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‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬  ‫ ﺭﻣﺰﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‪BMD-322 :‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪%‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥﺷﻔﻮﻱ‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥﻧﻬﺎﺉﻲ‬ ‫‪100%‬‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺎﺕﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء‪:‬ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﺇﺯﺍءﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺭﺱﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔﺱﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬  ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ ‪:‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ )‪ (mukēs‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ(‬  ‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻄُﻠﻖﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺪﺭﺳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﻢ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻥﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻋﺪ‪100.000،‬ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎءﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻻﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﺬﺍﺉﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺟﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻝﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﺮﻭﺗﺮﻭﻓﺲ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﺔﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺉﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﺯ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕﺧﺎﺻﺔﺍﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺿﻤﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻬﺎﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺉﻞ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺉﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬  ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻳﺔﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼﻞﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ Hyphal‬ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭﺍﻷﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ ‬ ‫ ﺧﻴﻄﻲ)ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏﺗﺴﻤﻰ ‪( hypha‬‬ ‫ ﺃﻓﻄﻮﺭﺓ= ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺼﻠﺐ=ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞﻋﺎﻡ ﻛﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺷﺘﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫‪mycelial‬ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺎﻝ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺟﺬﻣﻮﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ)ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ(‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺎﺉﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻀﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﺗﻐﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ ‪ saprobes‬ﺃﻭ ‪-Saprophytes‬ﺗﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻠﻠﺔ(‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﻠﻮﻥ‪-‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻄﺮ ﻭﻛﺎﺉﻦ ﺣﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪-‬ﺗﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﻴﻒ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪.‬‬  ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺉﻴﺔ‪-‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜﻮﺟﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎﺕﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‪-‬ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ)ﻻ ﺍﻟﻼﻫﻮﺍﺉﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻨﻤﻮﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻴﺉﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎ ﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬  ‫ﺧﻴﻂﻓﻄﺮﻱ‬ ‫ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺍﻟﻨﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺉﺢ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕﻛﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻼﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﻠﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﻮﺭﻳﺰﺍ‬ ‫ "ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ"‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔﺑﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ)ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ(‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ)ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ(‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﻷﻗﺼﻰﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ!‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ "‪."Ecto‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﻮﺭﻳﺰﺍﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻮﻁﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬  ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ "ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ" ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ﻓﻄﺮ‪-‬ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫ ﻃﺤﻠﺐﺃﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗﺎء‪-‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻓﺮﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺑﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺴﺒﺐﺟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕﺍﻟﻠﻄﺨﺎﺕ‪,‬ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ‪,‬ﺑﻘﻊﻭﺃﺳﻤﺎء ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﻊ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕﻭﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺑﻮﻝ‪،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﺽ‪.‬‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ‪ -‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ‪.‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝﻭﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺉﻴﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ(‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