Bacterial Taxonomy and Physiology PDF

Bacterial Taxonomy and Physiology Nathaniel Veron M. Casamina, MSMT, RMT, ASCP Lecturer  Topic Learning Outcomes Define terminologies Explain how microorganisms are classified Write accurately the names of the bacteria (including genus, species, subspecies) Dif...

Bacterial Taxonomy and Physiology Nathaniel Veron M. Casamina, MSMT, RMT, ASCP Lecturer  Topic Learning Outcomes Define terminologies Explain how microorganisms are classified Write accurately the names of the bacteria (including genus, species, subspecies) Differentiate Phenotypic from Genotypic characteristic Discuss the concept of bacterial growth Explain the different growth requirements for each type of bacteria  TAXONOMY - CLASSIFICATION NOMENCLATURE - IDENTIFICATION - OF ORGANISMS Taxonomy – Area of biologic science comprising of three distinct disciplines: – Classification – Nomenclature – Identification of organisms - Classification – method of -organizing microorganisms into groups or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic I traits CLASSIFICATION - ORGANIZING MICROORGANISMS IN TO GRPS. BASED ON MORPHOLOGY , PHISIOLOGY , GENETIC TRAITS Read Page 12-13 Rodriguez Review Handbook of Microbiology  FAMILY ↓ GENUS MICROBIAL TAXONOMY ↓ SPECIES breakdown the of Family group ~group GRP OF ORGANISMS THAT HAVE I DIFF SPECIES WI SAME FAMILY MULTIPLE GENERA ATTRIBUTE - ADD" ACEAE - WI SAME GENUS IMPORTANT FEATURES SPECIES be written can as Group of organisms that may Different species that sp., spp. contain multiple genera and have several Collection of bacterial strains that share consists of organisms with a important features in common physiologic and genetic features and common attribute but they diff. are From each other common differ from other microbial species Naming: addition of –aceae to the subspecies – Group within a species root name of the type genus biotype, serotype, genotype – groups (Streptococcaceae,7their-ends indicate thate below the subspp. Level but relatively Enterobacteriaceae) minor characteristics Anti same species gen, Antibody GENOTYPE -butdifferent X Ab , Ag ↑ OFA particular species same species but -differentserological genetepic Serotype – based on serologic differences Features characteristics species butdifferent Biotype – based on biochemical differences ~ same physiological characteristics Epithet I– the proper word for the name of the species. Naming an organism Read Page 12-13 Rodriguez Review Handbook of Microbiology  NAMN OF MCROORGANISM AsT NOMENCLATURE specie writee Naming of microorganisms according to the - genus after - - serovar capitalized the Firstletter serovar the of established rules and guidelines set forth in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria G (ICNB) or the Bacteriological Codeo (BC) Binomial name – genus or species of Latin or ACTERIA B USUG11y is Greek derivation n ame 1stt r e – Genus – CAPITALIZED and ITALICIZED/UNDERLINED then the remaining - all small letters CI are d6 – Species – FIRST LETTER IS LOWER CASE and se nee 2 apitali - ITALICIZED/UNDERLINED Example: Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus aureus When bacteria are referred to as a group, their names are neither capitalized nor underlined (staphylococci). Read Page 12-13 Rodriguez Review Handbook of Microbiology  MICROBIAL IDENTIFICATION Microbial Identification – process by which a microorganism’s key features are &delineated..ora e SOMETHING Two general categories: pertains · – Genotypic Characteristics – organism’s genetic to the particularly nucleic acid constituent genes makeup: nature of the organism’s genes and its manipulations/ constituent nucleic acids. (DNA, RNA) · alterations ofthe gene – Phenotypic