Physiotherapy 1 Basic Anatomy (BMS 115) PDF

(BMS 115) Basic anatomy Muscles, classification of the joints Prof.Dr.Mona Attia Professor of Galala University Faculty of Physiotherapy Galala University gu.edu.eg  By the end the student should be able to describe: --Muscle:...

(BMS 115) Basic anatomy Muscles, classification of the joints Prof.Dr.Mona Attia Professor of Galala University Faculty of Physiotherapy Galala University gu.edu.eg  By the end the student should be able to describe: --Muscle: The three types of muscle are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal Muscle. -----skeletal muscle attachments. ---Skeletal Muscle Internal Structure. ----Skeletal Muscle Action. ---Skeletal Muscle Nerve Supply. Smooth Muscle. Cardiac Muscle Joint Classification: Fibrous joints, cartilage joints, and synovial joints. Joint Stability. Joint Nerve Supply (Hilton’s law.). Bursae and Synovial Sheaths. Types of Muscles  Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles generally act to Figure 1.14 Origin, insertion, and belly of the gastrocnemius produce the movements of the muscle. skeleton; they are called voluntary muscles or striated muscle fibers. Attachments: 1-Origin its proximal, less mobile. 2- Insertion its distal, more mobile. When a muscle: contracts, the insertion is drawn proximally toward the origin. The degree of mobility of the attachments may be reversed How : The ends of a muscle are attached to supporting elements as:(bones, cartilage, ligaments, or other muscles) A- Tendons B- Aponeurosis : its strong sheet C- Raphe, is an interdigitation of the tendinous ends of fibers of flat muscles.  Skeletal Muscle Internal Structure. A- Muscles with fibers parallel C- Spiral Muscles to the line of B- Muscles with pull: fibers oblique to line of pull 1- Triangular (fan like) : 2- Pennate Muscles (feather- like) a- Unipennate muscles: b- Bipennate Muscles c- Multipennate muscles: 1- Flat type 2- Circumpennate type Figure 1.16 Different forms of the internal structure of skeletal muscle. A relaxed and a contracted muscle are also shown. Note how the muscle fibers, on contraction, shorten by one third to one half of their resting length. Note also how the muscle swells. Skeletal Muscle Internal Structure. 1-Muscles with fibers parallel to the line of pull: N.B: On contraction: Fibers of a muscle are arranged The muscle fiber parallel to the long axis of the muscle. shortens by one third will act over a longer distance and to one half its resting bring about a greater degree of length movement. Parallel-fibered muscles have a greater excursion (i.e., a greater range of motion). The sternocleidomastoid, rectus abdominis, and sartorius muscles are examples of muscles with parallel fiber arrangements. 2-- Muscles with fibers oblique ,(pennate) to line of pull: 1-- Muscles with fibers triangular (fan like): e.g. Temporalis 2-Unipennate muscle, Thetendon lies along one side of the muscle, and the muscle fibers pass obliquely to it (e.g., flexor pollicis longus),. 3-Bipennate muscle, the tendon lies in the center of the muscle, and the muscle fibers pass to it from two sides (e.g., rectus femoris) 4-Multipennate muscle series of bipennate muscles lying alongside one another (e.g., acromial fibers of the deltoid) or the tendon lying within its center and the muscle fibers passing to it from all sides, converging as they go (e.g., tibialis anterior). 3-Bipennate muscle, (e.g., rectus femoris)  Action of skeletal muscles - At rest the muscle tone (partial contraction) is responsible for maintaining posture.1- Prime mover: the muscle is responsible for initiation and maintenance of a particular movement e.g. quadriceps femoris 2-Antagonist: the muscle which oppose and control the action of prime mover e.g. biceps femoris 3- Fixator: the muscle that contracts to allow the prime mover act efficiently e.g.Muscles attach the trunk to shoulder girdle contract to allow the deltoid to act on the shoulder joint. 4-Synergists contract and stabilize the intermediate joints. For example, the flexor and extensor muscles of the carpus contract to fix the wrist joint, and this allows the long flexor and the extensor muscles of the fingers to work efficiently. Many muscles can alter their roles and act as an agonist, an antagonist, a fixator, or a synergist, from moment to moment, depending on the movement. Muscles can also act paradoxically (muscles opposing the action of gravity , e.g. contraction of biceps brachii to control passive extension of elbow by gravity  Skeletal Muscle Nerve Supply The nerve trunk to a muscle is a mixed nerve. About 60% of the nerve fibers are motor. 40% are sensory, The nerve contains some sympathetic autonomic fibers. The nerve enters the muscle at about the midpoint (motor point) on its deep surface, near the margin.  