Untitled Quiz

Exam 2 Review

• Exam date: Thursday, December 5, 2024
• Exam format: In-class

Looking Ahead

• Presentation work log due: Monday, December 9, 11:59 PM
• Presentations start: Thursday, December 12
• Presentations continue: Tuesday, December 17, 12:40-2:30 PM
• Presentation Summary due: Friday, December 20

Exam 2 Breakdown

• Format: Approximately 42-46 multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blank, matching (1 point each), 4-6 short-answer/integration-style questions.

Social Comparison

• Festinger (1954): motivation for self-evaluation and reducing uncertainty, comparing oneself to similar others.
• Downward comparison: self-enhancement, comparing to those with lower self-esteem.
• Upward comparison: self-improvement, comparing to those with higher self-esteem, but can lead to contrast or assimilation effects. Evaluate upward or downward comparison effects of subjective or objective tasks with Crano and Gorenflo

Social Facilitation/Inhibition

• Social inhibition: bystander effect, emotional expression, social loafing. Why? Arousal, uncertainty/ambiguity (normative cues), pluralistic ignorance, diffusion of responsibility, evaluation apprehension.
• Social facilitation: mere presence (Drive Theory), evaluation apprehension (thinking of specific others), threat.

Social Norms, Compliance Techniques

• Descriptive social norms: what people do.
• Injunctive social norms: what people should do.
• Examples of manipulation: social environment & social norms marketing campaigns, use of both types of norms.
• Compliance techniques: door-in-the-face, foot-in-the-door, that's-not-all, lowball.

Power & Obedience

• Define power vs. influence.
• Know Raven's bases of power. Resources for help are available on Canvas. Review module materials on power & obedience (two-word doc). No need to memorize the Raven paper.
• Milgram's findings: shocking results. Why? Cultural norms (obey authority), shift in agency, consistency, and other findings (setting, dissent, personality). Not mere obedience but engaged followership.

Conformity-Polarization

• Normative influence: when? thinking/focus? Surveillance, social pressure outweighing individual expectations. Proposed explanation by Asch.
• Informational influence: when? thinking/focus? Uncertainty about the source. Proposed explanation by Sherif.
• Asch paradigms: importance of dissent, dropping conformity.
• Group polarization: importance of dissent.

Referent Informational Influence

• Motive: information for self-concept through group identification.
• Prototype: basis of influence.
• Define meta-contrast. The role of comparison among ingroups and outgroups.
• Depersonalization.
• Self-uncertainty: what groups are attractive?
• Group polarization in an intergroup context.

Crowds

• Deindividuation: define anonymity, irrationality.
• Normative information: not a loss of personal identity, a gain of social identity; salient social identity as reference for influence within a crowd. (norms within a crowd).
• Riots and social movements: in established vs. transient communities; as a response to oppression.

Enforcement

• Ostracism: effects on the target. Reflexive stage: Hurt/pain, affective response. Even from despised groups. Reflective stage (attempting to recover). Self-affirmation, distraction, conform to group, open to influence, better memory for social information, increase work on collective tasks.
• Inclusionary need: to belong, prosocial response (gain entry). Power/need for meaningful existence: aggressive response (gain attention, control).
• Why derogate norm violators? Protect group identity; perceived black sheep effect. Correcting/persuading deviants.
• Who can dissent? People who strongly identify with the group, acting on behalf of the group. Leaders (leader transgression credit). Intergroup sensitivity.

Minority Influence

• Conversion theory: Moscovici's name. All influence attempts create either/or (situation/conflict).
• Majorities: social comparison, resolve by going along with the majority, only conversion if liked.
• Minorities: verification, resolve privately, leading to conversion through scrutinizing the message. Behavioral style: consistency, flexibility, distinctiveness. Divergent & convergent thinking, creativity.

Dual process models

• Majorities: interpersonal focus, compliance.
• Minorities: message focus, conversion. But when and how? Latent & delayed attitudes, indirect attitudes/interattitudinal network, ingroup leniency. Social context, when you can see direct attitude change from minority. Outgroup influence (from a SCT perspective).

Social Change

• Achieving positive identity in response to subordination.
• Nature of intergroup relations: permeability, stability, legitimacy.
• Types: 1. Social mobility – permeable boundaries, often legitimate, 2. Social creativity – often impermeable boundaries, 3. Social change – impermeable boundaries, illegitimate
• Politicized identity and collective action; definition and when to become aware of subordination (recognition of GBD/subordination, motivation).

Leadership

• Leadership: definitions, what it is and what it is not.
• Leadership schemas. Why is it difficult for nontraditional leaders to occupy leadership positions? Gender schemas, gender stereotypes, stereotype violation, intersectionality.
• Great leader theory, why it doesn't hold. Charisma.
• Social identity perspectives on leadership; group & leader – reciprocal interactions.
• Role of prototypicality/influence: why so influential?
• Are prototypical leaders worth it? Trust, effective, likeable, on the group’s behalf.
• Trust even when failing. Leaders' transgression credits. Deviance, entrepreneurs of identity, shaping the group prototype (engaged followership, plausible deniability).