Thermal Properties II 2024-2025 PDF

Thermal Properties Dr Elena Tejado Properties of Materials [email protected] Thermal Characterization Techniques Materials Science Department  Introduction 1. Intro...

Thermal Properties Dr Elena Tejado Properties of Materials [email protected] Thermal Characterization Techniques Materials Science Department  Introduction 1. Introduction I. Temperature measurement II. Heat transfer 2. Thermal properties 3. Thermal conductivity measurement I. Steady-state methods II. Transient state methods 4. Thermal analysis i. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) ii. Differential Scale Calorimetry (DSC) iii. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) iv. Dynamic mechanical Analyzer (DMA) 5. Laboratory practice 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 2  1. Introduction How can we measure temperature? 1. Mechanical devices (liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic strips, bulb & capillary, pressure type etc.) 2. Thermoresistive (Resistance temperature detectors, RTDs, and thermistors) 3. Thermojunctive (thermocouples) 4. Radiative (infrared and optical pyrometers) Retrieved from: NIST, PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 3  1. Introduction How can we measure temperature? 1. Mechanical devices (liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic strips, bulb & capillary, pressure type etc.) A change in temperature causes a mechanical motion (i.e. volumetric expansion) Liquids, solids, or even gases as the temperature- sensitive material The mechanical motion is read on a physical scale to infer the temperature First standardized by Daniel G. Fahrenheit in 1714 Organic fluid (-196 ºC to 150 ºC), Hg (-38 to 350 ºC) ASTM E1-14 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2194635/Rare-mercury-thermometer-Daniel-Fahrenheit-early-1700s-set-fetch-100-000-auction.html 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 4  1. Introduction How can we measure temperature? 1. Mechanical devices (liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic strips, bulb & capillary, pressure type etc.) A change in temperature causes a mechanical motion (i.e. volumetric expansion) Liquids, solids, or even gases are used as the temperature-sensitive material The mechanical motion is read on a physical scale to infer the temperature Retrieved from: NIST, PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 5  1. Introduction How can we measure temperature? An RTD is the sensor of choice when sensitivity and application flexibility are the most important criteria. When it comes to component cost, an RTD is more expensive than a thermocouple. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 6  Introduction How is temperature measured? 3. Thermojunctive (thermocouples) Seebeck effect (thermoelectric effect): a voltage is caused by the presence of a temperature gradient along an electrical conductor. T increases lattice oscillations and kinetic energy of free electrons Heat is converted into electrical energy by diffusion of charged particles due to temperature gradients 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 7  Introduction How is temperature measured? That difference in charge between the positive and negative wire leads can be measured and used to calculate the heat at the hot junction. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 8  Introduction Question: can I burn the thermocouple with a gas lighter? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XP-OsRPww0c 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 9  1. Introduction How can we measure temperature? 2. Thermoresistive (RTDs and thermistors) A change in temperature causes the electrical resistance of a material to change A resistance temperature detector (RTD) is basically either a long, small diameter metal wire (Pt-PRT, Balco) wound in a coil or an etched grid on a substrate, ~ strain gauge. Retrieved from: NIST, PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 10  1. Introduction How can we measure temperature? 2. Thermoresistive (RTDs and thermistors) A change in temperature causes the electrical resistance of a material to change Thermistors are temperature sensitive semiconductors that exhibit a large change in resistance (NTC – PTC) over a relatively small range of temperature Range of optimal performance: -50 °C to 200 °C Retrieved from: NIST, PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 11  1. Introduction Choosing the right temperature sensor 1. Understand the measurement application and requirements. Determine an appropriate response time. How much accuracy is required? 2. Determine the temperature ranges that you must measure. Full range of possible temperatures. Linearity of each type that meets your range requirements; select the type with the most linear response over your range of interest to improve voltage- or resistance-to-temperature conversion accuracy. 3. Consider the environment in which you are deploying the sensors (i.e. shielding material) Temperature-to-Output response Response Time of Grounded versus of Sensors Sensitivity of Various Temperature Sensor Types Ungrounded Thermocouples 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 12  1. Introduction How can we measure temperature? 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 13  1. Introduction How can we measure temperature? 