GGF Fire-Resistant Glazing Guide 2018 PDF

The GGF recommends you always use a GGF Member. This publication is used by GGF Members and non-Member companies. To see a current list of GGF Members visit www.ggf.org.uk/directory INDUSTRY INFORMATION ISSUE 4 SUMMER 2018 Glass and Glazing Federation A Guide to Best Practice in the Specification...

The GGF recommends you always use a GGF Member. This publication is used by GGF Members and non-Member companies. To see a current list of GGF Members visit www.ggf.org.uk/directory INDUSTRY INFORMATION ISSUE 4 SUMMER 2018 Glass and Glazing Federation A Guide to Best Practice in the Specification and Use of Fire-Resistant Glazed Systems  3 07 14 26 31 SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 Introduction Evidence of Fire Fire-Resistant Principles Performance Glass 35 38 46 52 SECTION 5 SECTION 4 SECTION 6 SECTION 7 Timber Screens and Metal Systems for Butt-jointed Systems Fire-Resistant Doors Screens and Doors Glazing Seals 54 58 63 67 SECTION 8 SECTION 9 SECTION 10 SECTION 11 Fire-Resistant Glass Replacement of Upgrading Frequently Asked Floors Fire-Resistant Glazing Questions 71 72 74 75 APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX D Membership of the Summary of Impact Requirements of Contact details of Fire-Resistant Glazing Safety Requirements Glazing Manifestation Associated Group Organisations 4 Contents Introduction Classification report EC Declaration of conformity Introduction by Chairman Field of application Terms used in this Best Practice Guide CE marking and harmonised product standards A quick reference guide to the key factors to be Table of Contents continued: considered in specifying fire-resistant glazing and appointing a glazing contractor Reference to principle Building Regulations: Section 3 - Fire-Resistant Glass England and Wales Glass types Scotland Performance in the event of fire Northern Ireland Fire-resistant insulating glass units Codes of Practice and Standards Horizontal and sloped glazing systems Key points of Best Practice Decorative treatments on glass Combining other performance requirements with Section 1 - Principles fire-resisting glazing Design flexibility Planning Section 4 - Fire-Resistant Glazing Seals New build Importance of the glazing seal Building refurbishment Function of the glazing seal Upgrade or replacement Available forms of seals Fire-resistant glazing systems Intumescent seal types Responsibilities Seal combinations with different glass types Glossary of terms Non-intumescent seal types Applications Applicable standards for fire-resistance Regulations covering fire safety Section 5 - Timber Screens and Doors Classification of fire-resistance in UK building Behaviour of timber in fire regulations Timber density Approved Document B (England and Wales) Particular considerations concerning timber fire doors Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Timber glazing beads Building Regulation 38 (formerly 16B) Examples of timber bead types and intumescent seals Classification of fire-resistance to harmonised Additional information European Norms Bead fixings Property protection – Principles Setting blocks Reaction in the Event of Fire Integrity and insulation glazing in timber fire-resistant systems Section 2 - Evidence of Fire Performance Glazing apertures in doors Introduction Particular considerations for 60 minute fire doors Test Reports Linings for glazed apertures in timber doors Assessment reports Particular considerations to achieve 60 minute CE marking integrity Third-party certificates Fanlights Alternative routes to demonstrate fire-resistance Timber system/trade names performance Steel EC Certificate of conformity Metal fire doors  5 Contents Section 6 - Metal Systems for Screens and Replacement glazing in doors, frames and screens Doors manufactured from materials other than timber or steel Behaviour of metal in fire Metal screens Marking of fire-resistant glass Aluminium Supporting construction Composite systems Maintenance and aftercare Beads and fixings Fire stopping Glazing seals for metal framed systems Storage and transport of fire-resistant glass Edge cover requirements Records and documentation Key factors affecting performance Metal system/trade names Section 10 - Upgrading Insulation Introduction Pressure glazed systems Structure Frames for external applications Timber frames Curtain walling systems Timber glazing beads Steel frames Section 7 - Frameless (butt-jointed) Systems Integrity only Types of systems Integrity and insulation Perimeter framing Glazing seals Available systems Glass Butt-jointed system/trade names Glazing Section 11 - Frequently Asked Questions Section 8 - Fire-Resistant Glass Floors Appendix A - Membership of FRGG Essential requirements Fire performance requirements and testing Appendix B - Summary of Impact Safety In service functional requirements Requirements Additional functional considerations Appendix C - Requirements of Glazing Systems Manifestation Connections and gaskets External load-bearing fire-resistant floors Appendix D - Contact details of Associated Installation Organisations Section 9 - Replacement of Fire-Resistant Disclaimer Glazing Refurbishment of fire-resistant glazed doors and screens Recommended best practice Glass Timber doors Glazing seals Timber screens Steel doors and screens Protected buildings and historical context 6 Message from the Chairman of the Fire-Resistant Glazing Group Protecting the built environment from fire risk has frequently been in the national press lately and through the Fire-Resistant Glazing Group (FRGG), the Glass and Glazing Federation (GGF) has been updating this best-practice guide. Recent events highlight the need for a comprehensive guide to assist in the specification, testing and use of fire-resistant glazed systems. We continue to provide information and expertise to the whole construction industry so that correctly specified, tested and installed fire-resistant glazed systems are used. This fourth edition has expanded our original document to keep pace with changes in legislation and the constant product development undertaken by our diverse groups’ membership. We have also added some new sections to reflect improved products and new releases. We have a broad cross-section of individuals and companies that passionately engage with fire and life safety products. The GGF is best placed to represent the entire range of fire-resistant glazed components available. We have industry experts from fire test laboratories, glass manufacturers, seal manufacturers, frame system manufacturers, specialist glass distributors and glazing contractors. As clients and designers require increasing levels of performance and protection, we have many bespoke solutions to ensure all aspects of safety and functionality are met. The FRGG continues to have the widest choice of materials and designs available that provide the best aesthetics with assured safety performance. Our membership endorses the recommendations of the guide and will continue to work and stand by its principles to ensure that high standards are set and maintained in the supply and installation of these life safety products. Stephen Bond Pilkington UK & Ireland Chairman FRGG (The latest information can be found on the GGF’s web site www.ggf.org.uk.)  7 Introduction The Glass and Glazing Federation (GGF)’s occupier or otherwise) in connection with the Fire-Resistant Glazing Group (FRGG) is committed to continuation a trade, business or other undertaking (for profit or otherwise); or the development and advancement of best practice in ii) the owner, where the person who controls the the manufacture, testing, specification, application and premises does not have control in connection installation of fire-resistant glazed systems. with the continuation of a trade, business or other undertaking. Our goal is to work with the wider fire safety community to achieve the optimum fire protection in Where two or more Responsible Persons share this our buildings. Our target is to develop best practice responsibility then they must co-operate, share for fire-resistant glazed