Anatomy & Physiology Of Respiration 2 (NNNA 1423) PDF

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FOR HEARING AND SPEECH (NNNA 1423) ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION 2 Nur Hanisah Tukiran Department of Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology Kull of Allied Health Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia ...

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FOR HEARING AND SPEECH (NNNA 1423) ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION 2 Nur Hanisah Tukiran Department of Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology Kull of Allied Health Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia  Cont… Both the lungs and inner thoracic wall are completely covered with a: pleural lining Visceral pleurae Parietal pleurae - Lining the lungs - Lining the thoracic  Cont… Parietal pleura can be broken into sections named by the structures they border: – Mediastinal pleura: borders the mediastinum – Diaphragmatic pleura: borders the diaphragm – Costal pleura: boarders the ribs – Cervical pleura: dome-like section that rises above the first rib Cont…  (pleural This continuous sheet provides the airtight seal required to permit the lungs to follow the movement of the thorax When the diaphragm contracts, the lungs are pulled down due to the association between visceral pleurae and the diaphragmatic pleura.  The cuboidal cells in the pleural lining produce a mucous solution that is released into the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae providing a slippery interface PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION  Cont… Boyle’s law states that the volume of gas is inversely proportional to pressure (when temperature is constant): Volume of the thoracic cavity increases – the volume of the lungs increases and the pressure within the lungs decreases. Volume of the thoracic cavity decreases – the volume of the lungs decreases and the pressure within the lungs increases.  Cont… Inspiration process 1. Contraction of inspiratory muscles 2. Increase the volume of the thoracic cavity 3. Increase the volume of the lungs- decrease in the pressure within the lungs. 4. The pressure of the external environment is greater than the pressure within the lungs 5. Air moves into the lungs down the pressure gradient.  Cont… Expiration Process 1. Relaxation of the inspiratory muscles 2. Decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity 3. Lungs return to their original size - increase in the pressure within the lungs 4. The pressure inside the lungs is greater than in the external environment 5. Air moves out of the lungs down the pressure gradient.  Cont… There are three forces that assist in the passive respiration process: – Torque – Elasticity – Gravity  Cont… of bone part Torque central X Twisting of a shaft while one end does not move. Bone is poorly designed in the area of restoring forces because it is quite inelastic. There is an elastic element in the chondral portion of the rib cage – take advantage of that  Cont…. When the rib cage is elevated the cartilage of the ribs is torqued. As soon as the muscles stop pulling on the rib cage, it returns to its original condition after being torqued.  Cont… Elasticity Muscles and lungs Lungs are sponge-like and when they are compressed, they tend to expand back. Upon increasing the thorax size, the lungs expand. When the muscles expanding the rib cage relax, the lungs tend to return to their original shape and size.  Cont… Gravity Gravity is acting on the ribs to pull them back after they have been expanded through the effort of the accessory muscles of inspiration. It also works in favour of maximizing overall capacity because it pulls the abdominal viscera/organs down, leaving more room for the lungs.  Cont… Sitting: – Gravity is pulling the abdominal viscera down (support inspiration) and pulling the rib cage down (support expiration). Supine position: – Gravity is pulling the abdominal viscera toward the spine. – Spread of the viscera toward the thorax and further distention of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity – Gravity supports neither expiration nor expiration  RESPIRATORY CYCLE 1 cycle of respiration is defined as 1 inspiration and 1 expiration Adults: 12-20 cycles/minute Newborn: 40-70 cycles/minute WHY?  VOLUME & CAPACITY Volume The amount of air each partitioned components of respiratory system can hold. Capacity Combinations of volumes that express physiological limits *Both are measured in milliliters (mL) or cubic centimetres (1cc= 1mL)  Cont… Volume Inspiratory Reserve Expiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) Volume (ERV) Volume that can Residual Volume Tidal Volume (TV) be inhaled after a (RV) The volume of air tidal inspiration exchanged during Avg: 2475cc The amount of air The amount of air a respiratory in the lungs after that can be a maximum cycle expired following exhalation Average: 525cc passive, tidal Avg: 1100cc expiration Avg: 1000cc  Cont… Capacities Functional Residual Total Lung Capacity (FRC) Capacity The volume of air Inspiratory Vital Capacity after a passive Capacity (IC) (VC) exhalation (FRC = ERV + RV) Represents the Maximum total volume of air The sum of all the inspiratory volume that can be inspired volumes possible after tidal after maximal expiration (IC = expiration (VC = TV + IRV) IRV+ERV+TV)  PRESSURES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pressures Atmospheric Subglottal Intrapleural Generated as a Alveolar/pul Pressure result of the Intraoral monary between the weight of visceral and Pressure in the Pressure in the atmospheric parietal mouth alveolus gasses pleurae (will treat it as (always –ve constant 0 Pressure below the vocal folds throughout against which to respiration) compare respiratory We can assume that subglottal & intraoral pressures = alveolar pressure during normal pressures) respiration  Cont… During speech, we spend only 10% of the respiratory cycle on inspiration and about 90% breathing out – the amount of air does not change. Instead of letting the air out through total relaxation, when we speak, we let the air out slowly, using muscles to restrain the airflow RESPIRATORY PATTERNS  CONT… 3 primary respiratory patterns: 1. clavicular 2. thoracic 3. diaphragmatic Various combinations/sequences may occur unconsciously or consciously.  Cont… Clavicular breathing Accomplished by a noticeable evaluation of the upper thorax unexpected The clavicle, sternum and I upper ribs are lifted - sudden Exhalation is more abrupt & requires frequent inspiration – shallow breath  Cont… Thoracic/intercostal breathing Frequent up-and-down movement of the rib cage- contraction & relaxation of intercostal muscles Inadequate use of diaphragmatic muscle. Shortness of breath support for longer phrases and weakened vocal projection.  Cont… Diaphragmatic Breathing AKA normal breathing involves synchronized motion of the upper rib cage, lower rib cage, and abdomen Requires adequate use and functionality of the diaphragm muscles. Ideal for phonation purposes