3. Radiative (infrared and optical pyrometers) An infrared temperature sensor determines temperature by measuring the intensity of energy given off by an object. The fundamental equation for radiation from a body is the Stefan-Boltzmann equation: 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 14  1. Introduction How can we measure temperature? 3. Radiative (infrared and optical pyrometers) The optical pyrometer uses an infrared radiation-sensitive sensor, e.g. a photodiode or a photoresistor, to compare the radiation from the unknown with that of the radiation from an internal incandescent source* This approach is very expensive, and due to the variability in emissivity of many physical bodies, it is not very accurate. However, for making non-contact measurements on very high temperature bodies such as molten glass and molten steel, the optical pyrometer excels. * Matters glow above 480 ºC, and the colour of visible radiation is proportional to the T 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 15  Introduction 1. Introduction I. Temperature measurement II. Heat transfer 2. Thermal properties 3. Thermal conductivity measurement I. Steady-state methods II. Transient state methods 4. Thermal analysis i. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) ii. Differential Scale Calorimetry (DSC) iii. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) iv. Dynamic mechanical Analyzer (DMA) 5. Laboratory practice 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 16  1. Introduction Mechanisms of heat transfer (a.k.a. heat transport)  Conduction and convection require the presence of temperature variations in a material medium.  Although radiation originates from matter, its transport does not require a material medium and occurs most efficiently in a vacuum (i.e. Sun!) 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 17  1. Introduction 1. Convection 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 18  1. Introduction 2. Radiation The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is determined by the Stefan- Boltzmann law of radiation: Emissivity (ε): a measure of how closely a surface approximates a blackbody for which ε = 1 of the Surface. 0≤ε≤1 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 19  1. Introduction 2. Radiation The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is determined by the Stefan- Boltzmann law of radiation: Emissivity (ε): a measure of how closely a surface approximates a blackbody for which ε = 1 of the Surface. 0≤ε≤1 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 20  1. Introduction 3. Conduction  It is the heat transfer in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas or liquid) due to the random motion of its constituent atoms, molecules and /or electrons.  Conduction is the heat transfer analogue of diffusion in mass transfer. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 21  1. Introduction 3. Conduction  In gases and liquids, the energy-transferring particles are those particles that can move freely. In this way, energy is transferred from one particle to another by collisions.  In metallic solids: the free conduction electrons are mainly responsible for the good thermal conductivity.  In non-metallic solids, there are no real free particles, but the molecules are elastically bound to each other by binding forces. Heat transfer in such cases can be regarded as a transfer of vibrational energy from one particle to the next (phonons) 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 22  1. Introduction 3. Conduction 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 24  Introduction 1. Introduction I. Temperature measurement II. Heat transfer 2. Thermal properties 3. Thermal conductivity measurement I. Steady-state methods II. Transient state methods 4. Thermal analysis i. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) ii. Differential Scale Calorimetry (DSC) iii. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) iv. Dynamic mechanical Analyzer (DMA) 5. Laboratory practice 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 25  2. What is thermal conductivity? Thermal conductivity describes a materials ability to conduct heat. It is an intrinsic material property, independent of material shape or size* 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 26  2. Thermal properties Thermal conductivity (k-Value or λ-value) is the time rate of steady-state heat flow through a unit area of a homogeneous material induced by a unit temperature gradient in a direction perpendicular to that unit area, W/m⋅K. Where L – Thickness of the specimen (m) T – Temperature (K) q – Heat flow rate, heat flow density (W/m2) 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 27  2. Thermal properties 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 28  2.Thermal properties 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 29  2.Thermal properties Thermal resistance (R-Value) is the temperature difference, at steady state, between two defined surfaces of a material or construction that induces a unit heat flow rate through a unit area, K⋅m2/W. Sample Thickness Thermal Conductivity Thermal resistance testing uses a Heat Flow Meter to determine the resistance 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 30  2. Thermal properties Applications 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 31  2. Thermal properties Testing thermally conductive Self-adhesive Tapes https://www.tesa.com/en/industry/automotive/applications/e-mobility 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 32  2.Thermal properties Specific heat capacity (Cp) A material property that indicates the amount of energy a body stores for each degree increase in temperature, on a per unit mass basis. J/Kg.