systems. information and work together to ensure that appropriate fire safety measures are implemented in We will seek to meet our objectives by bringing the premises (e.g. tenant and landlord, multiple together and making available the latest expert advice tenancy occupancy, adjacent premises). of those who work with fire-resistant glazed systems. We will also lead the industry in the development and Competent Person application of the most appropriate best practice This is a person appointed by the Responsible Person relevant to such systems. to undertake fire safety risk assessments, fire safety The GGF, as the representative association of the management of the premises or work associated with glazing industry, only recognises those within the the installation and operation of fire safety systems industry who endorse and subscribe to the policies, within the premises under the requirements of the aims and objectives of the FRGG by membership of Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005. the group. The Competent Person may be an employee of the A necessary condition for FRGG membership is that Responsible Person or a contractor with delegated members follow the principles defined in this responsibility for the safety of building occupants document and that they promote, develop and against fire. If the Competent Person is an employee, champion the application of best practice in the use of the Responsible Person must ensure that appropriate fire-resistant glazing systems with a recognition of and sufficient training is provided so that the fire their responsibilities in ensuring fitness for purpose in safety obligations can be competently discharged. If the event of fire. the Competent Person is a contractor, it is essential that the contractor must be able to demonstrate Glass and Glazing Federation appropriate levels of competence, for example; by 40 Rushworth Street third-party accreditation. London SE1 0RB Expert Judgment Telephone: 0207 939 9101 Expert judgment is a permissible method of demonstrating compliance with the functional [email protected] requirements of UK regulations, including the www.ggf.org.uk assessment of fire-resistance performance of systems, Note: the following terms are used in this guide assemblies and constructions. This can involve, for Responsible Person example, complex engineering evaluations of structures that are not amenable to the application of a) in relation to a workplace, the employer, if the prescriptive solutions, or relatively less complex workplace is to any extent under his control evaluations of the expected fire performance of b) in relation to any premises not falling within paragraph (a) variations on a particular fire-resistant system that has i) the person who has control of the premises (as appropriate test evidence. 8 Introduction It is implicit that the expert is a practicing professional in the relevant field of fire safety and can demonstrate the appropriate knowledge, qualifications and experience. It is also implicit that the judgment is related to one or more of the following: known fire behaviour, known material behaviour, test information, appropriate case studies, fire science principles or appropriate engineering-based equations and processes. Responsibilities The occurrence and development of fire are essentially unpredictable and uncertain, and its effects can be catastrophic for both life and property. There is therefore a shared duty of care on all those involved in the specification, testing, supply and installation of fire-resistant glazed systems. It is essential to ensure that the final installed system is fit to protect the building and its occupants against the effects of fire. Critical factors in achieving the intended performance in the event of fire are the quality and the reliability of product performance and satisfactory workmanship on installation.  9 A quick reference guide to the key factors to be considered in specifying fire-resistant glazing and appointing a glazing contractor Define the Performance Specification Confirm: Bead designs Guidance in Approved Documents B or BS9999 Performance class Alternatives to meet Building Regulations 5. Integrity Only Application 6. Integrity with insulation 1. Internal or External Required Classification time 2. Façade, screen or door Other performance requirements 3. Vertical, horizontal or inclined 4. Frame material (timber, metal or other) References: Section 1 – Basic Principles Identify an Approved Fire-Resistant Glazing System Check: Confirm: Test evidence of performance Details of glazing system to meet the required specification 7. Test report 10. Classification report 8. Assessment report 11. Declaration of Conformity 9. Certificate from third party scheme 12. Certificate of Conformity Reference: Section 2- Evidence of Fire Performance Confirm Material and Glazing System Specification Confirm: Bead fixings Glass type and name Details of assembly Seal type and name Details of any finishes and decoration Frame materials and frame design Check all relevant drawings Bead material and design Establish: Points of detail governing fire performance Reference: Section 6 - Metal systems for screens and doors Section 3 – Fire-resistant glass Section 7 – Frameless (butt-jointed) systems Section 4 – Fire-resistant glazing seals Section 5 – Timber screens and doors Ensure Installation is Correct Check with installer: Labelling of the glass Third party certificInation (e.g. FIRAS) Refurbishment of the proposals Glass handling and storage Surrounding construction Core competencies (NVQ or equivalent trained staff) Records and documentation Key skills and knowledge Reference: Section 8 - Installation Obtain Answers to Your Key Questions Contact a member of GGF Fire-Resistant Glazing Group Reference: Appendix A 10 Introduction Reference to the principle regulations, enabling powers that allow Scottish Ministers to make, standards (BS or BS EN) and Codes of not only the building regulations, but also procedural Practice regulations, fee regulations and the other supporting legislation needed to operate the system. The system Approved Documents – England is designed to ensure that new buildings and works These are documents created by The Department of achieve the objectives of the Act in terms of health, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG), safety, welfare, convenience, conservation of fuel and formerly the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister power, and sustainable development. (ODPM) in England and Wales, to provide practical Guidance to achieve the required standards have guidance on the requirements of the Building been updated and may be found in: Regulations. If a designer fails to follow the recommended guidance given in the Approved Building (Miscellaneous Amendments) Documents, then it is for them to prove to their client (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (1 July 2017) or the authorities if prosecuted, that an equally Scotland has two sets of documents, Domestic and effective method or practice has been followed as an Non-Domestic Technical Handbooks. alternative. The Approved Documents (AD) particularly relevant to fire-resistant glazing systems and their The sections contained in the Technical Handbooks application are as follows: particularly relevant to fire-resistant glazing systems and their applications are as follows: Approved Document B – Fire Safety 2006 edition incorporating 2010 and 2013 amendments, volume Section 2 – Fire 1 for dwelling houses, and volume 2 for buildings Section 3 – Environment other than dwelling houses. Section 4 – Safety Approved Document E – Resistance to passage of Section 5 – Noise sound 2003, incorporating 2004, 2010, 2013 and 2015 amendments Section 6 – Energy Approved Document K – Protection from falling, Technical Booklets – Northern Ireland collision and impact 2013 Technical Booklets are published by the Department Approved Documents L1A, L1B, L2A, L2B – of Finance and Personnel in support of some of the Conservation of fuel and power 2013 edition, technical parts of the regulations. They