2024 9COM Employment & Work Futures Consolidated Pack PDF

Employment & Work Futures Term 3 1 3.2 Work & Wellbeing 9 Benefits of Work Economic and wellbeing benefits of work (Textbook Reference: 3.2.1 Page 113) *An income pays for the water bill, a fridge, groceries, transport, your house. *If people did not work food production...

Employment & Work Futures Term 3 1 3.2 Work & Wellbeing 9 Benefits of Work Economic and wellbeing benefits of work (Textbook Reference: 3.2.1 Page 113) *An income pays for the water bill, a fridge, groceries, transport, your house. *If people did not work food production would stop, people would begin to starve, other supplies such as electricity, gas and clean water would dry up. The very nature of society would change, as would Australia’s ability to trade with other countries. *Economic benefit = *Individuals contribute money whenever they choose to buy goods and services to satisfy needs and wants. *Workers pay taxes to the government. The government will then redistribute these funds and provide the collective wants that the society desires such as education, health, roads, railways, and social welfare such as the aged pension. Work to earn a living (Textbook Reference: 3.2.2 Page 113) *You need money to fund your lifestyle. *Earning a living is often the primary reason that people work. 14 Benefits of Work Why do people work? (Textbook Reference: 3.2.3 Page 114) 15 Benefits of Work Create a summary of each of the benefits. Include examples to support Resources: Textbook Reference: 3.2.4 Page 114 - 117 The Top 10 Benefits of Having a Job in 2024 15 Benefits of a Job 16 3.3 Workplace Participants 19 Who is in the workplace? Can you describe the roles within the workplace? Who do you know in the workplace? Are you in the workplace? How have you been in the workplace? 21 Who is in the workplace? There are many groups involved in the workplace: ❏ Employers ❏ Employees ❏ Governments - State & Commonwealth ❏ Contractors ❏ Trade unions Use page 118-124 of your textbook to Summarise each of the groups Involved in the workplace. Add these to your worksheet summary. 22 Employees An employee is someone who works Can you think of some examples for another person or entity in return where someone is classed as an for financial compensation. This work employee? Give 4 different may vary in a number of ways examples. including the nature of the work -Give the workplace completed, the level of responsibility and the time spent completing the -How / What is the financial work. compensation? -What are their responsibilities? 23 Employers Employers responsibilities: A diverse range of employers exists within Australia. ❏ a safe workplace ❏ adequate financial compensation for As 30 June 2023 there were 2,589,873 work completed actively trading businesses in Australia. ❏ necessary and relevant education and The majority of these were micro training businesses with only one to four ❏ contributions to superannuation employees. ❏ essential rights to employees (such as adequate breaks and supervision). 24 Governments - State and Federal Governments play a crucial role in the Australian workplace. By setting and enforcing employment standards, our governments are one of the most important components of the Australian working Remember that the federal government oversees the laws which are created to regulate and protect environment. The regulation of: workers in workplaces and employment. -minimum wages and conditions -workplace safety https://www.fairwork.gov.au/about-us/workplace- laws/annual-wage-review/2023-2024-annual- - leave and superannuation entitlements wage- review#:~:text=From%201%20July%202024%2C %20the,or%20after%201%20July%202024. 25 Employer’s Responsibilities Watch the clip: Outline what the Fair Work Act (2009) covers. 26  Fair Work Commission Watch the clip : Explain the role of the commission for employers and employees. 27 Employer Associations Employers also have found it Research the AIG website: necessary to join together to protect https://www.aigroup.com.au/news/webi their common interests. nars-podcasts/ Why do you think it is important for Listen to a PODCAST on one of their employers to protect their interests? industry issues in the Archive: Think, PAIR, share with someone Report on the issue back to the class: next to you. ❏ outline the issue ❏ who does it affect? ❏ why is your topic an issue in the workplace? ❏ describe some of the solutions/support systems employers can use if they need 28 help Trade Unions They are organisations of workers who actively seek better pay, safer Research the ACTU: working conditions and increased Australian Council of Trade Unions job security. It is not compulsory for workers in a particular industry to Outline; join a union, although it is strongly -What they do? encouraged by union members. -Who do they represent? Search FIVE examples of trade unions and note down in your -Describe one current campaign books. they have running at the moment. 