ºC: the amount of energy in the form of heat to be transferred per unit mass of material to increase its temperature by 1 °C. Q = heat energy M = mass C = specific heat capacity ΔT = change in temperature 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 33  2.Thermal properties Specific heat capacity (Cp) A material property that indicates the amount of energy a body stores for each degree increase in temperature, on a per unit mass basis J/Kg.ºC: the amount of energy in the form of heat to be transferred per unit mass of material to increase its temperature by 1 °C 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 34  2.Thermal properties Specific heat capacity (Cp) 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 35  2.Thermal properties Specific heat capacity (Cp) 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 36  2.Thermal properties Specific heat capacity (Cp) A material property that indicates the amount of energy a body stores for each degree increase in temperature, on a per unit mass basis J/Kg.ºC: the amount of energy in the form of heat to be transferred per unit mass of material to increase its temperature by 1 °C 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 37  2.Thermal properties Thermal effusivity (e-Value) is a measure of its ability to exchange thermal energy with its surroundings. It is also referred to as “thermal inertia”. Where: e is the Thermal Effusivity k is the Thermal Conductivity ρ is the Density cp is the Specific Heat Capacity 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 38  2. Thermal properties The warm feel-cool touch product performance index Chinese team makes fabric to cool without electricity C-Therm Technologies Ltd. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 39  2. Thermal properties The warm feel-cool touch product performance index Measured with a Transient Plane Source (TPS-3) C-Therm Technologies Ltd. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 40  Case highlight: The warm feel-cool touch product performance index C-Therm Technologies Ltd. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 41  Case highlight: Effect of moisture on two different fabrics Figure 1. Thermal effusivity values of a generic athletic fabric (red) and a fabric with superior moisture-wicking properties (blue) plotted against moisture level (% water saturation) with a touch time of 2 seconds. C-Therm Technologies Ltd. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 42  2.Thermal properties Thermal diffusivity (α) Rate of temperature spread through a material (m2/s) It is calculated from the thermal conductivity (k) and the heat thermal capacity (Cp) at constant pressure Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity are two terms that describe the heat transfer through a particular material (“ability vs rate”) Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 “On thermal diffusivity” – Agustin Salazar – May 2003 European Journal of Physics 24(4):351; 10.1088/0143-0807/24/4/353 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 43  2.Thermal properties Energy storage applications α Quick response (charge/discharge) cp large amount of heat being stored Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 15, p.131-177 https://doi.org/10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004651 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 44  2.Thermal properties Thermal expansion Linear (α) and volumetric (β) expansion coefficients are defined, respectively, as the relative change in length or volume per unit temperature change at a fixed pressure. Common units are °C−1. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 45  2.Thermal properties Thermal expansion: 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II  2. Thermal properties Thermal and mechanical characterization of high performance polymer fabrics for applications in wearable devices Candadai, A.A., Nadler, E.J., Burke, J.S. et al. Thermal and mechanical characterization of high performance polymer fabrics for applications in wearable devices. Sci Rep 11, 8705 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021- 87957-7 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II  2. Thermal properties Glossary of additional thermal properties Thermal resistance (R-Value) is the temperature difference, at steady state, between two defined surfaces of a material or construction that induces a unit heat flow rate through a unit area, K⋅m2/W. thermal diffusivity, α. A material property that describes the rate at which heat diffuses through a body. It is a function of the body's thermal conductivity and its specific heat. Thermal conductance (C-Value) is the time rate of steady state heat flow through a unit area of a material or construction induced by a unit temperature difference between the body surfaces, in W/m2⋅K. Consequently, the value of the thermal conductance can be calculated by dividing the thermal conductivity with the thickness of the specimen. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 48  Introduction 1. Introduction I. Temperature measurement II. Heat transfer 2. Thermal properties 3. Thermal conductivity measurement I. Steady-state methods II. Transient state methods 4. Thermal analysis i. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) ii. Differential Scale Calorimetry (DSC) iii. