The Cell PDF

PA RM A The Cell R SS C Cell Defination - building blocks of life Cell. fundamental unit of life structural or functional basis of life ↓...

PA RM A The Cell R SS C Cell Defination - building blocks of life Cell. fundamental unit of life structural or functional basis of life ↓ C Tissue Cell Study -> is called cytology ↓ SS - Cyto: Cell Organs Logy: Study ↓ Organ system Cell Discovery. - R First discovery by: Robert Hooke (1665) Observed in cork A Cork is obtained from bark of tree ↓ RM Dead cell Cork Cell ↓ Father of PA cytology Sin Honeycomb shape - (with compartments)  Some other discoveries - in pond water ↑ I - n Atomic Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1674) Robert Brown (1831) Nuclues -- > ~ Free living cells in water (Father of modern cytology) C - ↑ Purkinje (1839) named Protoplasm - SS Cell Theory - ↑ “All the plants and animals are composed of cells” “Basic unit of life” ↓ ↑ Given by: Schleiden and Schwan (1838) R↓ Virchow further worked on it > New cells are formed A from Pre-existing cells Other characteristics: ---- RM Parts of Cell Selectively permeable (only allows some materials) 60-80% Proteins+lipids (composition) I -- Flexibility enables the cell W Cell membrane I to engulf food - Protects the cell: bodyguard -M Thin, elastic, flexible PA - W Living W Outer most covering - Provides definite shape and holds content of cell I Present in both plant and animal  Movements across Cell Nembrane - ↑ Diffusion - I Spontaneous movement of molecules from high to lower concentration C ->mixing Rate of Diffusion - SS Gases > liquids > solids ex: Agarbatti smell diffusion, ions/molecules - CO2 , O2 due to cellular activities, CO2 production - takes place R A Conc. of CO > Conc. of CO2 I inside cell in external environment RM CO leaves cell through diffusion humesha concentration - of water hi Lena hai Osmosis: Movement from high to low but through a semipermeable membrane PA I - un Solution Solution == Solute Solute+ +Solvent Solute Hypertonic - Hypotonic - Isotonic - Solute > Solvent Solute Solvent Solute = Solvent cell absorbs water through osmosis, no energy is required and lasts upto equilibrium state  -> Dilute solution in - C I SS Concentrated solution e R t Swollen cell A Shrunken cell No change in cell Normal solution RM PA... Cell wall I- Cell membrane ↑ Bacterial cell wall made of Only present in plants : Peptidoglycan and and and bacteria and fungi outermost layer is called as l cell ↳ bacteria wall I Non-living Glycocalyx Freely permeable made of: Glycocalyx Determines shape I Fungi: Chitin Made up of cellulose Provides strength and turgidity to cells  C SS R A RM / cell membrane PA  cellular component - of cell Centrally located Large in size C Largest cell structure I “Brain of the cell” SS involved in formation =* of proteins Components of Nucleus R A Nuclear envelope Nucleoplasm - > Covered by NE I Composed of membranes Liquid ground substance of nuclear RM - Covers Nucleus W Separates nucleus from envelope cytoplasm Types: - Permits materials between One or more in nucleoplasm and cytoplasm Nucleolus - numbers Forms protein I Pores are present called: nuclear Chromatin forming centres- pores material Ribosomes PA -8 Chromatin material - - Entangled mass of thread like structures During cell division they get organised into chromosomes  Chromosomes... Thread like structures i , Visible during cell division Components: - C DNA Proteins - chromosomes: 23 pairs SS 1 - Eli 22 pairs Molecule discovery: Fredrick Mischer -- Double-helical ↑ - DNA(1869) (autosomal) v 1 pair (sex structure: Watson and - - Consists of genes Crick (1953) T pair) Genetic information transferred from one Total: 46 chromosomes R generation to another # are basic The functional physicalsegment of DNA and functional · A unit of heredity XY: Male Or XX: Female I Are functional unit of DNA RM ↓ Four bases of DNA / Adenine (A) ↑ Cytosine (C) ↑ Guanine (G) I Thymine (T) Cytoplasm - PA - Parts between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope - Cell organelles present in cytoplasm Cytos: Aqueous ground substance of cytoplasm  Types of cell Cell wall is absent in