29 3.4 Types of Employment 31 Types of employment “Contractors” and Gig Choose what jobs they want to Negotiated - fluctuating wages,set their own take, take on more than one N/A N/A economy workers contract at a time, rates, no job security. Advantage for flexibility of hours a and in some cases work remotely. Advantage for business is lower total labour costs. 32 Types of Employment 33 Full time employment Full time employees usually work 38 hours each week. Full time employees are usually employed on permanent basis or fixed term contract. https://www.fairwork.gov.au/starti ng-employment/types-of- employees/full-time-employees 34 Part time employment Part time employees usually work less than 38 hours each week. Part time employees are usually employed on permanent basis or fixed term contract. https://www.fairwork.gov.au/starti ng-employment/types-of- employees/part-time-employees 35 Unpaid work vs Paid work Paid work is defined by the Australia Bureau of Statistics as performing services for one hour or more per week in return for receiving money or income Unpaid work comprises of those tasks performed without receiving an income. https://www.fairwork.gov.au/st arting-employment/unpaid- Estimated hours per week of unpaid work and care by gender.(Supplied: Deloitte Access Economics analysis work of HILDA data 2019) 36 Volunteering Volunteering is providing help or a service to a person or organisation for no financial gain. 37 Apprenticeships An apprenticeship is a structured training arrangement of usually 3.5 – 4 years duration. The training combine practical experience at work with complementary off-the-job training with a Registered Training Organisation (RTO). Apprentice is a person who has agreed to work for a skilled person for a particular period of time and often for lower wages in order to gain knowledge and skills about a particular job — for example, an apprentice plumber 38 Traineeships Traineeship is the combination of employment and training in order to gain a qualification A traineeship is a training agreement between the trainee and their respective employer whereby the employer agrees to train the trainee in a specific industry, and the trainee agrees to work and learn. Traineeships are available for people of all ages and usually last between 9 to 49 months, depending on the vocation and certificate level undertaken. 39 Full time employment 41 Part time employment 42 Traineeship 43 Apprenticeship 44 Volunteer ‘I wanted to contribute a bit more to my community. I only go to uni two days per week and I also work another two days. I realised that volunteer work was a nice way for me to give back to the people who helped me so much. So I signed up to be a volunteer lifeguard. I get about one shift per week, which is normally on a weekend. This suits me because I can enjoy the beach, and get to keep fit and active as well as helping out where needed. I think I got the desire to volunteer from my mum — she volunteers at a homeless shelter two nights per week. She always told me how rewarding it is to give and expect nothing back, and she is right! I love the satisfaction I get from assisting others with my skills and being a good citizen.’ 45 Forms of Income A WAGE is a fixed A SALARY is the regular payment total remuneration paid in increments, package = base calculated per hour pay,leave or per week allowances, superannuation and any further benefits (bonus) 48 Forms of Income PROFIT is the A DIVIDEND is a earnings of a self- sum of money paid employed business by a company to owner. its shareholders out of its profit. Profit= Revenue - Expenses 49 Forms of Income COMMISSION is the earnings that are based on a percentage of the sales made by an employee. 50 3.5 The Nature of Work 54 Primary industries 59 Secondary Industries 60 Tertiary Industries 61 Tertiary Industries: Quaternary Industry 62 Tertiary Industries: Quinary Industry 63 Changes in Occupations 1900 – nearly one third worked in the primary industry Primary Industry Today – only 3% work in the primary industry People moved from farms to factories Secondary Today - only 17% work in the secondary industry Industry Today – 80% of the labour force work in the Tertiary tertiary industry Industry 64 Largest Employing Industry 65 Job Changes Over Time 66 Changes in Occupations Question: Explain (state cause and effect) why there have been changes to the labour force working in primary, secondary and tertiary industries. ( Use statistics in your answer from material in this section) 69 3.6 Patterns of Employment 70 Labour market What is the labour market? The labour market, also known as the job market, refers to the supply of and demand for labour. Labour markets are often mentioned in the news headlines: we hear about people being hired by companies, being employed or losing their jobs and becoming unemployed. Newspapers, TV and other news media also frequently talk about people working on short- term contracts, or working part-time to balance work and family life or because they cannot find a full-time job. 71 