Smooth Muscle From autonomic nerves, and hormonal stimulation. Smooth muscle consists of long, spindle- shaped cells closely arranged in bundles or sheets. In the tubes of the body,The Site: 1-In the walls of the blood vessels, functions: 1-It provides the motive power the smooth muscle fibers are arranged for propelling the contents through the circularly and serve to modify the caliber lumen. of the lumen. 2-Mixes ingested food with digestive juices. 3-A wave of contraction of the circularly In2- storage organs such as the urinary arranged fibers passes along the tube, bladder and the uterus, the fibers are milking the contents onward. irregularly arranged and interlaced with one 4- The longitudinal fibers pull the wall of the another. Their contraction is slow and tube proximally over the contents. This sustained acts to expulsion of the contents method of propulsion is referred to as of the organs peristalsis. Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle consists of striated muscle fibers that branch and unite with each other. It forms the myocardium of the heart. Its fibers tend to be arranged in whorls and spirals, and they have the property of spontaneous and rhythmic contraction. Specialized cardiac muscle fibers form the conducting system of the heart. Cardiac muscle is supplied by autonomic nerve fibers that terminate in the nodes of the branch and unite conducting system and in the myocardium. with each other  Joint Classification: Figure 1.10 Examples of three types of joints. A. Fibrous joint (coronal suture of the skull). B. Cartilaginous joint (joint between two lumbar vertebral bodies). C. Synovial joint (hip joint).  Joint Classification: A site where two or more bones come together. The three main types of joints are based on the tissues that lie in the joint space between the bones:1- fibrous joints, 2-cartilage joints, and 3-synovial joint. Fibrous Joints The articulating surfaces of the bones are tightly linked by fibrous tissue that fills the joint space -Very little movement. The sutures of the vault of the skull and the inferior tibiofibular joints Cartilage Joints: The space between the articulating bony surfaces is filled with a cartilaginous pad. Two types of cartilage joints are 1-Synchondroses. 2-Symphyses. Synchondrosis is a cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones are united by a plate or bar of hyaline cartilage; 1-The epiphyseal plate 2-diaphysis of a growing bone is a temporary form of a synchondrosis. 3-The first sternocostal joint between the first rib and the manubrium sterni is a permanent synchondrosis. No movement occurs in synchondroses.  Cartilage Joints: 2---A symphysis: the bones are: 1- United by a pad or plate of fibrocartilage. 2- Symphyses are located along the midlineof the body. Site, The intervertebral joints between the vertebral bodies, the manubriosternal (sternal angle) joint, and the symphysis pubis. 3- A small amount of movement is possible.  Synovial Joints Characters of the synovial joints: 1- The articular surfaces are in contact but not continuity. 2-They are covered by thin layer of hyaline cartilage to decrease friction. 3-The joint is surrounded by strong fibrous capsule. 4-The capsule encloses the joint completely except for the bursa. 5-The joint is strengthened by variable numbers of ligaments. 6-the fibrous capsule is lined by synovial membrane. 7- synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid. 8-synovial fluid acts as lubricant and is important in nutrition. 9- Some intra-articular structures as menisci, labrum and fat pads Table 1.3 Synovial Joint Types Hinge Joint Plane Joints: no axis Pivot :Has a vertical axis  movements are; flexion- extension, abduction- adduction movements are; flexion- extension, abduction- adduction metacarpo- phalangeal js. Wrist joint e.g. hip joint Shoulder joint  Joint Stability The stability of a joint depends on three main factors:1- the morphology of the bony articular surfaces, 2-The ligaments, and 3-the tone of the muscles around the joint. Figure 1.12 The three main factors responsible for stabilizing a joint. A. Shape of articular surfaces. B. Ligaments. C. Muscle tone. Joint Nerve Supply (Hilton’s law). The joint capsule and ligaments receive an abundant sensory nerve supply. Asensory nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles, a fact that has been codified as Hilton’s law.  Bursae and Synovial Sheaths A bursa is a closed fibrous sac lined internally with synovial membrane. The synovial membrane secretes a film of viscous fluid that fills the sac. Found in areas subject to friction and serve to reduce friction, close to joints ----as the prepatellar bursa. Synovial sheaths around the long tendons of the fingers. Self Assessment Which of the following are describing the cardiac muscle? A- Its voluntary. B- Unbranching. C- Presents in the limb muscles. D- Rhythmic contraction. Which of the following are define the hinge Joint? A- Biaxial. B- Ball and socket. C- Flexion, extension. D- Example, sternoclavicular. Thank You Thank You Mona.Attia@ Gu.edu.eg