Tapeworm E N Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell C SS or 1-10Nee - or 5-10 e meter meter R A ex: bacteria, cynobacteria, - -- I mycoplasma ex: Plant and Animal cells RM Pro: before Karyotes: nucleus Eu: true Blue green algae - Common in both: ribosomes PA  Cell sap consists of: Amino acids - Sugars Cell organelles - Organic acids : - in plants: Large, distinct : Store cell sap W C Sausage shape Provide : turgidity and in animals: II Mitochondria e rigidity Small, temporary I - - 50-90% of and stores glucose, SS “powerhouse of the cell”- volume glycogen, protein T ATP (Adenosine Permanent Triphosphate), makes energy Vacuoles X- Two-membranes: Membrane bound Outer: Porous Solid or liquid Inner: ATP synthesis filled Has its own DNA and R Sac-like is Energy ribosomes currency of the cell A Lysosomes - - Endoplasmic Reticulum “Suicidal bag of the Membrane bound organelle. I cell”- waste disposal RM of cell Rough ER: makes proteins, Filled with digestive Large network ribosomes present enzymes of tubes and Smooth ER: synthesis of Membrane bound, spherical sac sheets fats and lipids, ribosomes like structure absent Golgi bodies Types I Breaks digestive enzymes to - Long Tubules simpler substances · - Discovered by Camillo Vesicles Golgi - Cisternae PA Other functions of ER - Consists of vesicles, - Detoxification of proteins and drugs cisternae, vacuoles Attached to plasma membrane on ↑ ER forms network system - > Cis face: towards one side and outer nuclear nucleus membrane on other > - Trans face: towards Functions: plasma membrane in RER Proteins: RER · - Functions: - Fats and lipids: SER Proteins and lipids act as - Stores, modification hormones and enzymes of package - ER serves as transport bet H - Simple sugars from cytoplasm and nucleus complex sugars ↑ Forms lysosomes  C SS Plastids I - - Only in plant cell, not in · animal cell R Has its own DNA and Ribosomes A contains Mg for Types: - food synthesis - Chloroplasts: contains chlorophyll pigment Also contain yellow and orange pigments RM - Chromoplasts: contains different types of L Leucoplasts: colourless or white in colour - imparts colour to pigments which provides colour flowers and fruits Stores starch, oil and protein granules PA Cell Division -- Types: Phases of Cell Cycle S Division of cells into new cells - Reason for division: - I Mitosis E growth of organism Meiosis replace old, dead and injured cells for gamete formation  Mitosis Meiosis --involved in C e - - reproduction --- SS - - 2 - 1 - - W - Largest cell in - humans - Smallest cell in - qu - R - - humans A / - * Learn only marked ones RM I largest cell: Ostrich egg - smallest cell: ↳ Gallicepticum Mycoplasma ↑ Longest cell in human: Uncontrolled cell Neurons division - Smallest cell in humans: Sperm cell - Largest cell in humans: Ovum PA  Endocytosis - Type of active transport - Movement of particle into the cell from external environment C ↑ Endo: andar SS ↑ Exo: bahar v It is of two types I Phagocytosis ↑ Pinocytosis R - Phagocytosis Cell’s eating process A - Large particles taken into cell Process ↑ Plasma membrane invaginate RM ↑ Vacuole formation ↑ Merging of vacuole with Lysosomes ↑ Vacuole formation - Release of contents outside the cell L PA - L / g False feet generates Pseudopodia: false feet of amoeba  Pinocytosis · Cell’s drinking process Extracellular fluid is taken into cell I Exocytosis Movement of particles from cell to external · environment Also called cell vomiting Vomited particles are: C Undigested residues from endocytosis Enzymes and hormones SS R A RM Bacteria Flagella Helps in mobility/movement in bacteria - Three parts Filament R Hook - Basal body PA > - Basal body ↑ Biological stains used in histology and cytology to colour cell nuclei red: Safranin I Most abundant molecule in cell: Water (70% or more of total cell mass) C - Phases of Golgi apparatus: Concave: maturing face SS Convex - Group of ribosomes attached to mRNA: Polysomes I Mitochondria without outer membrane is called mitoplast - Active transport example: Sodium and Potassium pumps - - Peptidoglycan: Bacteria Cellulose: Plants R A / Chitin: Insects - Pectin: Fruits RM PA