Characteristics – based on features gram"positive. beyond the genetic level and include observable visible the or not colony shae,Fria characteristics and characteristics that may require - the - biochemical test thatwill be performed to identify is a extensive analytic procedures to be detected. the organism phenotypic characteristics Read Page 12-13 Rodriguez Review Handbook of Microbiology  anele e Bacterial Physiology with outinProkaryotic gi ~ single cell o Cell- Unicellular, without nucleus Although contains pseudonucleus who true nucleus and other organelles. p.s. bacteria contains pseudonucleus multicluedIn'er ales & Eukaryotic Cell – Multicellular, with nucleus 059 and other organelles. Take Note! Read Page 4 Table 1.1 Comparison of Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Cell Organization Read Page 3-10 Mahon Diagnostic Microbiology and Chapter 3 Rodriguez Handbook of Microbiology  HALOPHILES SALT X - THERMOPHILES Archaea - Ancient ~ > - - EAT CRYOPHILES - COLD Closely related to eukaryotic cell Different cellular structure Cell envelope and enzymes allows them to thrive under harsh condition. Theycanseens – Halophiles (Salt-loving) X – Thermophiles (Heat-loving) X Heat loving – Cryophiles (Cold-loving) X Read Page 3-10 Mahon Diagnostic Microbiology and Chapter 3 Rodriguez Handbook of Microbiology Bacterial Cell Structures to make the organelles location inside intact  Bacterial Cell Structures 1. Cell Envelope- Outermost layer consisting of membrane and structures surrounding the what ullenveloper - -- cytoplasm. (Capsule and Slime Layers) L For protection, protects W the bacteria =Nom phagocytes' specifically NEUTAROPHIL, 2. 2Cell Wall- Rigid structure that protects and MONOCYTE From most.importantea maintains the shape of the cell. GP-STAPH 6N-SALMON ▪ Gram-positive (Staphylococcus spp.) purple A-mYCOBACTE ▪ Gram-negative (Salmonella spp.) Red ▪ Acid-fast (Mycobacterium spp.) Read Page 3-10 Mahon Diagnostic Microbiology and Chapter 3 Rodriguez Handbook of Microbiology  PURPLE because Gram Positive Cell Wall - thick outer membrate -W ! With thick peptidoglycan layer (murein layer) Peptidoglycan /Murein layer – Cross-linked glycan chains of a permon N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG) N-acetyl-D-muramic acid (NAM) · Penicillin - and binding cross-link protein enzymes thatpromotes OF (PBPs) NAG-NAM all enzies are protein Teichoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid ->derivatives ofprotein – Made up of alcohol (glycerol or ribitol) and phosphate – Makes the cell wall negatively charged Read Page 3-10 Mahon Diagnostic Microbiology and Chapter 3 Rodriguez Handbook of Microbiology  glucosamine PBPs I crosslink because oF - gly, ades muramic Grammesare has a peptidoglycan layere only difference gram trick positiveareis very gram Gram Negative Cell Wall RED negative Thick outer membrane – Proteins (porins channel), Phospholipid, and Lipopolysaccharide Lipopolysaccharide jo(LPS)- ligolipopolysacchari makesde the cell wall (-) 0 – Lipid A (Endotoxin)-promotes{Fever and Shock} acts as specificallyLipid A – Core polysaccharide – Antigenic O specific polysaccharide peptidoglycer op Periplasmic space- Space between OM and PL – Nutrient binding proteins and enzymes Thin inner peptidoglycan layer Read Page 3-10 Mahon Diagnostic Microbiology and Chapter 3 Rodriguez Handbook of Microbiology  HEAT ziehl -Neelsen Hot Method 3 - MethodTERGITOL ModifiedKinyoun- cold ↳ Target,nebattering are s Christian Gram modeFried zieht because heati s a hazard and replace itw/ TERGITOL which the ofstain petan glycan - printa R stain is a detergentthatallows penetration layer primary Acid Fast Cell Wall the the - of binds BPS increases appility