provide incorporating 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016 and 20108 construction methods that, if followed, will be deemed- amendments. to-satisfy the requirements of the Building Regulations. Approved Document M – Access to and use of These booklets are specifically written for the use of buildings 2015, incorporating 2016 amendments, individuals who have a sound knowledge of modern volume 1 for dwellings, and volume 2 for buildings building techniques, terminology and practices. other than dwellings. There is no obligation to follow the methods or comply Approved Document Q – Unauthorised access with the standards set out in the Technical Booklets (or 2015 any other named deemed-to-satisfy document). You may adopt any form of construction you wish; however Technical Handbook – Scotland you will be required to demonstrate to the satisfaction The building regulations are enforced through the of district councils that the requirements of the building standards system that is established by the building regulations have been met. Building (Scotland) Act 2003. The Act sets out the The Technical Booklets particularly relevant to  11 Introduction fire-resistant glazing systems and their application are Relevant Codes of Practice and Standards as follows: BS 5234-2– Partitions (including matching linings) Technical Booklet E: 2012 – Fire Safety – Specification for performance requirements for Technical Booklets F1: 2012 and F2: 2012 – strength and robustness including methods of test Conservation of fuel and power in dwellings and BS 6180 – Barriers in and about buildings – Code of buildings other than dwellings practice Technical Booklet G: 2012 – Resistance to the BS 6262-1 – Glazing for buildings. General passage of sound methodology for the selection of glazing Technical Booklet H: 2012 – Stairs, ramps guarding BS 6262-2 – Glazing for buildings. Code of practice for and protection from impact energy, light and sound Technical Booklet V: 2012 – Glazing BS 6262-3 – Glazing for buildings. Code of practice for fire, security and wind loading Approved Documents – Wales BS 6262-4 – Glazing for buildings. Code of practice for From 31 December 2011, the Welsh Government took safety related to human impact on the responsibility for making and amending building regulations in Wales. BS 6262-5 – Glazing for buildings. Code of practice for frame design considerations Each document contains: BS 6262-6 – Glazing for buildings. Code of practice for guidance on the performance expected of special applications materials and building work to comply with the Building Regulations BS 6262-7 – Glazing for buildings. Code of practice for provision of information examples and solutions on how to achieve compliance for some building situations BS 8000-7 – Workmanship on building sites – Code of Practice for glazing There is no obligation to adopt a particular solution contained within the Approved Documents. BS 9999 – Code of practice for fire safety in design, Re-designed Approved Documents for Wales replace management and use of buildings those issued by HM Government. The re-designed BS EN 12600 – Glass in building. Pendulum test, Approved Documents for Wales took effect from 3 impact test method and classification for flat glass April 2017. The documents currently relevant to fire-resistant glazing systems are as follows: BS EN 12758 – Glass in buildings. Glazing and airborne sound insulation. Product descriptions and Part B (Fire safety) determination of properties Part E (Resistance to sound) BS EN 1990 – Eurocode: Basis of structural design – Park K (Protection from falling) consists of 9 separate Eurocodes dealing with all aspects of structural design Part L (Conservation of fuel and power) Part M (Access to and use of buildings) Part N (Glazing safety) Regulation 7 (Workmanship and materials) 12 Introduction Key Points of Best Practice the screen Applications Glazed system components (i.e. frame material, glazing seals and fixings) Glazed internal and external fire doors Framing system design for screens and façades Interior partitions and compartments Type of door, materials and construction Roofs, floors and ceilings Fabrication of the glazing aperture in doors (i.e. Façade glazing strictly according to the door manufacturer’s Escape and access corridor walls instructions) Stairways, lobbies and enclosures to protect shafts Type and profile of glazing beads Function Type and mode of fixing for the beads Fire-resistant glazing may be used as a barrier for fire For timber beads, the retaining screws, pins or separation or compartmentation as part of an nails must be angled to ensure that the glass is still integrated fire safety strategy for the building. held in place should the beads burn away Both integrity-only and integrity with insulation The amount of edge cover and edge clearance performance ratings are available. when glazed, especially for modified Soda Lime Products span the range of standard test times of 15, Silicate toughened fire-resistant glass types 30, 60, 90,120 and even 180 or 240 minutes according Quality of workmanship to either BS 476: Part 21: 1987, BS 476: Part 22: 1987, Note: BS EN 1364-1, BS EN 1364-2, BS EN 1364-3, BS EN The final installation should reproduce the glazing 1364-4, BS EN BS EN 1634-1 or BS EN 1365-2 as well assembly as approved. For example, if a single pane is as special types to resist the higher intensity tested, an assembly containing shared transoms and petrochemical (commonly known as the hydrocarbon mullions should not be installed. curve) fire temperature/time test curve (if required). What to look for on site The Fundamental Golden Rule Official evidence from a competent authority Fire-resistant glass must only be used as part of a demonstrating the fire-resistant performance of fire-resistant glazing system – which includes the the glazing system used glass, the glazing seals, glazing beads, fixings and frame. Evidence of installer competence (e.g. UKAS-accredited certification body) All the essential components of such a system must be compatible under fire conditions and its Permanent stamp on the glass that indicates as a performance must be referenced to appropriate and minimum, the name of the glass product and the relevant test evidence. manufacturer/supplier and ideally the fire performance rating Main factors that can affect performance The stamp must be visible and readable after Glass Type glazing Maximum glass pane size (by height and width, not Marking of the impact performance class (i.e. class just area) 1, 2 or 3 according to BS 6262 part 4 and EN Glass pane aspect ratio (i.e. height to width) 12600) where applicable Overall screen size and fenestration layout within  13 Introduction Appropriate and proper storage of glass types and Substitute one glass for another, even if they have availability of appropriate handling equipment nominally similar specifications without appropriate test evidence Full understanding and appreciation of health and safety aspects by those handling and installing Assume that standard impact safety toughened or fire-resistant glazing systems safety/security laminated glass is fire rated Maintenance Use standard, non-rated glazing seals and bedding materials Visual inspection of glazing is required during routine fire risk assessments Allow the mixing and matching of components between different approved fire-resistant glazing Refurbishment systems Confirm with the ‘Responsible Person’ that the fire Allow on-site modifications that are not approved risks and fire hazards have not changed since the installation of the most-recent refurbishment Install insulation performance glass in an integrity-only rated frame system where the Any necessary refurbishments must be carried out requirement is for an insulation performance according to the approved original specification assembly for the glazing system and should be completed on a like-for-like basis Apply surface treatments or modifications to the glass after installation unless approved and All components must be replaced with a new, endorsed by the glass manufacturer complete and approved