Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who is credited as the first to study social comparison?
Who is credited as the first to study social comparison?
Festinger
What are the two main motivations for social comparison?
What are the two main motivations for social comparison?
Which of these is NOT a reason why we see social inhibition?
Which of these is NOT a reason why we see social inhibition?
Which of these is NOT a reason for social facilitation?
Which of these is NOT a reason for social facilitation?
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What are the two main types of social norms?
What are the two main types of social norms?
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Identify the four compliance techniques discussed in the provided material.
Identify the four compliance techniques discussed in the provided material.
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Milgram's studies showed that people are more likely to obey authority figures when they are in an unfamiliar setting.
Milgram's studies showed that people are more likely to obey authority figures when they are in an unfamiliar setting.
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What are the 5 bases of power identified by Raven?
What are the 5 bases of power identified by Raven?
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Normative influence is most prominent in situations when individuals are uncertain about the source of information.
Normative influence is most prominent in situations when individuals are uncertain about the source of information.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of informational influence?
Which of the following is a characteristic of informational influence?
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Group polarization refers to the phenomenon where group discussion tends to strengthen the initial stance of individual members.
Group polarization refers to the phenomenon where group discussion tends to strengthen the initial stance of individual members.
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What is the main motivational factor driving referent informational influence?
What is the main motivational factor driving referent informational influence?
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Which of these is NOT a characteristic of deindividuation?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of deindividuation?
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In what context does the salient social identity become a significant factor for influencing group members?
In what context does the salient social identity become a significant factor for influencing group members?
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What are the two main stages of ostracism's impact on the target?
What are the two main stages of ostracism's impact on the target?
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What are the three main types of responses to ostracism in the reflective stage?
What are the three main types of responses to ostracism in the reflective stage?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for why groups might derogate norm violators?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for why groups might derogate norm violators?
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Individuals who identify strongly with a group are more likely to dissent in group norms.
Individuals who identify strongly with a group are more likely to dissent in group norms.
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What is the core principle of Moscovici's conversion theory?
What is the core principle of Moscovici's conversion theory?
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Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a minority's behavioral style according to Moscovici's conversion theory?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a minority's behavioral style according to Moscovici's conversion theory?
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Dual-process models argue that majorities are primarily focused on interpersonal aspects, leading to compliance, while minorities are focused on the message itself, leading to conversion.
Dual-process models argue that majorities are primarily focused on interpersonal aspects, leading to compliance, while minorities are focused on the message itself, leading to conversion.
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Which of these is NOT a type of attitude change that can be observed in response to minority influence?
Which of these is NOT a type of attitude change that can be observed in response to minority influence?
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What are the three main categories of intergroup relations according to the text?
What are the three main categories of intergroup relations according to the text?
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Social mobility is characterized by permeable boundaries and is considered a legitimate way to achieve a positive identity.
Social mobility is characterized by permeable boundaries and is considered a legitimate way to achieve a positive identity.
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What are the two main factors that play a role in determining the motivation for social change?
What are the two main factors that play a role in determining the motivation for social change?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that can make it difficult for nontraditional leaders to occupy leadership positions?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can make it difficult for nontraditional leaders to occupy leadership positions?
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The great leader theory suggests that effective leadership is primarily contingent upon the specific needs and circumstances of a group.
The great leader theory suggests that effective leadership is primarily contingent upon the specific needs and circumstances of a group.
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Which of these is NOT an argument in favor of prototypical leaders?
Which of these is NOT an argument in favor of prototypical leaders?
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What is the name given to the phenomenon where prototypical leaders can gain leniency even after making mistakes?
What is the name given to the phenomenon where prototypical leaders can gain leniency even after making mistakes?
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Study Notes
Exam 2 Review
- Exam date: Thursday, December 5, 2024
- Exam format: In-class
Looking Ahead
- Presentation work log due: Monday, December 9, 11:59 PM
- Presentations start: Thursday, December 12
- Presentations continue: Tuesday, December 17, 12:40-2:30 PM
- Presentation Summary due: Friday, December 20
Exam 2 Breakdown
- Format: Approximately 42-46 multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blank, matching (1 point each), 4-6 short-answer/integration-style questions.
Social Comparison
- Festinger (1954): motivation for self-evaluation and reducing uncertainty, comparing oneself to similar others.
- Downward comparison: self-enhancement, comparing to those with lower self-esteem.