REAGENTS - Carbol Fuchshin (1) red AFC)/breast mordant - Acid alcohol (decolorizer ( Methylene gardheyat use " maitrite # blue - 12" green it it's If acid Fastbacteria will accept carbol fuchshin decolorizer secondary Willbindwate May resemble gram + bacteria stain VIAS the decolorization after gramt has a because charge - crystal violet is Contains Mycolic acid a positively charge stain attracted to a Negative charge cell wall – Makes the organism difficult to visualize using gram stain WATER-FEARING – Provides a strong hydrophobic structure O Example – Mycobacterium and Nocardia Read Page 3-10 Mahon Diagnostic Microbiology and Chapter 3 Rodriguez Handbook of Microbiology  Bacterial Cell Structures 3. Plasma Membrane Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins 8 – Prokaryotes- without sterol except (Mycoplasma) cellwallless – Eukaryotes- with sterol - no all wall Act as osmotic barrier Site for electron transport chain Read Page 3-10 Mahon Diagnostic Microbiology and Chapter 3 Rodriguez Handbook of Microbiology  BacterialE Cytoplasmic Structures 1. Bacterial ribosomes- Ribosomes so but – site of protein synthesis T – 70S divided into 50S and 30S swedberg unit –-Important structure for genotypic identification of microorganism Svedberg unit-Sedimentation rate during centrifugation (Theodor Svedberg) 2. Inclusion bodies- energy and food storage Read Page 3-10 Mahon Diagnostic Microbiology and Chapter 3 Rodriguez Handbook of Microbiology  Cytoplasmic Structures and Appendages 3. Genetic Material – Single circular chromosome enable Transfer 4. Plasmid (Vf) OF one to bacteria another why bacteria has an – Extrachromosomal DNA structure capable of horizontal gene transfer reason abilityto transfer antibiotic resistance (Antibiotic resistance) 5. Capsule (Vf) India ink/Nigro cors sin (black – Enables the bacteria to evade host immune system Leifson Stain 6. Flagella (Vf) groupofFlagella – Locomotion/Motility CEPHALOTRICHOUS each ends ofFlagella on one end on both ends surrounds the bacteria ↑ – (Atrichous, Monotrichous, Ampitrichous, ~group absent single ~one Lopotrichous and Peritrichous) 7. Cy Endospores (Vf) (Clostridium and B. antrhacis) ifa bacteria posses this they are hard to kill Schaeffer-Fulton Stain – Enables the bacteria to thrive under harsh environment 8. Pili/Fimbriae (Somatic or Sex) (Vf) – Hairlike appendages that serves as protein tubes allowing exchange of DNA through Conjugation. related pili and Plasmid are they are responsible For the transfer OFDNA via horizontal gene transfer Read Page 3-10 Mahon Diagnostic Microbiology and Chapter 3 Rodriguez Handbook of Microbiology  Capsule Endospore  Bacterial Morphology TYPE SHAPE EXAMPLE Coccus Round/Spherical Staphylococcus, (Cocci) Coffee –bean/lancet Streptococcus, shaped Gonococcus Bacillus Rod-shaped, Club Escherichia coli, Shigella, (Bacilli) shaped, Comma-shaped, Vibrio, Mycobacterium Filamentous Spirillum Spiral or Coiled Treponema (Fine regular (Spirilli/ coils) Spirochetes) Leptospira (Very fine regular coils with hook on one or both ends)  Morphological Arrangement of Bacteria BACTERIAL SHAPE ARRANGEMENT AND EXAMPLES Cocci 1. Singly or in pairs – Pneumococcus, Gonococcus, Meningococcus 2. Tetrads – Geffyka tetragena 3. Sarcinate – Sarcinna lute 4. Clusters – Staphylococcus 5. Chains - Streptococcus Bacilli 1. Singly or in pairs – Klebsiella pneumoniae 2. Chains – Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis 3. Palisade – Mycobacterium leprae 4. Groups – Mycobacterium tuberculosis 5. L,V Chinese Character Arrangement – Corynebacterium diphteriae Spirillum 1. Singly or in pairs 2. Groups 3. No typical arrangement Chapter 1 Pili Hey look at this Sana ALL there is a may ka pili Pili Thank You!