Participation rate The participation rate is the proportion of people aged 15 years or over employed 73 or actively looking for work. Diversity and Inclusion 74 The Changing Roles of Women and Men 75 Gender Pay Gap in 2022 / 2023 77 Full-Time, Part-Time and Casual Work 2024 Update 14.5 million employees in May 2024 9.9 million Full time employees in June 2024 4.46 million Part time employees in June 2024 Full time = $1,838 average weekly income (ABS 2023) or $95,500 per year Part time = $ 798.70 average weekly income (ABS 2023) or $41,484 per year On average men earnt $1,982.80 per week and women earnt $1744.80 per week. 78 Full-Time, Part-Time and Casual Work Full-time: Part-time: 38 hrs or more per week Less than 38 hrs per week Or agreed/Award hours Hours fixed or flexible Ongoing work Ongoing work Casual: No fixed hours Work intermittent 79 Workforce casualisation Workforce casualisation is the Click on the image to find process in which employment shifts out what from a preponderance of full-time underemployment and permanent positions to casual is: and contract positions. In Australia, 35% of all workers are casual or contract employees who are not paid for sick leave or annual leave. 81 Hours of Work Technology-enabled connectivity = perception that people will be available outside of traditional working hours Increase in part-time employment No more 9-5 Retail = increase on weekends and late-night shopping Bars, restaurants & nightclubs staying open later Call centre staff available from early am to late pm. 84 Work-life balance Cost savings ‘Family friendly’ workplace practices to motivate & retain staff e.g. workplace childcare, family leave & home- based work. The Federal Government recently made changes to the paid parental leave scheme, increasing the entitlement period from 18 to 20 weeks for children born after 1 July 2024. With the additional 2 weeks leave for the partner, this is a total of 22 weeks for the family. Source: Revenue NSW -NSW Government. https://www.revenue.nsw.gov.au/news-media-releases/paid-parental- leave-pta037v2 Flexible working conditions = Flexible working hours, job sharing, permanent part-time work 86 Availability of jobs > late 1960’s > late 1990’s > today Employment in Growth in service industry production industries >property & business services, accommodation, cafes & >mining, construction, restaurants, culture & manufacturing, gas & recreational services, water, agriculture, personal services, insurance, fishing & forestry. health & community services, retail, education, transport & communication, trade & finance. 92 Job security Employment cutbacks Automation Downsizing Increased competition from imports & non-unionised domestic companies https://theconversation.com/redundancies- have-unintended-consequences-for-all- Research and Summarise activity: employees-even-those-who-keep-their-jobs- Job Security in Australia (Google 203364 Doc) https://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/sad-reality- aussie-workforce-043318613.html 99 Career Lengths 10 0 Career lengths 10 1 Career lengths Reasons to change jobs: Reasons to remain in a job: Social reasons Lack of opportunity Economic reasons Security Career-related reasons Convenience Workplace inclusion/exclusion or Feeling valued in a role bullying Liking your colleagues A short commute The need to build superannuation funds Long service leave 10 2 What is technology? Definition: Technology refers to the application of science or knowledge that enables people to do new things or perform established tasks in new and better ways. 10 4 Current technologies in the workplace Technology in manufacturing/processing: Robotics, for example, mechanical arms for repetitive tasks in manufacturing environments, surgery CAD / CAM, for example: laser cutting Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning 3D Printing Employee Time Tracking System Technology in the selling process: Teleconferencing Website and app purchasing for online sales Electronic payments Interactive / self-ordering kiosks Digital intelligence technology, for example: using algorithms to predict consumer preferences Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) 10 5 Current technologies in the workplace Technology in the office: Office automation (smart buildings) – heating, cooling, lighting Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) screens Electronic whiteboards Cyber security Remote collaborative tools – hybrid work environments digital conferencing and communication tools, e.g. Microsoft Teams, Zoom Cloud based platforms and services Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning e.g. ChatGPT Internet of Things (IoT) Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR) Design Technology, e.g. Canva, Adobe 10 6 Impact of technology on the manufacturing process Advantages Disadvantages Can allow a business to develop innovative Requires staff retraining products Decreased costs in the long-term, e.g. removing Expensive to buy/high initial costs labour costs