- Upward comparison: self-improvement, comparing to those with higher self-esteem, but can lead to contrast or assimilation effects. Evaluate upward or downward comparison effects of subjective or objective tasks with Crano and Gorenflo
Social Facilitation/Inhibition
- Social inhibition: bystander effect, emotional expression, social loafing. Why? Arousal, uncertainty/ambiguity (normative cues), pluralistic ignorance, diffusion of responsibility, evaluation apprehension.
- Social facilitation: mere presence (Drive Theory), evaluation apprehension (thinking of specific others), threat.
Social Norms, Compliance Techniques
- Descriptive social norms: what people do.
- Injunctive social norms: what people should do.
- Examples of manipulation: social environment & social norms marketing campaigns, use of both types of norms.
- Compliance techniques: door-in-the-face, foot-in-the-door, that's-not-all, lowball.
Power & Obedience
- Define power vs. influence.
- Know Raven's bases of power. Resources for help are available on Canvas. Review module materials on power & obedience (two-word doc). No need to memorize the Raven paper.
- Milgram's findings: shocking results. Why? Cultural norms (obey authority), shift in agency, consistency, and other findings (setting, dissent, personality). Not mere obedience but engaged followership.
Conformity-Polarization
- Normative influence: when? thinking/focus? Surveillance, social pressure outweighing individual expectations. Proposed explanation by Asch.
- Informational influence: when? thinking/focus? Uncertainty about the source. Proposed explanation by Sherif.
- Asch paradigms: importance of dissent, dropping conformity.
- Group polarization: importance of dissent.
Referent Informational Influence
- Motive: information for self-concept through group identification.
- Prototype: basis of influence.
- Define meta-contrast. The role of comparison among ingroups and outgroups.
- Depersonalization.
- Self-uncertainty: what groups are attractive?
- Group polarization in an intergroup context.
Crowds
- Deindividuation: define anonymity, irrationality.
- Normative information: not a loss of personal identity, a gain of social identity; salient social identity as reference for influence within a crowd. (norms within a crowd).
- Riots and social movements: in established vs. transient communities; as a response to oppression.
Enforcement
- Ostracism: effects on the target. Reflexive stage: Hurt/pain, affective response. Even from despised groups. Reflective stage (attempting to recover). Self-affirmation, distraction, conform to group, open to influence, better memory for social information, increase work on collective tasks.
- Inclusionary need: to belong, prosocial response (gain entry). Power/need for meaningful existence: aggressive response (gain attention, control).
- Why derogate norm violators? Protect group identity; perceived black sheep effect. Correcting/persuading deviants.
- Who can dissent? People who strongly identify with the group, acting on behalf of the group. Leaders (leader transgression credit). Intergroup sensitivity.
Minority Influence
- Conversion theory: Moscovici's name. All influence attempts create either/or (situation/conflict).
- Majorities: social comparison, resolve by going along with the majority, only conversion if liked.
- Minorities: verification, resolve privately, leading to conversion through scrutinizing the message. Behavioral style: consistency, flexibility, distinctiveness. Divergent & convergent thinking, creativity.
Dual process models
- Majorities: interpersonal focus, compliance.
- Minorities: message focus, conversion. But when and how? Latent & delayed attitudes, indirect attitudes/interattitudinal network, ingroup leniency. Social context, when you can see direct attitude change from minority. Outgroup influence (from a SCT perspective).
Social Change
- Achieving positive identity in response to subordination.
- Nature of intergroup relations: permeability, stability, legitimacy.
- Types: 1. Social mobility – permeable boundaries, often legitimate, 2. Social creativity – often impermeable boundaries, 3. Social change – impermeable boundaries, illegitimate
- Politicized identity and collective action; definition and when to become aware of subordination (recognition of GBD/subordination, motivation).
Leadership
- Leadership: definitions, what it is and what it is not.
- Leadership schemas. Why is it difficult for nontraditional leaders to occupy leadership positions? Gender schemas, gender stereotypes, stereotype violation, intersectionality.
- Great leader theory, why it doesn't hold. Charisma.
- Social identity perspectives on leadership; group & leader – reciprocal interactions.
- Role of prototypicality/influence: why so influential?
- Are prototypical leaders worth it? Trust, effective, likeable, on the group’s behalf.
- Trust even when failing. Leaders' transgression credits. Deviance, entrepreneurs of identity, shaping the group prototype (engaged followership, plausible deniability).
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