Cytology, Embryology, and Systematic Zoology (1) Past Paper PDF

‫‪10/12/2024‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ا‪ ‬ا‪ ‬ا‪‬‬ ‫‪Course title:‬‬ ‫‪Cytology, embryology, systematic zoology‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯾﺔ وأﺟﻧﺔ وﺗﺻﻧﯾف )ﺣﯾوان ﻋﺎم ‪(1‬‬ ‫‪L1: Dr Ahmed Abdelwahed Algazeery‬‬ ‫ﻷي إﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎر ﯾﺧص اﻟﻣﻘرر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺗب ‪ :‬ﻏرﻓﺔ...

‫‪10/12/2024‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ا‪ ‬ا‪ ‬ا‪‬‬ ‫‪Course title:‬‬ ‫‪Cytology, embryology, systematic zoology‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯾﺔ وأﺟﻧﺔ وﺗﺻﻧﯾف )ﺣﯾوان ﻋﺎم ‪(1‬‬ ‫‪L1: Dr Ahmed Abdelwahed Algazeery‬‬ ‫ﻷي إﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎر ﯾﺧص اﻟﻣﻘرر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺗب ‪ :‬ﻏرﻓﺔ رﻗم ‪ 405‬ﺑﺎﻟدور اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻣﺑﻧﻰ اﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن ‪ 8‬ﺻﺑﺎﺣﺎ – ‪ 2‬ﺑﻌد اﻟظﮭر‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ /‬أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑداﻟواﺣداﻟﺟزﯾري ‪ ،‬اﻟدور اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ اﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت ‪-‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬  10/12/2024 Biology: Bio. = life and ology. = to study , So, it means the study of living organisms 3 Living organisms Monera Human cyanobacteria Protista Animalia Plantae Fungi amoeba Birds mushroom 4 Plants - ‫ اﻟدور اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ اﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت‬، ‫ أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑداﻟواﺣداﻟﺟزﯾري‬/‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬ 2  10/12/2024 Characteristics of living organisms 1- Use of energy ‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ Living organisms are continually need energy to perform their vital activities 2- Growth ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ The bodies of living organism are gradually increase in size 3- Reproduction ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ All living organisms are reproduce i.e. able to produce it's similar individuals 4- Response to environment ‫اﻹﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺌﺔ‬ Living organisms must sense, interact and respond to their surrounding environments 5- Homeostasis ‫اﻻﺗﺰان اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻰ‬ Living organisms have a relatively fixed conditions of pH, temperature, concentrations of salts suitable for internal biological processes 6- Basis of structure ‫أﺳﺎس اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ living organisms are made up of small units named cells which modify and adapt according to their functions 5 Metazoa Many cell types perform different functions Human Parazoa All cells perform all functions Sponges Protozoa A single cell performs all functions 6 amoeba - ‫ اﻟدور اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ اﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت‬، ‫ أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑداﻟواﺣداﻟﺟزﯾري‬/‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬ 3  10/12/2024 Metazoa Many cell types perform different functions Human 7 Anatomy Molecular Biology Histology Cytology Physiology 8 - ‫ اﻟدور اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ اﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت‬، ‫ أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑداﻟواﺣداﻟﺟزﯾري‬/‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬ 4  10/12/2024 Cells are different shapes, sizes and types 75 trillion cells! (75 X 1024) Just one drop of human blood contains about 5 million RBCs. Cells display many types of cells differ in shapes, sizes, Structures modify to adapt their variable functions The human body has over 200 different types of cells. Human body may be composed of over 75 trillion cells! Just one drop of human blood contains about 5 million red blood cells. Due to the division of labors of cells, they display many types of cells differ in shapes, sizes, structures and modifications to adapt their functions. The human body has over 200 different types of cells. 9 Typical structure of animal cell ‫اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب اﻟﻧﻣوذﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺧﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﯾﺔ‬ 10 - ‫ اﻟدور اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ اﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت‬، ‫ أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑداﻟواﺣداﻟﺟزﯾري‬/‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬ 5  10/12/2024 The cell’s brain (supervisor) 11 Genetic Material exist within the cell nucleus Genetic Material 12 - ‫ اﻟدور اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ اﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت‬، ‫ أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑداﻟواﺣداﻟﺟزﯾري‬/‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬ 6  10/12/2024 Genetic material In the nucleus the genetic information is long polymers of DNA DNA comprises huge information ranging from 106 to 1011 nitrogen base. This database is about 2 meter length library to occupy only 5-20 µm. 13 DNA is a long polymers of coded genetic information within the nucleus DNA comprises huge information ranging from 106 to 1011 nitrogen base. This database is about 2 meter length library to occupy only 5-20 µm. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is chemically stable Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) 14 - ‫ اﻟدور اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ اﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت‬، ‫ أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑداﻟواﺣداﻟﺟزﯾري‬/‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬ 7  ‫‪10/12/2024‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪Chromosomes & Chromatin‬‬ ‫‪Chromosome‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ /‬أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑداﻟواﺣداﻟﺟزﯾري ‪ ،‬اﻟدور اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ اﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت ‪-‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬  10/12/2024 Dark field EM, showing A- Chromatin, Beads on string the form genetic material in functioning state Nucleosome units Between cell divisions Electron microscopy shows chromatin as beads on a string, advanced studies revealed that the unit of chromatin fiber Is called nucleosomes 17 Nucleosomes Nucleosome Is the unit of chromatin fiber Which composed of a core particle of basic proteins = histones surrounded by 1.75 turns of DNA helix = 145 bp of DNA Core particle histone octamer contains two molecules each of: - histone H2A - histone H2B - histone H3 - histone H4 Linker histone H1 connect nucleosome units 18 - ‫ اﻟدور اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ اﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت‬، ‫ أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑداﻟواﺣداﻟﺟزﯾري‬/‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬ 9  10/12/2024 Nucleosome unit of chromatin DNA sequences H1 B- Chromosomes The form of genetic material where it compacted, condensed hardly forming two sister chromatids connected by a dense region called centromere Centromere The attachment point between sister chromatids and spindle fibers Telomere, The ends of chromosome Euchromatin, The active parts of the genome Heterochromatin, highly condensed, Inactive genome Located at centromeres and telomeres - ‫ اﻟدور اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ اﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت‬، ‫ أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑداﻟواﺣداﻟﺟزﯾري‬/‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬ 10