Haematopoiesis PDF

‫‪Joke‬‬ ‫نكتة‬ ‫سويناها و صارت‬  Haematopoiesis AHMED HAMANDI 4 Haematopoiesis  AKA haemopoiesis  and if US spelling, hemo- Zahraa Sabah 🔬 5 Haematopoiesis (‫ھﺬه ھﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟ...

‫‪Joke‬‬ ‫نكتة‬ ‫سويناها و صارت‬  Haematopoiesis AHMED HAMANDI 4 Haematopoiesis  AKA haemopoiesis  and if US spelling, hemo- Zahraa Sabah 🔬 5 Haematopoiesis (‫ھﺬه ھﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺪم )= اﻟﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﺪﻣﻮي‬  This is the process by which ALL blood cells (= haematological system) are produced ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ وﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء وﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء ﺑﺠﻤﯿﻊ أﻧﻮاﻋﮭﺎ‬  platelets, red blood cells, leukocytes of all sorts Zahraa Sabah 🔬 6 Haematopoiesis  Haematopoiesis is a highly organised differentiation process involving the ordered expression of different sets of genes  It is controlled by factors in the environment of the developing blood cell – the bone marrow in adults ‫ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺪم ھﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﯿﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ وﻧﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﻟﺪى اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﯿﻦ‬ Zahraa Sabah 🔬  ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺬﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺪم‬ 7 The haematopoietic stem cell.‫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻠﯿﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ( وﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪھﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻓﻲ ﻧﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬:‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻓﺮاد اﻷﺻﺤﺎء ﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻗﺼﯿﺮ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء‬  Mature blood cells in healthy individuals mostly have short lifetimes (exception: lymphocytes) and are constantly regenerated in the bone marrow. ‫ ﺧﻠﯿﺔ دم ﯾﻮﻣﯿﺎ‬11 10 × 5 ‫ﻧﺼﻨﻊ‬  we make 5 x 1011 blood cells daily  This is accelerated when there is haematological stress  e.g. infection, need more leukocytes ‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺮﯾﻊ ھﺬا ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك إﺟﮭﺎد دﻣﻮي‬  e.g. high altitude, need more red cells.  e.g. blood donation, bleeding, hemolysis, need more red cells..‫ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬،‫ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺒﯿﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﻌﺪوى‬.‫ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬،‫ اﻟﺘﺒﺮع ﺑﺎﻟﺪم واﻟﻨﺰﯾﻒ واﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺪم‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ Zahraa Sabah 🔬 8 Haematopoiesis  Haematopoiesis begins at a very early stage in embryonic development, at about 3 weeks in the human.  At that time the cells in the embryo separate into 2 sets, one generating the embryo proper, the other forming the YOLK SAC which is the site where blood cells and blood vessels are first formed..‫ أﺳﺎﺑﯿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬3 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬،‫ﯾﺒﺪأ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﻜﺮة ﺟﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺠﻨﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫ وھﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺬي‬YOLK SAC ‫ واﻷﺧﺮى ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ إﺣﺪاھﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ اﻟﺠﻨﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬،‫ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﯿﻦ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﯿﻦ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬.‫ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﯿﮫ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺪم واﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ ﻷول ﻣﺮة‬ Zahraa Sabah 🔬  Human foetus about 5 weeks gestation 9 YS = yolk sac Ao = aorta Square = location of limb bud Hematopoiesis ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ دم ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬  New blood cells formation NC ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬  NC ratio Zahraa Sabah 🔬  Lineage Cells of Hematopoiesis- HSCs HSCs - ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺪم‬ :‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺠﺬﻋﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم )اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺪم( إﻟﻰ‬ Hemopoi Blood (Hemopoietic) Stem Cells etic Stem Cells are divided into: 1. Myeloid stem cells or ‫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺠﺬﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻋﯿﺔ أو‬.1 2. Lymphoid stem cells ‫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺠﺬﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‬.2 In bone marrow ‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﻢ‬ Zahraa Sabah 🔬 11 Lineage Restriction Junquiera’s Basic Histology, 10th edition, page 250.  Stem Cells ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺠﺬﻋﯿﺔ‬ Stem cells : Cells that are able to 1) Self-renew to form ‘parent pool’ (can create more stem cells indefinitely) 2) Differentiate into (become) specialized, ‫ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻘﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ‬:‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺠﺬﻋﯿﺔ‬ mature cell types.(‫( اﻟﺘﺠﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ "ﺗﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﯾﻦ" )ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺨﻠﻖ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺠﺬﻋﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺟﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ‬1.‫( اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﻖ إﻟﻰ )ﺗﺼﺒﺢ( أﻧﻮاع ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ وﻧﺎﺿﺠﺔ‬2 test caption Zahraa Sabah 🔬 Site of Hematopoiesis ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺪم‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻮﻻدة‬ During fetal life ‫ﺧﻼل ﺣﯿﺎة اﻟﺠﻨﯿﻦ‬ After birth 1) Yolk sac: Active (red) BM: :‫ﻛﯿﺲ ﺻﻔﺎر اﻟﺒﯿﺾ‬ 2) Liver & Spleen: :BM (‫ﻧﺸﻂ )أﺣﻤﺮ‬ 3) Bone marrow (BM): :‫( اﻟﻜﺒﺪ واﻟﻄﺤﺎل‬2 In infancy & childhood (the Whole Skeleton) (‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ واﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ )اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﮫ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﯿﻦ )اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻮري ﻓﻘﻂ‬ :(BM) ‫( ﻧﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﻢ‬3 In adult (The Axial Skeleton only) Zahraa Sabah 🔬  Characteristics of Bone Marrow ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻧﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬.‫أﺣﺪ أﻛﺒﺮ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ One of the largest organs in body. ‫ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ ﯾﻮﻣﯿﺎ ﻟﯿﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ‬12 10- 1011 1011-1012 Cells are daily formed to be taken to the periphery through blood vessels Zahraa Sabah 🔬 Histological section of bone marrow 16 blood vessels bone trabeculae trabecula = strand (here, of bone)  ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺬﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺪم‬ 17 The haematopoietic stem cell :‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ Hence: CLP ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻠﯿﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‬ (common lymphoid Lymphocytes progenitor) HSC ‫ﺣﺒﯿﺒﺎت ﻛﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺪم‬ CMP Granulocytes ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬ (common myeloid erythrocytes ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ‬ progenitor) thrombocytes Zahraa Sabah 🔬