fire-resistant glazing system if the original glazing system specification cannot be established or was originally specified incorrectly Horizontal or Inclined Overhead Glazing Fire-resistant glazed systems are normally used in vertical locations, although horizontal and inclined glazing are possible using specialist systems. Contact manufacturers for details. Vertical test evidence cannot be used as evidence of compliance for any horizontally installed glazing Always Install the fire-resistant glazing system according to configuration, design and materials as tested or assessed Ensure that the manufacturer’s installation instructions are followed Never Approve and use a fire-resistant glazing system that does not have relevant and applicable evidence of performance 14 SECTION 1: Principles Section Contents: of approved glazed system solutions than others, and the performance capabilities can also vary 1. Design Flexibility tremendously from one type of glass to another. An 2. Planning assumption must never be made that what can be 1.1 New Build achieved with one fire-resistant glazed system can be automatically achieved with another. Direct dialogue 1.2 Building Refurbishment with glass manufacturers, or their agents, to identify 1.3 Upgrade or Replacement the range of approved glazed systems that are 3. Fire-resistant glazed systems possible is therefore always advisable and recommended. 4. Responsibilities 2. Planning 5. Application Consideration must be given to the required 6. Applicable standards for fire-resistance fire-resistant glazed elements at an early stage in 7. Regulations covering fire safety project planning and specification. This should include all aspects of specification and supply, in addition to 8. Classification of fire-resistance for UK Building those factors directly related to achieving the required Regulations design performance. Important factors to take into 9. Building Regulations account from the outset include procurement, 10. Fire safety legislation ordering, delivery, handling and site storage. All preparations should be made in good time; last minute 11. Building Regulation 38 (formerly 16B) changes or adjustments should be avoided; otherwise 12. Fire-resistance classification to European the building performance may fall short of the standards requirements. 13. Property protection Suitable delivery and lead-times should be built into the project plan and agreed with the supplier in good time before the expected arrival time on site in 1. Design flexibility recognition that fire-resistant glazing systems are special high-performance products based on several The use of fire-resistant glazed systems encourages matched components. freedom and flexibility of design because of the unique performance range of glass, whilst providing Best Practice Rule No 1 the means to provide fire safety and other functional performance benefits at the same time. It is sometimes Only use fire-resistant glass as part of a fire- far too easy to assume that fire safety regulations resistant glazed system and ensure that all impose a straitjacket on design. This is by no means components are compatible the case when fire-resistant glass is used. There are a large number of approved fire-resistant 2.1 New Build glazed systems available based on a varied range of Specification based on the guidance contained in fire-resistant glasses. Choice is far from restricted. Approved Document B (ADB), BS 9999 or an Design innovation and creativity can be advanced evaluation by a Fire Safety Engineer. Insurers may rather than inhibited; by choosing one of the many also have their own requirements for enhanced different fire-resistant glazed systems. property protection. Some types of fire-resistant glass have a wider range The building architect/designer will specify the fire  15 SECTION 1: Principles protection measures based on the statutory Following a Risk Assessment carried out by a requirements of the Building Regulations. Compliance competent person, a visit by the Fire with these regulations may be achieved through the Brigade or a requirement from the buildings insurers, it use of details contained in Approved Document B, BS may be necessary to make glazed products fire 9999 or through assessments conducted by Fire resistant or increase the level of fire resistance. This Safety Engineers. To ensure satisfactory performance, may be due to incorrect product specification or use the specification and installation guidance installation or changes in the use of the space since contained in this document. the specification was determined. 2.2 Building Refurbishment Initially, the new required specification must be Specification based on the guidance contained in established in terms of the type of protection required, Approved Document B (ADB), BS 9999 or an integrity-only or integrity with insulation and the length evaluation by a Fire Safety Engineer. Insurers may of time of protection required. also have their own requirements to ensure enhanced Evaluate the current installation to determine what property protection. level, if any, of fire resistance is currently provided, e.g. If a building is undergoing a full refurbishment and/or a if timber doors are currently fitted, a 54mm-thick fire change-of-use, the same Building Regulation door is likely to be a 60-minute fire door whereas a requirements relating to New Build will apply. The 44mm thick door is likely to be a 30-minute fire door. architect/designer will specify the fire protection Always check for labels or other indicators such as measures based on the statutory requirements of the plugs, which will enable the performance rating to be Building Regulation. Compliance with these confirmed. regulations may be achieved through the use of details Timber screens are more difficult to assess as these contained in Approved Document B, BS 9999 or are purpose built based on an original fire test or through an assessment carried out by a Fire Safety assessment Therefore, unless details of the original Engineer. build are available, the assessment needed will be Alternatively, the refurbishment may be localised to based on the knowledge and experience of the only a few items that will either be upgrades - where person carrying out the survey/assessment. If old components are replaced by newly-specified insulation is required and the glass cannot be products - or replacements; where new or equivalent identified as insulating glass, it must be replaced with a products are substituted for existing. In both cases it is suitable product that meets the fire resistance necessary to establish the degree of fire protection specification required (see table 2 in section 3 of this required from a record of the original specification or Guide for a list of suitable glasses and manufacturers). more likely from a recent risk assessment carried out In some cases, the edge cover is important; contact by a competent person. The guidance given in the the glass manufacturer/supplier to confirm. relevant sections of this Best Practice Guide can then be used to ensure the correct products are specified There should be appropriate fire rated glazing seals and installed. between the glass and beads. These will often be intumescent glazing seals but may be other materials, 2.3 Upgrade or replacement such as rubber. However, in all cases, they must have Following a risk assessment by a competent person, a been the subject of a fire test in a glazed application to visit by Fire Brigade or a requirement from the building either BS 476-22 or EN 1364-1. If the glazing insurers, the current level of protection has been specification is for 60 minute resistance, the glazing identified as being insufficient and will therefore rebate may also need to be lined with an intumescent require upgrading. liner strip as shown in Fig 6 section 5. 