Cell Parts PDF

CELL Fundamental unit of life Learning outcomes: 1.Identify the principal parts of the cell that you see in a cell model. 2.Discuss and elaborate the major functions of the principal parts of the cell. 3.Enumerate and describe the cytoplasmic organelles inside the living cell including their...

CELL Fundamental unit of life Learning outcomes: 1.Identify the principal parts of the cell that you see in a cell model. 2.Discuss and elaborate the major functions of the principal parts of the cell. 3.Enumerate and describe the cytoplasmic organelles inside the living cell including their specific function inside the cell body. 4.Give the greatest contribution of the cells in forming life processes inside the body of a living organism.  Cell Basic and fundamental unit of life, it possesses a highly organized structure that enables it to carry out its vital functions.  Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Dispersed genetic material Lack a defined nucleus in the cytoplasm. Plant Types Cellulose cell wall; chloroplasts and vacuoles. of Cells Animal Rigid cell wall; may have flagella. Eukaryotic Have a defined nucleus Protist They can have a cell wall, without differentiated tissues. Fungal Chitin Cell Wall; they are heterotrophs.  Composed of several fundamental components Ribosome Rough endoplasmic Cell membrane Nucleus Golgi Apparatus reticulum. Lysosome and Mitochondria Chloroplasts peroxisome Centriole Microtubules  Structure and basic functions These components work together to maintain cellular homeostasis and perform essential life activities.  Cell membrane The cell membrane surrounds the cell and is a selective barrier between the interior and the exterior. Its primary role lies in regulating the passage of substances, including nutrients and waste materials. Within it, specialized proteins play a crucial role in facilitating molecular transport and cellular communication.  Cell membrane Is composed of lipid bilayer (phospholipids and associated proteins (Integral and Peripheral protein) together with oligosaccharide side chains. Functions: 1.It envelopes the cell 2.To maintain the structures and functions 3.Has sensory device that permits the cell to recognize and be recognized by the other cells and macromolecules.  Cytoplasm Pertains to the fluid portion of the Cell which contains the three main Structural components: ￭ cytoskeleton ￭ organelles ￭ inclusions Also called as “soup” of the cell  Cell Nucleus The nucleus is a membrane- bound organelle that contains genetic material (DNA) of eukaryotic organisms. As such, it serves to maintain the integrity of the cell by facilitating transcription and replication processes. It's the largest organelle inside the cell taking up about a tenth of the entire cell volume.  Parts: Nuclear Envelope - is a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells.  Parts: Nucleoplasm - is a type of protoplasm that is made up mostly of water, a mixture of various molecules, and dissolved ions. It is completely enclosed within the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope. The main function of the nucleoplasm is to serve as a suspension substance for the organelles inside the nucleus.  Parts: Nucleolus - is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is best known as the site of ribosome biogenesis.  Parts: Chromosomes -It is bounded protein which serves as packaging for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and controls the hereditary characteristics.  Cytoplasmic organelles Enclosed with specialized subunit that located inside the cell performed individual task. Individual organelle usually enclosed within its own lipid bilayers. Each little organ that suspended in the cytoplasm has its own structural characteristics  Ribosome Site for protein synthesis. Found attached to rough ER or floating freely in the cytosol. Produced in the nucleolus.  Endoplasmic Reticulum Is a complex network of flattened sacs and tubes extending from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane. It transports substance through the inside of the cell, synthesizes lipids, enzymes and proteins. Two types: Rough ER - an ER with ribosomes on its surface. Smooth ER - an ER without ribosomes on its surface. Golgi apparatus Are flattened stacks of membranes that modify the proteins (polypeptides) and lipids then packages into a small, membrane-enclosed organelle called “vesicle”.  Energy Supply To carry out vital functions and necessary metabolic processes essential for the proper functioning of the cell and/or organism.  Mitochondria Is the powerhouse of the cell. This is the location wherein energy produces ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).  Vacuole Single membranous sac that plays important roles in storage of materials, releasing of cellular waste products, conducts intercellular digestion, maintaining hydrostatic pressure. Vacuole Cellular Digestion It involves breaking down molecules and unwanted materials, enabling the recycling of nutrients and cellular maintenance.  Lysosomes Is a small membrane bordered structure that contains powerful enzymes necessary for cellular digestion. Garbage disposal of cell. “Scavengers of the cell”  Glycocalyx It is known to be the cell coat that is located in the outer part of the animal cell, its function is for cell recognition and cellular adhesion. Peroxisomes Are membrane-bound organelles that contain an abundance of enzymes for detoxifying harmful substances and lipid metabolism.  Support and Movement Maintaining cellular shape, enabling cellular movement and division, are essential for its functioning and survival.  Cytoskeleton It is composed of collective network of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments) and provides support and enables movement in eukaryotic cells. Its specific functions encompass stability, intracellular transport, and contraction. Furthermore, it regulates cellular shape and plays a role in division.  Plastids Largest organelle in plant cells. These are disk-shaped pigment containing storage organelles found only in plant cells and some photosynthetic protists. The largest, rounded membranous organelles that conatins DNA usually located in plant cell but not common in animal cell for coloring pigments in plants. Different Plastids and their coloring pigments 1.Chloroplastids - green pigment 2.Chromoplastids - colored pigment like red, yellow and orange 3.Leucoplastids - white and colorless pigments  Centrosome is an organelle that is the main place where cell microtubules are organized. Also, it regulates the cell division cycle, the stages which lead up to one cell dividing in two.  Centriole is a cylindrical organelle composed mainly of a protein called tubulin. Centrioles are found in most eukaryotic cells. A bound pair of centrioles, surrounded by a shapeless mass of dense material, called the pericentriolar material, makes up a structure called a centrosome.