through substitution with technology Increased quality/precision with robotics and Require ongoing maintenance automation Increased speed / decrease production time frames Need to keep up with the frequency and pace of (therefore improved lead times) new technology releases Increased efficiency/productivity Staff redundancy payments Decreased errors/defects Could require reorganising machinery and equipment layout (which is timely) Decreased wastage Can deliver customisation, e.g. change pattern, colour of paint, selection of parts 10 7 Globalisation Business developing an international presence and/or operating on an international scale Expansion overseas = jobs going overseas = reduces costs for the company (overheads & labour) = reduces costs for consumers = 24 hr service delivery 11 0 Sharing economy An economic system whereby goods & services are shared between individuals either for free or a fee (Usually an online platform) *Cheaper goods & services *Workers treated as individual contractors=lower *Extra income for providers wages & poorer working conditions *Flexible employment opportunities *Causes problems for traditional companies 11 1 Changes in the workforce 11 4 3.8 Rights & Responsibilities in the Workplace 12 3 Overview Key Concepts 1. Employment Contracts 6. Rights and Obligations of Employees and Employers 2. Modern Awards 7. Employee Entitlements – 3. What are Penalty rates? National Employment 4. Enterprise Agreements Standards (NES) 5. Common Law Contracts 8. Independent Contractors 9. Employment Contracts – The new Industrial Landscape 12 4 Employment Contracts Employment Contract: A legally binding agreement between an employee and an employer. When you begin your first job, both you and your employer enter into an employment agreement. Every employer and employee is bound by a contract of employment. There are three important elements to these contracts: 1. Offer 2. Acceptance 3. Consideration 12 5 Employment contracts A document that Agreement about When an employer & outlines an pay & conditions an individual employee’s made at a employee negotiate a minimum pay & workplace / contract covering pay conditions. enterprise level. and conditions. 12 6 Modern Awards Award: A document that outlines an employee’s minimum pay and conditions. Modern awards include information about: ○ Wages, including penalty rates and overtime ○ Hours of work, and rest breaks ○ Uniform or tool allowances ○ Types of Leave – Sick, Holiday, Maternity, Long Service, Study, or Family Leave ○ Superannuation ○ Redundancy entitlements 12 8 What are penalty rates? Penalty rates are usually paid for working: …A compulsory - Weekends minimum pay rate for - Public Holidays employees (workers) that is higher than - Overtime usual. - Late night shifts or; - Early morning shifts 12 9 Enterprise Agreements The key features of enterprise agreements are they: 1. may cover rates of pay, overtime, hours of work, allowances and leave 2. must be in writing and approved by all parties 3. must be approved by Fair Work Commission (FWC), who must be satisfied that the agreement: ○ passes a ‘better off overall test’ (BOOT) compared to the modern award ○ does not include any unlawful conditions ○ has an expiry date ○ outlines how disputes are settled ○ includes a flexibility clause allowing for variations if required. 13 0 Common Law Contracts Common law (employment) contracts cover those employees who are not under any award or enterprise agreements. They are more common among professional and managerial employees. Such contracts are signed individually and are secret; that is, not open to public scrutiny. 13 1 Rights & Obligations of Employees and Employers Employees Expect Employers will: Employers expect Employees to: Pay correct income (set by Award Obey lawful and reasonable / Agreement) commands Provide safe, healthy, & Attend work at required times Discrimination-Free workplace Use care and skill in carrying Provide a Pay-Slip showing your work total pay and the calculation Act in good faith and in the Not force illegal work interests of the employer Abide by laws including industrial Dress appropriately relations Respect colleagues and employer 13 3 Employee Entitlements: National Employment Standards (NES) most employees are entitled to a set of 11 minimum employment entitlements known as the National Employment Standards (NES). designed to provide a greater safety net for employees, particularly for the most vulnerable and low-paid employees in the workforce. apply to all full-time and part-time employees, whether permanent or fixed term. Some of the NES also apply to casual employees. 13 5 # Standard Detail 1 Maximum weekly hours of work 38 hours per week + reasonable additional hours 2 Request for flexible working arrangements for parents or carers of children under 18 3 Offers and requests to convert from casual After 12 months of employment, employer needs to offer the option to to permanent employment convert to full-time or part-time - small businesses exempt if