16 SECTION 1: Principles For metal screens and doors, the original Mix and match components from different manufacturer should be identified, and the installation approved systems details checked against their specification, which has Be tempted to take short cuts by reducing the been determined by fire test or assessment. performance specification 3. Fire-resistant glazing systems 4. Responsibilities Fire-resistant glazing provides excellent protection for There is a shared duty of care incumbent on all those lives and property in the event of fire. The fire involved in the specification, manufacture, testing, environment is a hostile one for all materials and its supply and installation of fire-resistant glazed systems, occurrence and propagation is essentially to ensure that the final installed system is fit to protect unpredictable with uncertain outcome. It is therefore the building and its occupants against the effects of critical that the specification, selection, and installation fire. of fire-resistant glazing are all carried out with close attention to detail. All those involved in the process need to be aware of their individual responsibilities and obligations, taking Fire-resistant glass can only achieve its designed particular responsibility for the consequences of what performance when it is part of a complete fire-resistant they do or might not do, concerning the fire-resistance glazed system. This means that all component parts, performance of the glazed system in the event of a such as the glazing seal, beads, fixings and frame fire. material, must all be compatible and work together to achieve the required performance. Glossary of terms The fire-resistant glazed system must also be installed The cross-sections in Figures 1 and 2 show as tested or assessed by an appropriately qualified fire-resistant glazed systems labelled with most authority. Different types of fire-resistant glass may commonly used terms and components. These terms require different glazing details, e.g. the glass edge are used throughout this Best Practice Guide. cover, which must not be changed or assumed to apply to other glass types. Installation must be carried out by competent individuals who can demonstrate the necessary knowledge and skills required (see Section 9). ALWAYS: Check with the supplier that there is relevant and appropriate evidence of fire-resistance performance Ensure correct installation of the glazed system, which is fundamental to the achievement of its stated fire-resistance performance NEVER: Assume that the substitution of one component for another will result in the same level of fire-resistance, even if the components in question are nominally similar  17 SECTION 1: Principles Top Rail Glass Outer Transom Frame Bottom Mullion Rail Figure 2a – Example of typical glazed timber screen Bead Width Glazing Seals Outer Glazing Frame Bead Sight Aperture Line Mullion/ (or ‘Tight’) Size Transom Outer Frame Bead Fixing Edge Fixings Cover (Screws or Pins) Rebate Depth Glass Figure 2b – Vertical section through glazed timber screen Bead Depth Setting Block Figure 1 – Example components of a typical glazed timber door leaf 18 SECTION 1: Principles 5. Applications structures – Methods for the determination of fire-resistance of non-load bearing elements of The glass must be tested and classified in a proposed construction. end-use application, e.g. screen, door, roof, floor or façade in a glazed system appropriate for that BS EN 1363-1, Fire-resistance tests – General application. requirements Any test or assessment report for one application must BS EN 1363-2, Fire-resistance tests – Alternative not be used to cover other applications. and additional procedures Approval in a vertical orientation must not be taken to BS EN 1364-1, Fire-resistance tests for non-load imply approval in a horizontal or inclined orientation. bearing elements – Walls Key factors that influences fire-resistant of BS EN 1364-2, Fire resistance tests for non-load bearing elements – Ceilings glazing systems BS EN 1364-3, Fire resistance tests for Maximum pane area non-loadbearing elements. Curtain walling. Full Glass pane aspect ratio configuration (complete assembly) Fenestration layout and overall size of screen Type of glazing seal BS EN 1364-4, Fire resistance tests for Frame material non-loadbearing elements. Curtain walling. Part Frame design and construction configuration Type and shape of beads BS EN 1634-1, Fire-resistance tests for door and Extent of glass edge cover (for example, for modified shutter assemblies – Fire doors and shutters toughened soda-lime glass) Type location and application of fixings for both frame BS EN 13501-2, Fire classification of construction and beads products and building elements – Classification Type of door materials and construction using data from fire-resistant test, excluding Orientation – Vertical, Horizontal or Inclined ventilation services BS EN 1365-2, Fire-resistance tests for load 6. Applicable standards for fire-resistance bearing elements – Floors and roofs Fire-resistance is a characteristic of an element of 7. Regulations covering fire safety construction or of a complete assembly. A The UK Building Regulations are covered by three classification of fire-resistance for the glass in isolation separate documents based on common principles with is therefore not possible. differences only in points of individual detail: Fire-resistance is always stated with reference to The principles can be illustrated by reference to defined criteria which can only be determined on the Approved Document B (ADB). basis of a furnace test carried out in accordance with a given test standard. Relevant standards for the UK are 8. Classification of fire-resistance for UK as follows: Building Regulations BS 476-21, Fire tests on building elements and Integrity - is the ability of a material to withstand fire structures – Methods for the determination of exposure on one side without the transmission of fire fire-resistance of load bearing elements of as a result of the passage of flames or hot gases. An construction integrity barrier acts in effect to physically stop fire movement. Alternatively, integrity may be referred to BS 476-22, Fire tests on building elements and as non-insulating.  19 SECTION 1: Principles Insulation - is the ability of a material to withstand fire evidence. This would normally include either specific exposure on one side without the transmission of fire system and assembly testing or a wider-ranging to the unexposed side by limiting heat transfer due to engineering-based evaluation. conduction, convection or radiation (in addition to Property protection is not specifically included within integrity). the scope of regulatory guidance and therefore Note: Fire performance insulation must not be confused with the energy insulation additional measures are often required beyond those requirement of insulating glass units for external glazing to reduce energy losses from buildings (Conservation of fuel and power). Also, fire resistance is not solely a required for life safety. function of time. Specifications must always specify time, integrity and insulation (where appropriate). The main provisions of AD B are intended to ensure that structures remain safe in the event of fire, to: Achievement of the insulation criterion is measured by thermocouples on the cold face of the glass and Allow occupants to reach a place of safety frame. To meet the requirements of insulation, the Prevent structural collapse for a sufficient time average temperature increase across the specimen at period to allow evacuation defined locations must remain below 1400C, with no Limit further fire spread point rising by more than 1800C above ambient. Provide satisfactory means of access for Note: Failure of insulation does not necessarily mean fire-fighters that integrity failure has occurred. Particular appendices and tables in AD B relevant to For the purposes of UK Building Regulations, fire-resistant glazed systems are: performance is defined in terms of…. Appendix A, Performance of materials, products Either integrity-only, or and structures Integrity and Insulation Table A1, Specific provisions for fire-resistance of ….at a standard test time period, e.g. 15, 20, 30, 60, 90, elements of structure or 120 minutes according to the building type, the Table A2, Minimum periods of fire-resistance