Anatomy & Physiology I Presentation 5 Material PDF

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I PRESENTATION 5 MATERIAL Chapter 7 & 8 Selected: The Skeletal System Presentation 5 of 10 Slideshow MAXILLAE THE MAXILLAE Forms most of the hard palate Palate allows us to chew while breathing Cleft palate and cleft lip Congenital deformity...

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I PRESENTATION 5 MATERIAL Chapter 7 & 8 Selected: The Skeletal System Presentation 5 of 10 Slideshow MAXILLAE THE MAXILLAE Forms most of the hard palate Palate allows us to chew while breathing Cleft palate and cleft lip Congenital deformity [1/700] Difficult for infant to nurse (insufficient suction) Clefts can form in eyes, ears, nose, cheeks, & forehead SPINE: SPINA BIFIDA Congenital deformity of the vertebral arch [1/1000] Defect arises in first 4 weeks of development Prevention requires 3 months diet/ supplementation Lentils, green leafy vegetables, sunflower seeds, with moderate amounts in most fruit Spina bifida occulta (MILD FORM) Spina bifida cystica with myelomeningocele (SEVERE) SPINE [VARIATIONS 1 IN 20] GENERAL FEATURES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN Spine exhibits one continuous C-shaped curve at birth Known as primary curvature GENERAL FEATURES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN Secondary curvatures—develop later Cervical and lumbar As an infant begins to crawl and lift head develops cervical spine and the brain As an infant crawls, os coxae rotate and the lumbar region develops (completes development as infant begins to walk) ABNORMAL SPINAL CURVATURES Abnormal lateral curvature (Spinal asymmetry) Scoliosis—abnormal lateral curvature (≥10°) Most common in thoracic region of adolescent girls Developmental abnormality in which the body and arch fail to develop on one side of the vertebrae COBB ANGLE – CURVATURE OF THE SPINE IN THE CORONAL PLANE NORMAL SPINAL CURVATURES Kyphosis Can be used to refer to the normal kyphotic curves (thoracic and sacral) Lordosis Can be used to refer to the normal lordotic curves (cervical and lumbar) ABNORMAL KYPHOSIS (HYPERKYPHOSIS) ABNORMAL LORDOSIS (HYPERLORDOSIS) ABNORMAL SPINAL CURVATURES Abnormal kyphosis (hunchback)— exaggerated thoracic curvature Usually from deformities, osteoporosis, also osteomalacia, spinal tuberculosis, or weight lifting in young boys Abnormal lordosis (swayback)— exaggerated lumbar curvature From pregnancy or obesity GENERAL STRUCTURE OF VERTEBRA Intervertebral discs Pad consisting of: Nucleus pulposus—inner gelatinous mass Anulus fibrosus—outer ring of fibrocartilage Herniated disc puts painful pressure on spinal nerve or spinal cord Most common is Posterio-lateral disc bulge Patient leans ___________ Most severe is Posterior disc bulge Patient leans ___________ GENERAL STRUCTURE OF VERTEBRA Intervertebral foramen When two vertebrae are joined they exhibit an opening between their pedicles Passageway for spinal nerves Foraminal stenosis Vertebral foramen Passageway for the spinal cord Spinal stenosis KNOW* SPRAINS The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair  CARTILAGE INJURIES The snap and pop of overstressed articular cartilage Cartilage is nonvascular and requires repetitive compression from exercise for its nutrition and removal of waste Requires hydration Requires a warm-up period to thin the synovial fluid and engorge the cartilage Common aerobics injury Repaired with arthroscopic surgery DISLOCATIONS Subluxation – partial dislocation of a joint Occur when bones are forced out of alignment Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization Caused by serious falls, are common sports injuries, and children receiving a hard arm tug as their shoulder is not fully developed INFLAMMATORY CONDITION Bursitis An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow, friction or overexertion of a joint Symptoms are pain and swelling INFLAMMATORY CONDITION Tendonitis Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis DIP, IP, PIP, MCP, CMC COMPARISON OF FEMALE AND MALE PELVIC STRUCTURE & PELVIC INLET/ OUTLET Oval, Larger Heart-shaped, smaller FIG. 8.37A Triangular pubic body Large, ova obturator foramen Narrow subpubic angle FIG. 8.37C Rectangular pubic body Triangular obturator foramen Wide subpubic angle JOINTS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION Four major joint categories Bony joints Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints BONY JOINTS Bony joint, or synostosis—an immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies, and the bones become, in effect, a single bone Frontal and mandibular bones in infants Cranial sutures in elderly Attachment of first rib and sternum with old age Can occur in either fibrous or cartilaginous joint FIBROUS JOINTS Fibrous joint, synarthrosis, or synarthrodial joint—a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other Three kinds of fibrous joints Sutures Gomphoses Syndesmoses  SUTURES Sutures—immovable or slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other GOMPHOSES Gomphosis (fibrous joint)— attachment of a tooth to its socket Held in place by fibrous periodontal ligament Collagen fibers attach tooth to jawbone Allows the tooth to move a little