison source is too high? ◼ Contrast/assimilation effects ◼ Upward: can you improve? Assimilation. You can’t improve? Contrast. Depress self-esteem ◼ Evaluahancement ◼ Subjective/objective tasks (Crano & Gorenflo) SOCIAL FACILITATION/INHIBITION: 5- 6 QUESTIONS ◼ Social inhibition ◼ Where do we see it? (e.g,. bystander effect, emotional expression, social loafing) ◼ Why? Arousal; uncertainty/ambiguity (normative cues), pluralistic ignorance, diffusion of responsibility, evaluation apprehension ◼ Social facilitation ◼ Mere presence (Drive Theory), evaluation apprehension (think of specific others!), threat SOCIAL NORMS, COMPLIANCE TECHNIQUES: 5-6 QUESTIONS ◼ Descriptive social norms ◼ Injunctive social norms ◼ Examples of manipulating the social environment ◼ Social norms marketing campaigns – how can you use both types of norms? ◼ Compliance techniques (know norms for each) ◼ Door-in-the-face, foot-in-the-door, that’s not all, low ball POWER & OBEDIENCE: 6-7 QUESTIONS ◼ Define power vs. influence ◼ Know Raven’s bases of power (be able to apply them) See Canvas -> Modules->Power & Obedience (two word docs will help you practice and you don’t need to memorize the Raven paper) ◼ Obedience ◼ Why were Milgram’s findings so “shocking”? ◼ Explanations: cultural norm (obey authority), shift in agency, consistency ◼ Some of the other findings (e.g., setting, dissent, personality) ◼ Alternative explanations ◼ Not mere obedience but ENGAGED FOLLOWERSHIP CONFORMITY-POLARIZATION: 5-6 QUESTIONS ◼ Normative influence – when? – thinking/focus? ◼ (originally, proposed explanation for Asch) ◼ Surveillance, social pressure outweighs individual expectations and “personality” ◼ Informational influence – when? – thinking/focus ◼ (originally, proposed explanation for Sherif) ◼ Uncertainty about source, about self ◼ In Asch paradigms, importance of dissent (drop conformity) ◼ Group polarization REFERENT INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE: 5-6 QUESTIONS ◼ Motive: Information for self-concept through group identification ◼ Prototype as basis of influence ◼ Define ◼ Meta-contrast (what is the role of comparison to ingroup? To outgroup?) ◼ Depersonalization ◼ Self-uncertainty – what groups are attractive? ◼ Group polarization in an intergroup context CROWDS: 6-7 QUESTIONS ◼ Deindividuation – define ◼ Anonymity, irrationality ◼ Normative information? ◼ SIDE: not a loss of personal identity, but a gain of a social identity ◼ Salient social identity is reference for influence (crowd, what are norms?) ◼ Often intergroup context ◼ Riots and social movements: ◼ Riots in established vs. transient communities ◼ As a response to oppression ENFORCEMENT: 5-7 QUESTIONS ◼ Ostracism – effects on the target ◼ Reflexive stage: It hurts – affective and pain response ◼ Even from despised groups ◼ Reflective stage (attempt to recover) ◼ Self-affirmation, distraction, conform to group, open to influence, better memory for social information, increase work on collective tasks ◼ Inclusionary need: need to belong, prosocial response (gain entry) ◼ Power/need for meaningful existence: aggressive response (gain attention, control) ENFORCEMENT: 5-7 QUESTIONS ◼ Enforcement ◼ Why derogate norm violators? ◼ Protect group identity - black sheep effect (why?) ◼ Correct deviant, persuade deviant (why?) ◼ Who can dissent? ◼ Most likely to dissent ingroup norms – people who identify strongly with the group and do it on behalf of group ◼ Leaders (leader transgression credit) ◼ Intergroup sensitivity MINORITY INFLUENCE: 5-7 QUESTIONS ◼ Conversion theory – KNOW MOSCOVICI’S NAME ◼ All influence attempts create either/or situation – conflict ◼ Majorities: social comparison. Resolve by going along with majority. Only conversion if LIKED majority ◼ Minorities: verification. Resolve privately. Can lead to conversion through scrutinizing message ◼ Behavioral style: consistency, fair & flexible, distinctiveness ◼ Divergent thinking, Convergent thinking ◼ creativity MINORITY INFLUENCE: 5-7 QUESTIONS ◼ Dual process models using cognitive response as a mediator ◼ Majorities – interpersonal focus, compliance ◼ Minorities – message focus, conversion ◼ But when and how? ◼ Latent attitudes, delayed attitudes, indirect attitudes (that interattitudinal network!) ◼ Ingroup leniency ◼ Social context (referent informational influence) ◼ When can you see direct attitude change from minority? ◼ Outgroup influence – a SCT perspective SOCIAL CHANGE: 5-6 QUESTIONS ◼ Achieve a positive identity in response to subordination ◼ Nature of intergroup relations ◼ Permeability/Stability , Legitimacy 1. Social mobility (individual mobility) – permeable boundaries, often legitimate 2. Social creativity – often impermeable boundaries 3. Social change – impermeable boundaries, illegitimate ◼ Politicized identity and collective action ◼ Define ◼ When? Become aware of subordination ◼ Recognize GBD/subordination, motivation is defined by cost-benefit and efficacy of achieving outcome, barriers such as cost)  LEADERSHIP: 5-7 QUESTIONS ◼ Leadership: what it is, what it is not ◼ Leadership schemas – why is it difficult for nontraditional leaders to occupy leadership positions? ◼ Gender and leadership – gender stereotypes, gender stereotype violation ◼ Intersectionality ◼ Great leader theory – why it doesn’t hold ◼ Charisma ◼ Social identity perspectives on leadership ◼ Group and leader – reciprocal ◼ Role of prototypicality: WHY SO INFLUENTIAL? LEADERSHIP: 5-7 QUESTIONS ◼ Are prototypical leaders worth it? ◼ They get our trust, we think they are effective, we support them… more, likeability ◼ Yes, they identify strongly with the group and tend to work on behalf of it ◼ BUT ◼ Trust them even when they fail ◼ Leader transgression credit ◼ Deviance becomes the norm, entrepreneurs of identity and shape the group prototype ◼ Engaged followership, plausible deniability