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) iv. Dynamic mechanical Analyzer (DMA) 5. Laboratory practice 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 49  3. Thermal conductivity measurement The term steady implies no change with time. The opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient. A large number of engineering devices operate for long periods of time under the same conditions, and they are classified as steady-flow devices.  Steady-State methods are restrictive in terms of the valid thermal conductivity range, and to fully equip a lab with steady-state instrumentation for thermal conductivity, three or four different instruments may be needed. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 50  3. Thermal conductivity Standards ASTM C177/C177‐13, standard test method for steady‐state heat flux measurements and thermal transmission properties by means of the guarded‐hot‐plate apparatus. ASTM C518/C518‐10/C518‐15, standard test method for steady‐state thermal transmission properties by means of the heat‐flow meter apparatus. ASTM C335/335‐10e1, standard test method for steady‐state heat transfer properties of pipe ınsulation. ASTM C653‐97(2012), standard guide for determination of the thermal resistance of low‐density blanket‐type mineral fiber insulation. ASTM C680‐14, standard practice for estimate of the heat gain or loss and the surface temperatures of insulated flat, cylindrical, and spherical systems by use of computer programs. ASTM C687‐12, standard practice for determination of thermal resistance of loose‐fill building ınsulation. ASTM C1303/C1303M‐15, standard test method for predicting long‐term thermal resistance of closed‐cell foam ınsulation. ASTM C1114‐06(2013), standard test method for steady‐state thermal transmission properties by means of the thin‐heater apparatus. ASTM C1363/C1363‐05/ C1363‐11, standard test method for thermal performance of building materials and envelope assemblies by means of a hot box apparatus. ASTM C1667‐15, standard test method for using heat‐flow meter apparatus to measure the center‐of‐panel thermal transmission properties of vacuum insulation panels. ASTM C1696‐14ae1, standard guide for industrial thermal insulation systems. ASTM C1774‐13, standard guide for thermal performance testing of cryogenic insulation systems. ASTM D5470‐06, standard test method for thermal transmission properties of thermally conductive electrical insulation materials. ASTM E1225‐09/E1225‐13, standard test method for thermal conductivity of solids by means of the guarded‐comparative‐longitudinal heat‐flow technique. ASTM E1530‐06/E1530‐11, standard test method for evaluating the resistance to thermal transmission of materials by the guarded heat‐flow meter technique. ASTM F433‐02 (2009, 2014), standard practice for evaluating thermal conductivity of gasket materials ASTM D5334‐08, standard test method for determination of thermal conductivity of soil and soft rock by thermal needle probe procedure. ISO 8301/8302, thermal insulation—determination of steady‐state thermal resistance and related properties—heat‐flow meter/guarded hot‐plate apparatus. ASTM C1113/C1113M‐09 (2013), standard test method for thermal conductivity of refractories by hot wire (platinum resistance thermometer technique). 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 51  3. Thermal conductivity methods 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 53  3. Thermal conductivity methods Source of error: parasitic heat losses (e.g., through the wall of the instrument, or through air convection on the edge of the sample) → use of large cross-section samples 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 54  3. Thermal conductivity methods Comparison of measurement methods and material type for the ranges of thermal conductivity 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 55  3. Thermal conductivity methods 1. Heat flow meter method (HFM)  Best for low-k, insulation materials (i.e. foams, aerogels, etc.)  Not suitable for high-k or anisotropic materials characterization  Results “average” across a large area  Not able to detect spot to spot variation or side to side differences  Strict sample requirements based on plate geometries  Long test times (minutes to hours)  Conforms to ASTM C177, C51, E1530, E1225, etc. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 56  3.1. Steady-State Methods 1. Heat flow meter method (HFM)  Test specimen is placed between two heated plates controlled to a user-defined mean sample temperature and temperature drop to measure heat flowing through the specimen.  After reaching a thermal equilibrium, the test is done.  ASTM C518, ISO 8301, JIS A1412, DIN EN 12664, and DIN EN 12667 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 57  3.1. Steady-State Methods 1. Heat flow meter method (HFM)  Guarded-Hot-Plate method is used to measure thermal conductivity directly on the basis of the measured values, it is also referred to as an absolute measurement method.  