application (e.g. walls, doors, floors) and location (e.g. internal or external, corridor, lobby or stairway). Table A4, Limitations on the use of un-insulated glazed elements on escape routes The final classification may be expressed in concisely as follows, for example: Appendix B, Fire doors 30 minutes integrity and 30 minutes insulation, Table B1, Provisions for fire doors “30/30” If specifiers choose not to follow the guidance in 30 minutes integrity-only; no insulation, “30/0” Approved Document B, then it is their responsibility to demonstrate that the functional requirements of 9. Building Regulations Building Regulations are met in some other way, with Building Regulations are intended to ensure that a the associated substantiation and evidence. reasonable standard of life safety is provided in the This would normally include either specific system and event of fire. The guidance in AD B provides methods assembly testing or a wider-ranging engineering- to achieve compliance and apply to common building based evaluation. situations. There is no obligation to adopt any particular solution contained in the approved document, but in that case, compliance with the relevant functional requirement should be met in some other way, with associated substantiation and 20 SECTION 1: Principles Part B1 Means of Escape Insulating and/or non-insulating glass types can be used in lobbies, corridors and stairways. Guidance typically is for a minimum of 30 minutes fire-resistance Part B2 Internal Fire Spread Glass is a material of limited combustibility which meets the requirements (linings) of the highest performance class for surface spread of flame (i.e. Class ‘O’), provided that there are no coatings or decoration that change its combustibility. Part B3 Internal Fire Spread The requirement for separation between compartments must be for (structure) integrity and insulation up to a maximum of 120 minutes, depending on the situation. Various glass types can provide fire resistance up to these levels of performance. The relevant fire protection strategy is compartmentation (i.e. a fire control and separation strategy to prevent fire spread by restricting fire to its area of origin). Part B4 External Fire Spread This refers to the control of fire spread from building to building by using fire-resistant products and classified surface spread of flame products when close to facing buildings and relevant boundaries, according to defined distance criteria. Additional measures to prevent fire movement in the same building (e.g. use of fire-resistant glass facades) may also be relevant. Part B5 Access for Fire Access for fire-fighters into buildings is provided by fire safety access Brigades routes brigades which require integrity and insulation, as well as a Class ‘O’ surface spread of flame. Some fire-resistant glass types can meet these requirements up to a maximum of 120 minutes, if necessary Table 1: Sections in Approved Document B relevant to fire-resistant glazed systems.  21 SECTION 1: Principles The range of applications for fire-resistant glazed Summary of applications for fire-resistant systems is summarised right and Figure 3 shows an glazing systems example of typical functional performance guidance. Reference Approved Document B (or AD B, as issued in April 2006, is in two volumes: volume 1, dwelling houses; volume equivalent) 2, buildings other than dwellings. Particular points of Means of escape guidance relevant to best practice are as follows: Corridors Doors The need to carry out any building work in Stairwells compliance with Regulation 7, with proper materials and in a workmanlike manner Lift shafts Recommendations on the role of independent Protected lobbies leading to a protected stairway schemes of certification for products and Protected refuges for phased evacuation accreditation of installers, as a way of providing evidence for the confidence of Building Control in Fire containment compartments satisfying themselves of compliance with Fire walls and protected openings in regulations compartment walls The provision of appropriate information and Fire separation documentation for effective Protected areas within compartments fire safety management of the building (Regulation 38) Enclosures for spaces of special fire hazard The importance of inclusive design (e.g. taking into Floors and horizontal glazing panels account Part M of the regulations, Access to and Separation of new storeys in existing dwellings use of buildings) External building envelope Advise that fire-resistant glass should be marked Walls with manufacturer and product name, ADB - Vol 2 - Table A4 and section 9 of this guide Doors A reminder that additional measures are often Skylights required and that insurers may request higher Roofs standards Façades Compartment walls should be able to accommodate the predicted deflection of the floor Fire-fighter access above (section 8 of this guide) Protected shafts and corridors Load-bearing fire-resistant glass floors Note: Approved Document B can be accessed on the Communities and Local Government web site, www.planningportal.gov.uk Lobby areas leading to protected shafts 22 SECTION 1: Principles Example - A single storey shop with office and storage areas The FSO is now the dominant piece of legislation Fire Doors governing fire safety, replacing previous legislation Access to external route (30 minutes integrity, FD30) such as the Fire Precautions Act 1971, under which fire certificates were previously issued for defined building Storage Office categories. It brings fire safety into line with established health and safety principles and thus introduces a methodology based on risk assessments Corridor walls for fire safety that encompass fire precautions, (30 minutes integrity and insulation) management, protection and preventative measures, training and information. Office Compartment walls Responsibility and accountability for compliance with (60 minutes integrity and insulation) the statutory requirements rests with the person who Internal doors (minimum 30 is directly responsible for the building (normally the minutes integrity, owner or employer, as applicable, defined as the FD30S) Responsible Person). Inspection and enforcement Retail powers rest with the Fire and Rescue Service, Fire doors As part of a compartment wall (60 minutes including the facility to impose enforcement orders in integrity and insulation, with smoke control) cases of non-compliance. Significantly, the provisions of the order cover contractors carrying out refurbishment or re-construction work within the building to ensure that the fire safety provisions are not impaired by such work. This could specifically cover, for example, External boundary walls (60 minutes integrity and replacement glass, the repair of installed fire-resistant 60 minutes insulation) glazed systems and new glazed doors or partitions. < 1 metra between wall See separate guidance section 9. and boundary Note: Guidance documents can be accessed on the Communities and Local Government web site, www.communities.gov.uk/fire Figure 3: Building plan showing possible fire-resistance requirements 11. Building Regulation 38 (formerly 16B) - Fire Safety Information 10. Fire safety legislation: The Regulatory Approved Document B (2006) has been prepared on Reform (Fire Safety) Order the assumption that the building concerned will be Ongoing control of the occupied building for effective properly managed for life safety throughout its fire safety, after design and construction, is provided working life. This applies in particular to the provision by the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, of information on the design and construction of which came into force on 1st October 2006. This order buildings which are covered by the Regulatory Reform applies to England and Wales and covers all (Fire Safety) Order 2005, where the work potentially non-domestic premises, including the communal areas affects life safety. Regulation 38 (formerly Regulation of premises that contain one or more dwellings. 