under the stress of chewing SYNDESMOSES High ankle Syndesmosis—a fibrous sprain? * joint at which two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers than in a suture or gomphosis giving the bones more mobility Interosseus membrane (radius and ulna; tibia and fibula) CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS Cartilaginous joint, amphiarthrosis, or amphiarthrodial joint—two bones are linked by cartilage Two types of cartilaginous joints Synchondroses Symphyses SYNCHONDROSES Synchrondrosis—bones are bound by hyaline cartilage Temporary joint in the epiphyseal plate in children First rib attachment to sternum SYMPHYSES Symphysis—two bones joined by fibrocartilage Pubic symphysis in which right and left pubic bones joined by interpubic disc Bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs GENERAL ANATOMY OF AN ARTICULATION Synovial joint, diarthrosis, or diarthrodial joint—joint in which two bones are separated by a space called a joint cavity Articular cartilage—layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surfaces of two bones Joint (articular) cavity— separates articular surfaces Synovial fluid—slippery lubricant in joint cavity GENERAL ANATOMY Joint (articular) capsule—connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid Outer fibrous capsule: continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones Inner, cellular, synovial membrane: composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid and macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity Reinforcing ligaments A B C D JOINTS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION Joint (articulation)—any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface CLASSES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS Plane (gliding) joints Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other with relatively limited movement Carpal bones of wrist Tarsal bones of ankle Articular processes of vertebrae Hinge joints One bone with convex surface that fits into a concave depression on other bone Elbow joint: ulna and humerus Knee joint: femur and tibia Finger and toe joints Pivot joints One bone has a projection that is held in place by a ringlike ligament Bone spins on its longitudinal axis Atlantoaxial joint (dens of axis and atlas) Proximal radioulnar joint allows the radius to rotate during pronation and supination CERVICAL VERTEBRAE: THE AXIS (C2) – “NO” JOINT Axis of rotation Dens Atlas Transverse ligament Axis Atlantoaxial joint Condylar (ellipsoid) joints Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a complementary-shaped depression on the other Radiocarpal joint of the wrist Metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers Saddle joints Both bones have an articular surface that is shaped like a saddle, concave in one direction and convex in the other Trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb (CMC joint?) Sternoclavicular joint: clavicle articulates with sternum Ball-and-socket joints Smooth head fits within a cuplike socket Shallow Shoulder joint: head [hemispherical] of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula [Glenohumoral Joint] Deep Hip joint: head [spherical] of femur into acetabulum of hip bone [Coxal joint or Acetabulofemoral joint] MOVEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS [TEXT] Know: Flexion, extension; ABduction, adduction; Elevation, Depression; Circumduction; Rotation (internal/external); Supination, pronation; Lateral flexion; Protraction, retraction; Excursion (lateral/ medial); Radial flexion, ulnar flexion; Opposition of the thumb; Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion; Inversion, eversion Flexion Zero position—the position of a joint when a person is in the standard anatomical position ARTHRITIS Arthritis—a broad term for pain and inflammation of a joint Osteoarthritis (OA) “Wear-and-tear arthritis” Results from years of joint wear Articular cartilage softens and degenerates Accompanied by crackling sounds called crepitus Bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing pain DIP joints* ARTHRITIS Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)—autoimmune attack against the joint tissues Misguided antibodies (rheumatoid factor) attack synovial membrane, enzymes in synovial fluid degrade the articular cartilage, joint begins to ossify Ankylosis: solidly fused, immobilized joint Involves bilateral damage Spares DIP joints* PIP & MCP joints* *Gouty Arthritis Talk Uric acid is normally found in the body as a byproduct of the way the body breaks down certain proteins called purines. Causes of an elevated blood uric acid level (hyperuricemia) include genetics, obesity, certain medications such as diuretics (water pills), and chronic decreased kidney function. Organ and glandular meats. Avoid meats such as liver, kidney and sweetbreads, which have high purine levels and contribute to high blood levels of uric acid. Red meat. Limit serving sizes of beef, lamb and pork. Seafood. Some types of seafood — such as anchovies, shellfish, sardines and tuna — are higher in purines than are other types. But the overall health benefits of eating fish may outweigh the risks for people with gout. Moderate portions of fish can be part of a gout diet.