Heat-Flow-Meter method is a so-called relative measurement method (it is necessary to calibrate the heat flow sensors with a material of known thermal conductivity)  The measuring range of the thermal conductivity values is comparable to the GHP method, but is usually limited to temperatures between -50 °C and +150 °C. Thermal transmittance u (U-value) can be calculated by: 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 58  3.1. Steady-State Methods 2. Guarded Hot Plate Method (GHP) A material sample is heated from one side by an electrically heated plate. The heat output (= rate of heat flow) corresponds to the electrical power supplied to the heating Default standard in building materials Restricted to materials with < 1 W/mK ISO 8302, ASTM C177 or DIN EN 12667 https://www.tec-science.com/thermodynamics/heat/guarded-hot-plate-method-for-determining-thermal-conductivity-ghp/ 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 59  3.1. Steady-State Methods 2. Guarded Hot Plate Method (GHP) At significantly lower temperatures (e.g. -150 °C) or at significantly higher temperatures (e.g. 600 °C) the measurement uncertainty due to heat loss to the environment is somewhat greater and is in the order of about 5 %. k/λ determined directly, i.e. GHP is an absolute measurement method Summary: The heat output within the heat conduction zone on which the determination of the thermal conductivity is based is only determined by the electrical output of the heating plate! https://www.tec-science.com/thermodynamics/heat/guarded-hot-plate-method-for-determining-thermal-conductivity-ghp/ 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 60  3. Thermal conductivity  Steady-State methods are restrictive in terms of the valid thermal conductivity range, and to fully equip a lab with steady-state instrumentation for thermal conductivity, three or four different instruments may be needed. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 61  Transient Methods In transient methods, the heat source is applied in a periodic manner or as a pulse rather than continuously, as in steady-state methods. Since the measured thermal effects are transient, these methods do not require long thermal stabilization times, and this means dramatically shorter test times for transient vs. steady-state methods (minutes vs. hours). Additionally, the extremely short test times and small temperature increases allow less opportunity for the interference of other heat- transfer mechanisms, such as radiation or convection, which simplifies the experimental design requirements for avoiding parasitic heat losses (in most cases). Short test times also mean that there is less opportunity for the redistribution of any volatile components within a sample, producing a measurement that is more representative of the material in its unaltered state. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 62  3.2. Transient Methods 1. Transient-Hot-Wire method (THW)  Thermal conductivity is determined by the change in temperature over time at a certain distance from a heating wire.  The technique is based on recording the transient temperature rise of a thin vertical metal wire with infinite length when a step voltage is applied to it. 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 63  3.2. Transient Methods 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 64  3.2. Transient Methods 1. Transient-Hot-Wire method (THW) 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 65  3.2. Transient Methods 1. Transient-Hot-Wire method (THW)  Ideal for gas and liquids whose thermal conductivities are between 0.1 and 50 W/(mK).  If the thermal conductivities are too high, the diagram often does not show a linear relationship, so that no evaluation is possible  ASTM D7896-19 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 66  3.2. Transient Methods 1. Transient-Hot-Wire method (THW) 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 67  3.2. Transient Methods 2. Laser flash diffusivity 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 69  3.2. Transient Methods 2. Laser flash diffusivity 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 70  3.2. Transient Methods 2. Laser flash diffusivity 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 71  3.2. Transient Methods 3. Transient plane source (TPS) 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 72  3.2. Transient Methods 3. Transient plane source (TPS) 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 73  3.2. Transient Methods 3. Transient plane source (TPS) 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 74  3.2. Transient Methods 3. Transient plane source (TPS) 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 75  3.2. Transient Methods 4. Modified transient plane source (MTPS) 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 76  3.2. Transient Methods 4. Modified transient plane source (MTPS) 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 77  Resources Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, Seventh Edition in SI Units, Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles, McGraw-Hill, 2011 Y. Jannot and A. Degiovanni, Thermal Properties Measurement of Materials, Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Son Inc., 2018. CRC Press, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 98 ed., J. R. Rumble, Ed., CRC Press, 2017-2018. Hosseinian, H., Ortiz Ortega, E., Aguilar Meza, I.B., Rodríguez Vera, A., Rosales López, M.J., Hosseini, S. (2022). Characterization Techniques for Thermal Analysis. In: Material Characterization Techniques and Applications. Progress in Optical Science and Photonics, vol 19. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9569-8_5 George Youssef, Chapter 11 - Characterization of polymers, Editor(s): George Youssef, Applied Mechanics of Polymers, Elsevier, 2022, Pages 273-299, ISBN 9780128210789, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821078-9.00016-8. UNE-EN-ISO 11358 N. Yüksel, ‘The Review of Some Commonly Used Methods and Techniques to Measure the Thermal Conductivity of Insulation Materials’, Insulation Materials in Context of Sustainability. InTech, Aug. 31, 2016. doi: 10.5772/64157 6th November 2024 Properties of Materials - Thermal Properties II 78