16B) provides this link and its stipulations are (Separate laws apply in Scotland and N Ireland.) mandatory. It is clearly of fundamental importance for the Responsible Person to be made aware of both the details of all fire safety measures installed and  23 SECTION 1: Principles applicable underlying assumptions. recommendation is to replace the glazed system as originally specified or replace in its entirety, see The objective of Regulation 38 is to ensure that section 9) relevant information produced at the construction stage is passed on to the Responsible Person so that 12. Classification of fire resistance to the risk assessment process can be as fully informed harmonised European Norms (hEN’s) as possible. The regulation is obligatory and applies to The European classification standard BS EN 13501-2 the information that should be provided on initial includes a provision for both integrity and insulation construction, extension or material change of use. according to the same definitions applicable to UK General guidance on the type of information to be regulations. Under the European scheme, the symbol provided is given in Appendix G of Approved E is assigned to integrity, I to insulation and W to Document B (2006 edition), volume 2. radiation. For best practice in fire-resistant glazed systems, the Provision is made within the classification scheme GGF would expect the installer to provide the following defined in this standard to use a range of standard test information: time periods, i.e. 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, or 180 An accurate description of the fire-resistant glazed minutes. system as installed, with a listing of all the key BS EN 13501-2 also introduces a supplementary components by name and manufacturer (i.e. glass, criterion of radiation (designated by W) to cater for glazing seal, frame, type of fixings and their those limited number of countries whose national specification, beads and fixings of the frame to the regulations require this performance category. surrounding structure) Radiation is defined as the ability of a material to For timber frames, the type of timber and its withstand fire exposure on one side and reduce the nominal density probability of transmission of fire by significant heat radiation to adjacent materials. Radiation must be Location of the glazed system, ensuring correct determined by measurement in a standard fire test. recording on associated plans An element that meets the insulation criterion is Marking of the fire-resistant glass to be clear and automatically deemed to meet the radiant heat visible after glazing (reference criterion without measurement. AD B - Table A4 and section 9 in this guide) Product classification to BS EN 13501-2 can then be Statement of the classified fire-resistance described using shorthand as follows, for example: performance of the glazed system Integrity-only for 30 minutes, “E30” Evidence of the classified performance, either with Integrity and radiation protection for 30 minutes, the relevant test report or reference to where the “EW30” test report can be obtained if necessary Integrity and insulation for 30 minutes, “EI30”. Statement of performance for other key properties, e.g. for impact safety, acoustic insulation, use as a An amendment was issued to Approved Document B barrier (Appendix B) in 2006 to provide visible recognition to the new European technical specifications, classification Relevant guidance on maintenance and upkeep of standards and supporting fire test methods, which the system during its working life have been developed in support of the Construction Special guidance on replacement or refurbishment, Products Regulation (CPR). Table A1 in the amendment if applicable. (Note: The normal GGF stipulates the minimum provisions expressed in terms 24 SECTION 1: Principles of the classification scheme given in BS EN 13501-2 when tested to the relevant European standard. There are no changes to the minimum periods of fire-resistance given in Table A2. Radiant heat and BS EN 13501-2 and along fire escape routes to allow for the safer passage of people in the event of fire, when The radiation performance category (W) is defined compared with basic integrity function. in BS EN 13501-2 at a qualifying maximum total heat flux of 15 kW/m². Values are determined based Where levels of radiant heat are concerned, there on measurements according to BS EN 1363-2 at are major differences between insulation (EI) and a standard distance of 1 metre from the glazed integrity (EW) glass types. The EW category should element at the end of the standard fire test time not, under any circumstances, be seen as a lower period (e.g. 30 or 60 minutes as appropriate). This level of insulation performance. The EW category criterion can be achieved by only certain types is a diffuse one: the maximum limit allows the of integrity glass (and automatically by using an inclusion of glazed elements with measured radiant insulation glass). It is not necessary to measure heat values from, for example, 3 kW/m² up to 15 kW/ radiant heat (W) from insulation glazed systems m² without differentiation; radiant heat depends because the total heat flux for such products is so critically on glass area, aspect ratio, orientation low (typically less than 1 kW/m²). and distance from the glass surface. Furthermore; and all integrity glass types can be included within Guidance in UK Building Regulations (e.g. Approved the classification by choosing an appropriate glass Document B, or equivalent) does not include radiating area. The EW classification is therefore radiation. a feature of the particular glazed element that For those countries where the fire regulations has been tested and not a fundamental glass require a radiation performance category, then characteristic. this is typically applied at boundary conditions 13. Property protection are of particular interest to insurers who may impose their own design requirements in relation to fire The primary emphasis of Approved Document B or protection. The overall requirements can be addressed equivalents in Scotland and Northern Ireland is the through a Qualitative Design Review (QDR), which prevention of injury and death in the event of fire, defines where the scope and objectives of the fire although a by-product of these requirements can be safety design are defined and where performance that the structure of the building and its contents criteria are established and acceptance criteria set. usually benefit from a degree of protection from fire as well. It is likely that insurance surveyors will make reference to the guidance contained in Although performance-based fire safety engineering can be used to deliver the same level of life safety, it “Design Guide for the Fire Protection of Buildings” may dispense with building or content protection. This published by the Fire Protection Association (FPA) on may also compromise the ability of a business to behalf of the Association of British Insurers or continue to trade. Therefore issues concerning “Approved Document B: Fire Safety (Volume 2) - property and asset protection and business continuity Buildings other than dwellinghouses Incorporating Insurers’ Requirements for Property Protection” when  25 SECTION 1: Principles assessing potential insurance liability of a building. This Response to fire publication is produced by RIBA Publishing in Principle 7 association with RISC Authority and FPA. FRGG supports the 12 essential principles for fire protection The building shall be fitted with an appropriate which have direct relevance to the application of automatic fire alarm system. fire-resistant glazed systems. These are as follows: Principle 8 Reaction in the event of fire The fire protection systems shall be regularly Principle 1 maintained so that they are able to perform their intended function throughout the life of the The building shall be constructed in such a manner building. that if a fire starts, the extent of fire and smoke damage will be minimised and confined as close to the source Fire prevention of the fire outbreak as is practical/feasible. Principle 9 Principle 2 There shall be adequate provision to