Environmental Biotechnology Lecture Notes PDF

Plant Biotechnology dep. Lec. 1 Environmental Biotechnology Glossary ABS (Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate) (mg /L): The concentration of detergents in water. Anthropogenic pollutants: Synthetic pollutants results from human activities....

Plant Biotechnology dep. Lec. 1 Environmental Biotechnology Glossary ABS (Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate) (mg /L): The concentration of detergents in water. Anthropogenic pollutants: Synthetic pollutants results from human activities. BOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand): The concentration of dissolved oxygen (mg /l) required by microorganisms in wastewaters to oxidized the biodegradable Organic carbon at 20 ℃ for 5 days incubation period. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) (mg /l): The concentration of dissolved oxygen required to oxidized the total organic carbon in wastewaters. (Bio and non- biodegradable carbon). Domestic pollution: The conventional pollution comes from home human activities and consists of solid wastes, oil, detergents and human wastes. pH: Hydrogen number and one chemical characteristics of water which refers to the presences and ionization of salts and metals. TS (Total Solid) (mg /l): All solids (dissolve and non soluble) presence in water. TSS (Total Suspended Solids) (mg/l): Part of total solids in water which represents the microorganisms and silica compounds. TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) (mg /l): The total of positive and negative ions and some secondary elements. It dose not include the suspended or alkaloids and soluble gases in the liquid. TVSS (Total Volatile Suspended Solids) (mg /l): The part of the total solids which consists of volatile organic maters that evaporates at 600 ºC. TH (Total Hardness) (mg /l): The salts of calcium and magnesium and expressed as the equivalents to CaCO3. Total Alkalinity (mg /l): The ability of water to neutralize the acidity or Hydrogen ions. It classified into three categories (Hydroxide, bicarbonate and carbonate). 1 Turbidity (NTU) Nephelometric Turbidity unit: Optical prosperities of water result from the presence suspended solids. ppm (Part per million) = mg/kg or ng/gm (10-6) ppm = mg /l X 22.4 / M.W ‫ والبعكس‬mg ‫ الى‬ppm ‫تحويل‬ ppb ( Part per billion) = 10-9 kg (µg/ kg) or ng/ gm MCL: Maximum Contamination level. Wastewaters: Any water ( domestic, industrial, rainfall) discharge after use or falling. Pollution: The harmed of human and environment by pollutants. Pollutant: Any material that causes negative effect on human and their environment. Heavy metals (mg /l): The elements that have density of more than 5 gm/cm3. EC (Electrical Conductivity) (ml or µ mos/sec): The transfer ability of water to the electrical current which depends on ions concentrations. Biodegradable compounds: Any compounds as a liquid or solid that degrade by organisms. 2 **Environment Environment is defined as The surrounding that interacts and effects with the living beings. The results of these interactions are selection, adaptation and predominant one or more types (Species) of populations. The surrounding term means groups of conditions or impacts (Physical, Chemicals and Biological) that are determined the kind of living being. Classification of the environment A- Natural environments: Not human activities interacts. B- Artificial environments: Human interacts and can divide into 1- Civil constructed environments (Cities, desert rehabilitation…etc.). 2- Industrial environments: (Factories). The natural environment that not affected by human activities is considered as standard reference for comparison. According to the physical classification, the environment is classified into: 1- Aquatic environment or liquid environment (Oceans, seas, rivers, springs, underground water). 2- Terrestrial or solid environment like the deserts. 3- Atmosphere or gaseous environment or air environment. This type of environment consists of: a- Biosphere zone: It is represent the biological zone and contains all types of life. b- Stratosphere zone: It is a zone in which all the photochemical reactions are happened including the UV-radiation absorption by ozone (O3). c- Ionosphere zone: It is a zone in which the most radiations (small wavelengths) are absorbed, so the temperature was reached to 1500 ℃. 3 The concept of pollutant differs according to the specification, e.g., a- Biology: The effect materials and microorganisms present in air, soil and water on human life. b- Healthy (Hygiene): The effect of materials in food and drinks and air respiration on human health. c- Engineering: The effect of chemicals and suspended solids in water and air on industrial processes. Pollution and pollutants ‫اختالل‬ Pollution: Disturbed the nature environment by human activities or disasters. Pollutant: Any natural or synthetic materials (chemically, physically or biologically) that exceeded the limitations of standard specification. Standard specification: Allowable concentrations of substances in the environment approved by international organizations and agencies. Classification of pollutants 1- According to the type of environment: a- Atmospheric pollutants, like NOX, SOX and COX. b- Aquatic: Salts, minerals, organics and inorganic, microorganisms,..etc. c- Terrestrial: oxides, sand etc. 2- Natural of pollutants: a – Physical : Heating (Thermal), light, noise, Electromagnetic radiation …. b- Chemical: Organic and inorganic, Hydrocarbons, minerals …. c- Biological: Bactria, Viruses, parasites ….. 3- Source of pollutants: a – Natural: Volcano, Floating, fires …. 4  b – Industrial pollutants: Heavy metals, HCs…. c- Agricultural: Pesticides, fertilizers ….. 4- Biodegradability: a – Biodegradable pollutants: Decomposed by organism. b- Non – Biodegradable: The pollutants that do not decompose by organisms. 5 – Stability: a- Non – Persistent: Degraded during 1- 2 weeks (Cellulose). b- Moderator – Persistent: 2- 18 weeks. c- Persistent: 2-5 years (Chloro- Hydrocarbon, PCBS (Poly chlorinated biphenyl), Furans. d- Permanent: Not degradated (Hg). ‫زئبق‬ 6 – Lipophilicity and lipophobicity: a- Non–polar: More dangerous because of difficulty to degrade and accumulate inside the organs. It consists of organic compound (Non aqueous pollutants). b- Polar: Dissolved in water. 7- Toxicity: a- Short term exposure: Acute toxicity (Exposure to the high dose for short time). b- Long term exposure: Chronic toxicity (Exposure to the low dose for long time). 5