prevent an With the exception of joinery products, the building arson attack. shall be constructed from building materials/ Principle 10 products that will not make a significant contribution to the early stages of a fire or The building shall be so constructed that fire contribute to the spread of fire. cannot spread into the premises from an adjoining building. Principle 3 Fire safety management Suitable measures will be taken for the prevention of premature structural collapse and excessive Principle 11 deflection. The building owner shall ensure an adequate Principle 4 standard of fire safety management throughout the life of the building. Consideration should be given at the design stage regarding potential damage from firefighting water Principle 12 and to ensure as far as practical that the effect on Any fuel-burning or electrical appliances and the environment of the fire effluent will be services shall be designed, constructed and minimised. installed in a manner that reduces their potential as Workmanship an accidental source of ignition. Principle 5 As a minimum, all fire protection products shall be third-party certified to an appropriate product or performance-based standard (attestation level1 for CE marking). Principle 6 All fire protection products/systems shall be installed by adequately trained specialist installers. 26 SECTION 2: Evidence of Fire Performance Section Contents: 13501-2) 1. Introduction A manufacturer’s declaration of conformity (used only for CE marking and therefore is a mandatory 2. Test Reports requirement in most European countries) 3. Assessment Reports A direct and/or Extended Application report (in 4. Third-party Certificates accordance with BS EN 5. CE Marking Process 15254-4 for glazed partitions or BS EN 15269-2 or 6. EC Certificate of Conformity 3 for steel or timber doorsets respectively) 7. Classification report Best Practice Rule No. 2 8. EC Declaration of Conformity Always make sure that there is relevant evidence 9. Field of application to performance for the installed glazed system, based on test data. 10. CE Marking and harmonised European Product Standards and European Technical Approval Guidelines Symmetry of test samples 1. Introduction If the glass frame is asymmetrical in cross- The guidance given in Approved Document B section then the glazed system should either (England and Wales) or the equivalent for Scotland be tested with both sides towards the fire or if it and Northern Ireland is that fire-resistance has been established that once orientation has performance is determined by reference to tests a lower performance than the other, with that either in British Standards, i.e. BS 476 series, or side towards the fire. Appropriate installation European Standards, i.e. BS EN 1364 parts 1-4 for instructions should be provided accordingly. walls, ceilings or curtain-walling, or BS EN 1634 part 1 for doors. With the emergence of the European 2. Test Reports market, European tests are becoming more prevalent and GGF members conduct fire resistance tests to EN Fire-resistant glazed system test reports should only standards for future applications. Test evidence be accepted if they are from an appropriately generated to these Standards may be used to accredited test laboratory, e.g. a Notified European generate a number of different documents that Test Laboratory or one accredited by UKAS. The test demonstrate the product performance claims. These report is only applicable to the specific system as are: tested and the evidence provided therein should not be used beyond the specific application tested. Test A test report reports are confidential to the sponsor of the relevant An assessment report testing and must not be used in support of a particular A certificate provided by a third-party product construction without their permission. certification scheme (this is normally voluntary) The test report is only applicable to the specific An EC Certificate of Conformity (used only for CE system as tested. Marking and therefore is a mandatory requirement Test reports are confidential to the sponsor of the in most European Countries) relevant testing and must not be used in support of a A classification report (in accordance with BS EN particular construction without their permission.  27 SECTION 2: Evidence of Fire Performance 3. Assessment Reports (in-lieu of fire the assessment subsequently becomes available, resistance tests) then the assessment must be withdrawn Fire resistant glazing systems have a range of possible An assessment gives no guarantee concerning the variations suitable for particular applications. These system’s consistency of manufacture variations may be cosmetic features with no significant 4. Third-party certificates effect on performance or more fundamental changes which are likely to influence fire performance, such as These relate to national schemes developed by bead thickness or timber treatment. The range of certification bodies to provide reassurance to the possible variations makes it uneconomical to test all manufacturing process and product consistency of options and, in some cases, the glazed assembly may fire-resistant glazing systems. Third-Party Certification be too large to test in the available test furnaces. is a higher level of attestation than tests and/or assessments used in isolation. The requirements of In these cases, variations to the tested system may be certification should include fire performance and other approved on the basis of technical assessment to the relevant key parameters (especially impact safety and appropriate standards, using the test evidence that is durability). The use of appropriate third-party product available. certification schemes is recommended, as these can The fundamental guiding principle governing help to ensure that products are made consistently, assessments is that the assessed performance that their intended end use is supported by would be achieved if the glazing system were to be appropriate test evidence and that this end use is tested. properly defined. Appropriate product certification schemes include: The following points should be kept in mind when referring to or relying on assessment reports: CERTIFIRE and QMARK, from Exova Assessment reports must only be carried out by BWF CERTIFIRE for timber doors appropriately qualified persons who can The GGF endorses the above certification schemes demonstrate the necessary knowledge and experience of fire-resistant glazing systems Third-party product certification schemes should: Only assessments carried out to the criteria Be accredited by an accreditation body, e.g. UKAS defined by the Passive Fire Protection Federation or equivalent should be used (PFPF Guide to Undertaking Include independent sampling and testing of fire Assessments in-lieu of Fire Tests) performance of the glass The use of test data from tests that are not Include independent testing and sampling of other observed by the responsible assessment authority key properties relevant to the application (e.g. is not best practice impact safety and durability) The test data must be relevant and applicable both Require surveillance of the factory production to the glazed system under consideration and its control system by scheme personnel (or their proposed application authorised representatives) to check product Assessments may be either interpolation between consistency test data or extrapolation from test data Require auditing of independently selected glass Test data relating to one type of glass must not be product from either the production line or the used to support the application of another market (as required) If test evidence that contradicts the conclusions of Refine scheme qualification criteria 28 SECTION 2: Evidence of Fire Performance Define procedures in the event of demonstrated scope of the final classification. The classification is non-compliance including the possibility of product based on E to signify integrity, W to signify radiant heat recall if necessary and I to signify insulation. The appropriate classification letter is followed by a number that 5. CE Marketing